Kolmogrov Smirnov Research Articles

The Effect of Sintering Procedures on Fit and Color in Zirconia Crowns

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of various sintering procedures on the color parameters, marginal, and internal fit of zirconia crowns. Materials and Methods: Overall, 60 zirconia crowns were produced using 3 distinct zirconia blocks (Wieland Zenostar, Zirkonzahn Ice Translucent, and Zirkonzahn Prettau). For the sintering procedure of the crowns, six groups were created as follows: Wieland-Standard, Wieland-Speed, Ice-Standard, Ice-Speed, Prettau-Slow, and Prettau-Standard programs. The crowns were assigned into groups ( n = 10 in each group). The color parameters, marginal fit, and internal fit of the crowns were evaluated. The normality of data distribution was evaluated with the Kolmogrov–Smirnov test. Two independent samples t-test and Mann–Whitney U test were used to compare the sintering groups. Results: Acceleration of sintering caused a significant change in the color parameters of the Wieland and Ice groups but not in the Prettau group. In the Wieland group, marginal ( p = .047) and internal ( p = .004) gap values of speed sintering were found to be significantly lower than those in standard sintering. In the Ice group, the marginal gap values of speed sintering were found to be significantly lower than those in standard sintering ( p = .019). In the Prettau group, the marginal gap values of standard sintering were found to be significantly higher ( p = .035) than those in slow sintering. Conclusions: It was concluded that the effects of sintering procedures on color parameters, and internal and marginal fit of zirconia crowns were clinically insignificant. Speed sintering can be recommended for zirconia restorations.

HARMONIZATION PROBLEM OF SYRIAN REFUGEE STUDENTS: TURKEY CASE

In this study, Syrian refugee students’, who have been living in Turkey since the beginning of the Syrian civil war, adaptation problems and the level of Turkish students’ adoption, are searched in terms of gender and class level. In this context, investigating Republic of Turkey’s education policies, possible problems in future and solutions are aimed with the opinions of the instructors of temporary training centers with the help of semi-structured interview form. The sample group of this study is formed of 700 students from Şanlıurfa Haliliye Rabia Hatun Girl Anatolian Religious High School, Konuklu Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School, Rabia Hatun Religious Temporary Training Center and Milli İrade Temporary Training Center, 211 of them are refugees and 489 of them are Turkish. 173 of these students are male and 527 of them are female. For the qualitative part of the study, 15 temporary education center instructors are viewed from 4 different cities. In this study, Syrian refugee students’ adaptation problems and the level of Turkish students’ adoption are searched in terms of gender and class level and temporary training centers’ instructors’ opinions on these topics and refugees’ educational status are analyzed. Categorical variables are summarized as number and percentage while analyzing the relations. Numeric variables’ normality test was controlled with Kolmogrov Smirnov test. For independent two groups’ comparison, Independent Samples t test was used in situations that numeric variables have normal distribution. In the situation that independent groups are more than two and have normal distribution, One-Way Anova was used. Differences between the groups are analyzed with Tukey test for the comparisons which parametric tests were used. Statistical analyses were done with SPSS and significance level in statistical analyses was considered as 0.05 (p-value). In addition to this, while explaining the variances, the figures like average, standard deviation, and percentiles were represented.

Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Fanatizm Düzeyleri İle Marka Tercihleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Bu çalışma üniversitede öğrenim gören öğrencilerin fanatizm düzeyleri ile marka tercihleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda; çalışma grubuna, Kayseri ilinde bulunan Erciyes Üniversitesi ve Kayseri Üniversitesi’nden rastgele seçilmiş ve farklı bölümlerde eğitimlerini sürdüren 696 öğrenci gönüllü olarak katılım göstermiştir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak; fanatizm düzeylerine yönelik verileri elde etmek için Taşmektepligil, Çankaya ve Tunç (2014) tarafından geliştirilen “Futbol Taraftarı Fanatiklik Ölçeği”, marka sadakatine yönelik verileri elde etmek için ise; Tekin (2020) tarafından geliştirilen “Marka Sadakati” ölçeği ayrıca araştırmacı tarafından oluşturulan “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” kullanılmıştır. Ölçeklerden elde edilen veriler SPSS paket programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Katılımcılara ait kişisel bilgiler ve envanter toplam puanları ve faktör puanları frekans (f) ve yüzde (%) değerleri tespit edilerek verilmiştir. Verilerin normallik dağılımları çarpıklık basıklık testleri ve Kolmogrov Smirnov Testi ile sınanmıştır. Verilerin, iki değişken arasında karşılaştırılmasında t testi, üç veya daha fazla değişkenin karşılaştırılmasında ise anova testi uygulanmıştır. Ölçeklerden elde edilen puanlar arasındaki ilişkiyi gösterebilmek için Pearson Momentler Çarpımı Korelasyon analizi (r) kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları incelendiğinde, öğrencilerin fanatiklik düzeyleri ile marka sadakati arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Özellikle fanatiklik anlamında kurumsal aidiyeti yüksek öğrencilerin takımla özdeşleşme konusunda pozitif uyum içerisinde oldukları görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak araştırma neticesinde ortaya çıkan verilere göre, futbol taraftarı fanatikliği ile marka sadakati arasında bütün alt boyutlarda pozitif bir ilişki görülmektedir. Futbol taraftarlarının kurumsal aidiyetleri ile takımla özdeşleşme durumları arasında yüksek derecede pozitif bir ilişki ortaya çıkmıştır. Takıma aidiyet duygusu besleyen taraftarların takımlarıyla daha çok bütünleştikleri ve bu duruma paralel olarak destekledikleri kulüplere katkı sağlayabilmek adına satın alma düşüncelerinde de pozitif yönde bir artış olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Species Abundance Distributions Patterns between Tiankeng Forests and Nearby Non-Tiankeng Forests in Southwest China

Identifying the species abundance distributions (SADs) in Tiankeng forests is crucial for restoring and managing degraded karst ecosystem, whereas previous studies rarely explored the differences and response of vegetation dynamics to environmental variations. The species composition and SADs of the inner and outer fringe areas of Tiankeng forest and nearby non-Tiankeng forest were compared in Southwest China. Six models were adopted to compare SADs of three habitats. Kolmogrov–Smirnov (K–S) test was selected to compare the discrepancy between the simulated and observed SAD patterns. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) test was adopted to compare the models, and the best model was indicated by the lowest AIC value. The results showed that (1) the species dispersal from the inside of Tiankeng forests to the nearby non-Tiankeng forests is limited, while species have unlimited dispersal from nearby non-Tiankeng forests to the inside of Tiankeng forests via the fringe of Tiankeng forests. (2) Species abundance, species rarity, richness, and species accumulation rate in the Tiankeng forests were significant in non-Tiankeng forests (p < 0.05), and most species in inner Tiankeng forests originated from nearby non-Tiankeng forests. (3) Based on the criterion of K-S values, all models have passed the K–S test (p > 0.05), which indicated that niche processes and neutral process worked together in the maintenance of community species diversity, the community in study area is a niche-neutral continuum. (4) Considered the lowest AIC value, the neutral (△mean AIC = 1.3) models performed better than the niche (△mean AIC = 22.7) models and statistical (△mean AIC = 2.7) in the Tiankeng forest, while the statistical models performed better than the niche and neutral models in the non-Tiankeng forests. The results suggested that the main driving force of Tiankeng forests is the neutral process. The negative terrain in Tiankeng restricted the species dispersal due to topographic constraints. However, the species dispersal from the nearby non-Tiankeng forests could promote the species succession in the inner Tiankeng. Therefore, we propose that nearby non-Tiankeng forests should be emphasized for protecting the biodiversity of Tiankeng forests.

