Komi Republic Research Articles

First record of <i>Canthocamptus (Canthocamptus) microstaphylinus</i> Wolf 1905 (Harpacticoida, Copepoda) from a shallow coastal area of Lake Baikal

Female and male specimens of the Palearctic species, Canthocamptus (Canthocamptus) microstaphylinus Wolf 1905, were found in the coastal zone of Lake Baikal, Siberia. This was the first record of the species in Lake Baikal and the Baikal region. A general description and brief morphological characteristics were made using scanning electron microscopy. The authors compared the principal diagnostic morphological traits of C. (C.) microstaphylinus from Lake Baikal and some water bodies from the European part of Russia (within the Syktyvkar City, Republic of Komi). As a result, specimens from Lake Baikal and the Syktyvkar area were shown to be similar in the structure of their thoracic appendages and caudal rami.

Assessment of the influence of climatic factors on the state of terrestrial ecosystems in the Northwestern region of Russia

The article analyzes the change of climatic conditions in the Northwest of Russia, including the characteristics of dangerous hydrometeorological events (cold and heat waves, strong winds, extreme rainfall, snowfall, ice-frost deposits, hail) and slow climatic changes (increase in the number of days with the transition of air temperature through 0°С, coastal abrasion) in connection with their negative impact on terrestrial ecosystems. It was found that the influence of meteorological and climatic factors on terrestrial ecosystems is most pronounced in the northern part of the studied region, especially on the coast of the Barents Sea. Towards the south, the values of all indicators gradually decrease, and their structure changes. In the northern part of the study area (Murmansk and Arkhangelsk oblasts, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug), phenomena associated with strong winds and intensive ice-frost deposition, which contribute to the formation of an ice crust on the Earth’s surface, prevail. As one moves away from the coast, severe frost is observed more often (Komi Republic). In the center and south of the region, heavy rainfall, severe frost, and intense heat are the most frequent, resulting in a high fire hazard. The study carried out the ranking of the subjects of the Northwestern Federal District according to the degree of intensity of this process. Comprehensive assessments of the negative impact of changing climatic conditions on terrestrial ecosystems can be used to make decisions on the development of a strategy for environmental security of the regions of the Russian Federation.

Поминальная традиция южных коми

The paper, based on materials collected during field research in the Luza region of the Komi Republic, considers local features of the memorial rituals of the Letka Komi. The memorial cycle includes individual commemorations on the third, ninth, twentieth, fortieth days, half a year and anniversary, name day, the birthday of the deceased, and the day of death. Modern tradition also includes visits to the cemetery by family members of the deceased the next day and on the first Saturday after the burial. Special calendar memorial days include Maslenitsa (meat-free) Saturday Maslenich Suböt, Radonitsa Radulnich, Trinity Saturday Ströcha Suböt, Pokrovskaya Pökröv Suböt, and Dmitrievskaya Mithrey Suböt, parental Saturdays; the day of remembrance of the dead soldiers on May 9. The memorial rituals of the Letka Komi, despite the simplification of a number of ritual actions and the change in the composition of the participants in the memorial services, include such specific features as the custom of kylzysöm ‘listening’, commemoration of ancestors under a growing tree, covering a gravestone with a towel kodrasyan chyshköd ‘memorial towel’ during a memorial meal; ideas about special periods of time kyk suböt kost ‘between two memorial Saturdays’, between Radunitsa and Trinity Saturday, Pokrovskaya and Dmitrievskaya Saturdays, and the associated complex of household and ritual prohibitions.

Оценка потенциального ущерба почвам от аварийных разливов нефти и нефтепродуктов на территории Арктического региона

The intensification of economic activities by oil and gas companies in the Arctic has significantly increased the risk of environmental damage, necessitating compensation for potential harm caused by these businesses. A major risk factor in this context is accidental oil spills, which are particularly challenging to predict, thereby complicating the assessment of their consequences and the development of preventive measures. The most advanced forecasting methods rely on probabilistic assessments of spill risk factors, which require special field studies and statistical data. This research considers the key approaches to the economic assessment of environmental damage, emphasizing the need to consider the unique characteristics of the Arctic.The goal of the study is to estimate the most probable soil damage from accidental oil spills using a simulation model. It will be especially relevant for territories where the area affected by accidental oil spills is considerable or has increased significantly over the past few years, according to available statistical data. In the Arctic, the Usinsky District of the Komi Republic is one such region. Using the case of this district, an assessment of potential damage is conducted for three scenarios with varying levels of pollution. The results enable an evaluation of potential damage, providing different values corresponding to multiple scenarios with distinct probabilities. The findings can inform oil and gas companies in developing preventive measures and assist regulatory authorities in determining appropriate environmental reparations from companies.