Pengaruh Penerapan Media Pembelajaran Pop-Up Book Terhadap Motivasi Dan Hasil Belajar IPA Peserta Didik Kelas V SDN 3 Kawo Tahun Ajaran 2020/2021

This study aims to determine the effect of the application of pop-up book learning media on the motivation and learning outcomes of fifth grade students at SDN 3 KAWO in the 2020/2021 academic year. The population in this study were all students of class V at SDN 3 KAWO, while the samples were students of class VA as the experimental class and students of class VB as the control class. Data analysis begins with a normality test using the One-Sample Kolmogrov Smirnov formula with a significance level of 5% (0.05) and continues with a homogeneity test further testing the research hypothesis and further testing with a gain-score test. Then the motivational data and learning outcomes were analyzed by Independent t-test. Samples Test to determine the research hypothesis, the results of data analysis obtained a t-count value of 3,241 while the t-table at a significance level of 5% was 2,048 so that the t-count value> t-table, which means that Ha, which states there is an effect of application pop-up book learning media on science learning motivation of fifth grade students at SDN 3 KAWO in the 2020/2021 academic year, was accepted and H0 rejected. And the obtained t-count is 2.209 while the t-table at the 5% significance level is 2.048 so that the t-count value is >t-table, which means that Ha which states that there is an effect of the application of pop-up book learning media on participants' science learning outcomes fifth grade students of SDN 3 KAWO for the academic year 2020/2021, were accepted and H0 was rejected. Then a follow-up test was carried out using gain-score test, the value of learning motivation is 0.403 which is included in the medium category, while the learning outcomes of 0.576 are included in the medium category.

Pengaruh Penerapan Media Pembelajaran Pop-Up Book Terhadap Motivasi Dan Hasil Belajar IPA Peserta Didik Kelas V SDN 3 Kawo Tahun Ajaran 2020/2021

This study aims to determine the effect of the application of pop-up book learning media on the motivation and learning outcomes of fifth grade students at SDN 3 KAWO in the 2020/2021 academic year. The population in this study were all students of class V at SDN 3 KAWO, while the samples were students of class VA as the experimental class and students of class VB as the control class. Data analysis begins with a normality test using the One-Sample Kolmogrov Smirnov formula with a significance level of 5% (0.05) and continues with a homogeneity test further testing the research hypothesis and further testing with a gain-score test. Then the motivational data and learning outcomes were analyzed by Independent t-test. Samples Test to determine the research hypothesis, the results of data analysis obtained a t-count value of 3,241 while the t-table at a significance level of 5% was 2,048 so that the t-count value> t-table, which means that Ha, which states there is an effect of application pop-up book learning media on science learning motivation of fifth grade students at SDN 3 KAWO in the 2020/2021 academic year, was accepted and H0 rejected. And the obtained t-count is 2.209 while the t-table at the 5% significance level is 2.048 so that the t-count value is >t-table, which means that Ha which states that there is an effect of the application of pop-up book learning media on participants' science learning outcomes fifth grade students of SDN 3 KAWO for the academic year 2020/2021, were accepted and H0 was rejected. Then a follow-up test was carried out using gain-score test, the value of learning motivation is 0.403 which is included in the medium category, while the learning outcomes of 0.576 are included in the medium category.

Examination Of Health Literacy Levels Of Mothers: An Interdisciplinary Study With A Child Developmental Perspective

Introduction and aim: When health literacy is considered in terms of family and especially mother, its importance increases even more. Because the health literacy of the mother and the health of the child are related to each other, the probability of the children of mothers with high health literacy to be healthy is also high. Considering this situation, it is emphasized that health literacy is an important concept for child development professionals, who are one of the health professionals working with children. Because child development professionals involve families and especially mothers in the process while working with children, health literacy can also affect mothers' involvement in the process. Determining the health literacy of mothers and handling it with a child development perspective; It is thought that it will also guide interdisciplinary research on health literacy. In this study, it is aimed to determine the health literacy of mothers and to discuss them with a child development perspective. Method: In the study, residing in Mamak district of Ankara were included 100 mothers. Mixed method was used in the research. Quantitative data were collected with the “Adult Health Literacy Scale”, and qualitative data were collected through the “Questionnaire Form”. Ethics committee approval was obtained before starting to collect data in the study. Afterwards, the participants were given detailed information about the research and consent forms were signed. The research was conducted on a voluntary basis. After the quantitative data were collected, they were processed into the SPSS package program, and whether the data showed normal distribution was examined with the kolmogrov smirnov test. Since the data showed a normal distribution, Anova and t tests, which are parametric tests, were used in the analysis of quantitative data. Qualitative data were analyzed by descriptive analysis method. Results: As a result of the research, it was found that the health literacy levels of the mothers differed significantly according to the variables of education level, education level of the spouse and having a chronic disease. It has been determined that mothers consult physicians for health issues, receive support from health professionals about their children's health problems, and explain the concept of health as physical, mental, social well-being and protection of health. Conclusions and recommendations: In line with the results obtained from the research; preparing early intervention programs as child developers to increase mothers' health literacy levels, conducting health literacy screening in clinical settings and including the assessment of mothers' health literacy in the child's assessment process, it may be recommended to plan studies involving fathers on health literacy.