Полициклические ароматические углеводороды в снежном покрове заповедных территорий Республики Коми

We studied the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in snow cover of protected northern areas Komi Republic. PAHs in snow were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Insignificant PAHs levels in the range of 30–46 ng/L were found in the snow cover of protected areas. Naphthalene and phenanthrene were the main PAHs in the snow cover. Light PAHs were mainly present in dissolved form. The heavy PAHs in the snow cover were present in trace amounts and accumulated on the aerosol particles. Low toxicological activity was observed in all tested samples. The natural, non-pyrogenic origin of the PAHs was established on the basis of their diagnostic ratios. This may be an indication that PAHs enter the snowpack mainly through transformation of plant biomass and global air mass transport. The PCA showed a significant similarity of the PAH composition of all investigated sites. All the above facts allow relating the studied areas to background. It was found that the level of low-volatility PAHs entering the protected areas in 2023 is the same as the level of entering the background areas of the taiga zone of the Komi Republic in 2005–2007. The highest content of heavy PAHs and toxicological activity was found in the snow cover near the Yaksha settlement in the Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve. Aerosol polyarenes were the main contributors to PAH toxicity. In comparison with low-intensity roads near the “Paraskiny Lakes” Reserve, it is shown that furnace heating has a greater effect on the PAHs composition in the snow cover.

Опыт изучения трансформации подзолистых почв в условиях городской среды Севера

The results of soil studies of one of the medium-sized cities of the Russian European Northeast – Syktyvkar (Russia, Komi Republic, middle taiga subzone) are presented in the article. The series from a podzolic soil with a microprofile of podzol (Albic Retisol (Loamic, Protospodic)) typical for the region to various variants of its human transformation in urban conditions – cultivated agrodernovo-podzolic soil (Eutric Albic Retisol (Loamic, Aric, Humic)), represented on the site of the Botanical Garden, to urbodernovo-podzolic soil (Eutric Albic Retisol (Loamic, Humic, Transporti-Novic, Thaptoaric)) and urbostratozem (Urbic Technosol (Loamic, Eutric, Humic Transport)) described in the central part of the city, included in the urban development in the first half of the XX century is considered. In urbo-soil and urbanostratozem the thickness of urbogenic horizons is approximately 40 and 70 cm. It is shown the first stages of the development of the territory of Syktyvkar city are associated with the agricultural impact. Subsequently, the arable horizons overlap with the horizons of the urban cultural layer. In the considered series of soils, weak alkalinization, an increase in the absorbed bases and the total mineralization of the soil solution were found. A noticeable increase in the concentration of organic carbon in modern arable and urban horizons, as well as the thickness of horizons with the organic carbon content of more than 0.6% was revealed. An indirect evidences of changes in the composition of iron and manganese minerals (due to an increase in the pH) with partial preservation of zonal soil formation trends has been found. The revealed direction of soil evolution is consistent with the one previously described in the cities of the European part of Russia.

Содержание тяжёлых металлов в донных отложениях малых рек Республики Коми в условиях сплошных рубок

The accumulation of heavy metals was studied in 24 watercourses of the Komi Republic, disturbed by logging of various ages. Heavy metals were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of small rivers of the Komi Republic is associated with the degree of disturbance of the catchment basins by clear forest cuts. Geochemical changes in rivers with disturbed catchments are manifested in an increase in the content of strontium, lead, arsenic, zinc, nickel, cobalt, chromium, iron and titanium, and a decrease in the content of manganese.

Soil Formation on Loamy Deposits in Technogenic Landscapes of the Taiga Zone in the North-Eastern Part of European Russia

The paper highlights the influence of moisture on the soil formation process on loamy deposits during the primary vegetation succession. The study was carried out in the north-eastern part of European Russia (Komi Republic) in the middle taiga subzone. The authors analyzed young soils on the territory of a quarry for extraction of loamy grounds and background soils in the vicinity of it. Planting the Siberian spruce cultures on the territory of the quarry activated formation of the tree layer and thereby accelerated formation of the zonal type soils. The third succession decade in drained conditions saw formation of organic soil horizons (litters), a decrease in soil density in the upper profile part, a tendency to redistribute and differentiate the silty fraction by one-and-a-half oxides, indicating the beginning of selective podzolization. The rise in soil moisture content increased conservation of organic residues (peat formation) and made gley formation active. The quarry soils, like background soils, increased in acidity, carbon and nitrogen reserves along with the soil moisture content increase. In automorphic soil formation conditions, the rate of organic carbon accumulation in the upper 0–20-cm layer is 0.4 t· ha–1·year1; the excessive soil moisture content further increased it (1.0–1.2 t·ha–1·year1). The reserves of Corg in the upper 20-cm soil layer of young soils are by 2–4 times less than those in background soils.

Adaptation of the Forest Complex of the Komi Republic to Sanctions Pressure

Adaptation of the Forest Complex of the Komi Republic to Sanctions Pressure

Численность населения Республики Коми: от переписи населения 1897 г. к переписи населения 2021 г.

This article examines the population censuses conducted in the Russian Empire, the USSR and the new Russia; it reveals the peculiarities and methodological apparatus of each population census, presents the main questions of census lists, their comparability with previous censuses, notes new questions and explains their application. Thus, in the 2010 population census, the term “household” was introduced in the question on kinship (property) with other persons living with the respondent; in the question on marriage status, the concepts “officially divorced” and “separated” were differentiated; the levels of education and the presence of a degree were highlighted; the results of population censuses are given according to statistical data for the Komi Republic. The results of the population censuses of 1939 and 1959, which made it possible to assess the scale of forced migration to the Komi region, are separately considered. For each population census, the timing of its conduction and the critical moment are given, it is explained why certain population censuses were carried out not in the “zero” year, as is customary in most countries of the world, but in other years. Particular attention is paid to the 2021 census, it has been postponed for one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Ukhta College of Railway Transport: 80 years in motion

In 2024, the Ukhta College of Railway Transport — branch of Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University turns 80 years old. An informational article about the 80-year history of the technical school and modern achievements is presented. In the Ukhta College of Railway Transport — branch of Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University there is a museum of the history of the creation, formation and development of the technical school; the branch preserves and develops the traditions of generational continuity. Over the years of its activity, the Ukhta College of Railway Transport — branch of Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University has become a “forge” of mid-level personnel for JSC Russian Railways and the Komi Republic, graduating more than 14 thousand specialists. Currently, 600 students are studying full-time and part-time at the technical school, and consistently high ratesof employment of graduates have been achieved.

Investigation of the Potential of Potassium-Containing Additives Based on Mineral Raw Materials and Industrial Waste on the Quality and Yield of Potatoes

The soils of the Komi Republic are characterized as sod-podzolic. It is known that agricultural cultivation of such soils requires the introduction of various mineral and organic fertilizers, liming, deepening of the arable layer, and erosion control. The soils of the region are depleted of potassium, part of which is carried out by agricultural crops, therefore potash fertilizers, where potassium is in an affordable form, are among the most in demand in agriculture. This paper presents the results of a study of the material composition and textural characteristics of analcime-containing siltstones, potassium alkaline syenites and bark ash and their possible use as potash additives to improve potato productivity.

POSITIONING OF RUSSIAN REGIONS IN LONG-TERM AND MEDIUM-TERM ECONOMIC GROWTH RATINGS

In the article the author creates ratings of Russian regions according to criteria — ​long-term and medium-term real economic growth. An indicator of economic growth is the index of the physical volume of gross regional product. By the long-term period we mean the period from 1997 to 2021, by the medium-term period — ​the period from 2016 to 2021. The purpose of the study is to rank the regions according to these periods. Objectives of the study are following: to conduct a comparative analysis of the results of building two ratings; to show the spatial location of regions from the standpoint of long-term economic growth; to show the specialization of the leading regions. Specific research methods are the ranking method, comparative and correlation analyses, and the graphical illustration method. The leaders of both long-term and medium-term economic growth are three regions. These are St. Petersburg, the Moscow region and the Republic of Adygea. The absolute outsider according to both ratings is the Komi Republic. The industry specificity of the leading regions was obtained: all regions are characterized by specialization in manufacturing. Regions leading long-term and medium-term growth also specialize in non-production activities — ​wholesale and retail trade, real estate operations. The leading regions of medium-term growth specialize both in the extractive industry and in the fields of transport and communications.