Perception of medical students toward their learning environment, field of study, and career prospects

Background: Providing a proper learning environment promotes motivation, satisfaction, and an overall positive perception in students; therefore it is essential for training skillful proficient doctors. Hence, the present study aims to assess the viewpoints of medical students on learning environment, field of study, career prospects, and the correlation between them.Methods: This study is a descriptive cross-sectional correlational study with a sample size of 165. Data was collected through standard questionnaires of DREEM to assess the learning environment as well as the Hasanloo et al. questionnaire to assess attitudes toward the field of study and career prospects. Data normality was measured using Kolmogrov Smirnov test. Correlation between attitude toward learning environment, field of study, and career prospect was evaluated by Pearson test.Results: The mean total score of 97.83 obtained in DREEM test, indicated a semi-optimal environment and did not show a significant difference in preclinical, and clinical students. Scores regarding the perception of the field of study and career prospects were 31.60 and 21.20, respectively, which indicates the students' optimal perception of the field of study and career prospects. Career prospect' score in preclinical students was higher than clinical students (p <0.05). Pearson test showed a positive correlation among attitude toward learning environment, field of study, and career prospect.Conclusions: The results of this study showed that students' perception of the learning environment is semi-desirable and needs planning for improvement that can be effective in the development of attitudes toward field of study and career prospects too.

PCM Transformation: Properties and Their Estimation

In the present piece of work, we are going to propose a new trigonometry based transformation called PCM transformation. We have been obtained its various statistical properties such as survival function, hazard rate function, reverse-hazard rate function, moment generating function, median, stochastic ordering etc. Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) method under classical approach and Bayesian approaches are tackled to obtain the estimate of unknown parameter. A real dataset has been applied to check its fitness on the basis of fitting criterions Akaike Information criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information criterion (BIC), log-likelihood (-LL) and Kolmogrov-Smirnov (KS) test statistic values in real sense. A simulation study is also being conducted to assess the estimator’s long-term attitude and compared over some chosen distributions.

The Relationship Between Organizational Capabilities and Strategic Management and Strategic Competitive Advantage of Employees of Computer School Staff In The Ghaemshahr City

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between organizational capabilities and strategic management, and the strategic competitive advantage of Ghaemshahr computer school employees. This research was descriptive of correlation type. The statistical population consisted of 100 employees of Ghaemshahr computer school in 2017-2018. A sample size of 80 people was selected by straddle random sampling based on gender. Data measurement tools included standard questionnaires of organizational capabilities of Jamshidi et al. (2014), Edward et al.'s human resources strategy (2006) and strategic competitive advantage of resident and Ramadan (2011). Experts confirmed the validity of the questionnaires, including supervisors, and by calculating Cronbach's alpha, the reliability of organizational capabilities questionnaires was 0.92, strategic management equal to 0.89 strategic competitive advantage was calculated 0.87%, which showed that the questionnaires had relatively high reliability. The data analysis method used descriptive statistics methods (calculation of frequency, percentages and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Kolmogrov Smirnov test and Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient test) through the SPSS 22 software program. The results showed a relationship between organizational capabilities and strategic management and the strategic competitive advantage of Ghaemshahr computer school employees. It also showed an association between organizational capabilities variables with strategic management and competitive advantage.