Формирование цифрового пространства внутреннего туризма Республики Коми

The weak connexity and dispersion of the tourism space in the Komi Republic is due to the insufficient inclusion of its subjects in the digital space, predetermined by the poor quality of the tourist product, low digitalization level of the territory and poor technological equipment of organizations in the tourism sector. The basic directions of the digital transformation of the industry are outlined, related to the expansion of digital infrastructure, development of the regional tourism platform, and improvement of the regional tourism management system through the digitalization of accounting, data collection and analysis. The most important direction is the formation of regional tourism and recreation cluster based on the “smart destination” approach using financial and programmatic mechanisms for the development of the tourism industry in the region.

Демографическое старение Республики Коми по новому пенсионному возрасту и экономические аспекты его повышения

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of demographic ageing of the Komi Republic according to the new economic threshold of old age. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the gradual increase of the retirement age in Russia and the preservation of the favourable retirement age in the region. The regularities of population ageing in the republic in different intercensal periods have been revealed. The migration inflow ensured a more than twofold lower percentage of older-aged people until the end of the 1970s. The Komi Rebublic has been characterised by a negative migration balance from the second half of the 1980s. The rate of ageing significantly exceeds the national average in spite of the increased birth rate and decreased life duration. The level of ageing approaches the national Russian average and even exceeds it remarkably taking into account the favourable pension legislation. The retirement-age increase contributes not only to the reduction of demographic pressure but also to the decrease of age discrimination in the area employment, favours realization of the resource potential of the older generation and the conception of healthy and active longevity. The employment level of pensioners, the average pension rate and its correlation to the average wage in the Komi Republic is higher than those in the whole country, which partly compensate for the high living cost in the North.

Анализ социальных проектов в стратегических документах цифровой трансформации Республики Коми

The article interprets the concepts of digitalization and digital transformation discussed in the regulatory legal acts, documents of international organizations and scientific publications. It analyses legal acts regulating the processes of digital transformation for industries and subjects of the Russian Federation. The current strategic directions in the field of digital transformation of economic and social sectors determine largely the general and project content of strategies and digital transformation programmes of the regions. The main attention is paid to the consideration of health, education and culture projects in the strategy and digital transformation programme of the Komi Republic. Underlined is the lack of official monitoring for the implementation of digital transformation projects and the possible analyzing the situation only according to the data in the regional media, which complicates the unbiased assessment.

Success of introduction of species of the genus <i>Cotoneaster</i> Medik. in the Komi Republic

Among the woody plants preserved and studied in the arboretum of the Botanical Garden of the Institute of Biology of the Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences for nine years (2013–2021) include representatives of the polymorphic genus Cotoneaster of different geographical origins. As a result of generalization and analysis of data on biomorphology, characteristics of the generative period, dynamics of seasonal growth and development, winter hardiness of plants of species of the genus Cotoneaster introduced in the North, based on an assessment of the main indicators of viability, the studied plants were divided into groups of prospects for cultivation in the northern region. Plants of Eurasian origin C. melanocarpus and C. integerrimus, which undergo a full cycle of seasonal development, are characterized by high winter hardiness, form full-fledged seeds and retain their vital form under introduction conditions, are classified in Group I as quite promising. The East Asian species C. dammeri, C. horizontalis are assigned to the II group of promising plants and C. ascendens to the III group of unpromising plants. These introduced species were characterized by an extended period of growth and development, late completion of the growing season, low winter hardiness, but good shoot recovery ability after winter damage. C. bullatus turned out to be an unpromising species (group V) with low winter hardiness, and therefore the impossibility of transition to the generative period of development. Additional study of this decorative species with the involvement of other specimens is necessary. Based on the data obtained, species such as C. melanocarpus, C. integerrimus, C. dammeri and C. horizontalis can be recommended for cultivation and use in landscaping in some areas of the Komi Republic.

The Estimation of Withdrawing and Withdrawn Foreign Companies Contribution in Industries and Regions of Russia

Despite the current relevance of foreign companies’ withdrawal from Russia, there are no significant scientific works on this topic. Some researchers have attempted to assess the scope of foreign companies’ withdrawal from Russia. But similar works on a regional level are almost absent. The article attempts to estimate the shares of foreign companies that announced their withdrawal, suspension of activities, reduction of operations, suspension of investments, as well as those that objectively withdraw and reduced the activities in industries and regions of Russia. Analysis showed that foreign companies that announced their withdrawal accounted for 0.8% of the employees and 2.3% of the revenue of all organizations in the Russian economy, while foreign companies that objectively withdraw accounted for 0.6% and 1.8%. Among the industries, the automotive industry is the most affected. Among the regions, the largest diversified (city of Moscow, Moscow region, city of St. Petersburg), industrial diversified (Republic of Tatarstan, Tula region), automotive (Kaluga, Leningrad and Samara regions), timber processing (Republics of Komi and Karelia, Novgorod region), Sakhalin region are more affected. The most critical situation in terms of risks for the labor market and regional economies is developing in the automotive and timber processing regions.

Helmet of the migration period from the Yuvanayag mound cemetery

The article introduces first results of the research on an iron helmet found in 2022 at the Yuvanayag mound cemetery in the Vychegda River region, the Komi Republic. The mound cemetery belongs to the circle of the Veslyansky I type cemetery, which was left by migrants with a developed military culture. Its distinctive feature was the tradition of building mounds over graves. Those burial mounds are a reflection of the late Migration Period in the European North-East (5th–7th centuries AD). The found helmet of the Bandhelm type (after Ch. Miks’s classification) is a unique specimen for the region, which also had no analogues in the adjacent territories. Based on mineralogical and geochemical studies, the helmet is made of iron with micro-inclusions of native aluminum and lignite carbon matter. The helmet overlays are made of brass with inclusions of lead-copper-zinc alloys and copper. Its elongated shape and decoration with hemispherical brass overlays are close to the helmets of Sasanian Iran. Geographically, the closest analogy to the Yuvanayag find is the Bandhelm from the predatory excavations near the village of Tsaritsyno in Ryazan Region. Preliminary dating of the artefact from the Yuvanayag burial mound is the late 4th – 5th century AD.

ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОКАЗАНИЯ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ НАСЕЛЕНИЮ ПРИ ЗЛОКАЧЕСТВЕННЫХ НОВООБРАЗОВАНИЯХ ДЫХАТЕЛЬНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КОМИ

Relevance. Epidemiological studies of oncological diseases of the respiratory system show that this nosological form is one of the leading causes of death among all other pathologies detected in most regions of the Russian Federation and around the world. Over the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the incidence of this pathology. The aim of the study is analysis of morbidity and mortality rates among the population of the Komi Republic, identification of features of medical care and prevention of malignant neoplasms of the respiratory system in the studied area. Materials and methods. The analysis was carried out on the basis of information materials from the Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System, the Federal State Statistics Service, and documents from regional executive authorities in the field of healthcare. Statistical indicators of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases from 2011 to 2021 (per 100,000 population) were studied; the results obtained in the region were compared with those in the Russian Federation as a whole. To assess the general and annual trend, its degree of reliability, a trend line was constructed and the value of the approximation coefficient R2 was calculated, which in all cases turned out to be acceptable. The results of the study. Regional indicators differed from the national average - morbidity and mortality from malignant neoplasms of the respiratory system in the Komi Republic is significantly higher than the average in Russia. In dynamics over the past 10 years, mortality from malignant neoplasms of the respiratory system in the region tends to decrease, but less noticeable in comparison with the average in the Russian Federation. The incidence among women has not changed much, and among males has decreased compared to 10 years. The detection rate of malignant neoplasms in the early stages in the Komi Republic is significantly lower compared to the Russian Federation. The conclusion was made about the need to develop the regional program "Fight against cancer", its continuous improvement and exchange of experience with other regions.