Pengaruh Motivasi Guru Terhadap Hasil Belajar Matematika Materi Pecahan Pada Siswa Kelas IV Ssekolah Dasar Inpres 109 Perumnas Kota Sorong

This study aims to determine the effect of teacher motivation on mathematics learning outcomes in fractional material in class IV SD Inpres 109 Perumnas Sorong City. This research is an experimental study using a pretest-posttest group design research design. The independent variable in this study is teacher motivation while the dependent variable is learning outcomes. The sample of this study was the 50th-grade students of SD Inpres 109 Perumnas Sorong City as many as 50 students, divided into two groups namely the Experimental Group with 25 students and the Control Group with 25 students. Data collection techniques used were questionnaire, test, observation, and documentation. The data analysis technique consists of three stages, namely the stage of a description of the data, the stage of testing the requirements of the analysis, and the stage of testing the hypothesis. Questionnaire reliability test results obtained Cronbach's Alpha results of 0.860. Then the reliability test results of the pre-test results obtained Cronbach's Alpha results of 0.750 and the reliability test of the post-test questions obtained Cronbach’s Alpha results of 1.258. From the analysis of the results of the calculation of the motivation of learning experimental class students obtained a total score of 1787 with an average of 3.574. Percentage of 64% shows good motivation from students and 36% shows quite a good category. Whereas the control class obtained a total score of 1748 with an average of 3.496. Percentage of 64% shows good motivation from students and 36% shows quite good category. From the data analysis, the Kolmogrov Smirnov Asymp normality test was obtained. Sig (2-tailed)&gt; 0.05 then normal data is obtained. From the analysis of the data obtained homogeneity test that Asymp. Sig (2-tailed)&gt; 0.05 then obtained homogeneous data. Paired T-test results obtained the t value of the experimental class t count of 14.334 while the t class of the control class of 14.511 and the value of t count&gt; t table or sig 0.000 &lt;0.05 in both classes then H1 is accepted and H0 is rejected. So it can be concluded that there is an influence of teacher motivation on learning outcomes of fraction material mathematics in class IV SD Inpres 109 Perumnas Sorong City, if the teacher's negative expectations decrease, the learning achievement of students will increase

PENGARUH AROMATERAPI LAVENDER TERHADAP TINGKAT NYERI PERSALINAN KALA 1 FASE AKTIF PADA IBU PRIMIGRAVIDA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS SEI LANGKAI BATAM TAHUN 2018

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience due to actual and potential tissue damage. The second highest maternal birth rate is at PUSKESMAS SeiLangkai, namely 3256 people. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of lavender aromatherapy on the levels of labor pain atPuskesmasSeiLangkai working Area, Batam. This study was conducted in June-July, with all mothers giving birth and Accidental sampling. The research design was pre-test post-test with experimental research method. Data analysis using the T-test which previously tested the Kolmogrov Smirnov Normality. The results showed that there was a reduction of 0.4 with a p-value of 0.000 (p <0.05). Labor Pain Level before being given Aromatherapy Lavender obtained the majority of severe pain 17 respondents (56.7%) and after being given Aromatherapy Lavender became moderate pain 18 respondents (60%). Hence, it can be concluded that there is an effect of Lavender Aromatherapy on the level of labor pain in Puskesmas SeiLangkai working area, Batam. It is suggested for research site as one of the inputs for health workers (midwives) are always updated regarding pain management so that they can provide care for the mother.

Adaptation of the SenSel creativity-sensitization and self questionnaire for educators and teachers into Turkish and its relationship with mathematical thinking skills

The aim of this study is to measure whether there is a relationship between classroom teachers' sensitivity to creativity phenomenon and their level of mathematical thinking. While the universe of the research is the classroom teachers working in city located in the Southeastern Anatolia part of Turkey, the sample is 509 classroom teachers who work in various schools in the center of city. In the study, firstly, the SenSel Creativity-Sensitization and Self Questionnaire for Educators and Teachers was adapted to Turkish and then the mathematical thinking levels of the teachers were measured with the "Mathematical Thinking Scale". Confirmatory factor analysis was performed with the Lisrel program to test the model fit of the item-factor structure of the test during the adaptation phase, and the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and McDonald's Omega Coefficient were calculated for reliability analyses. In the second stage of the study, the correlation of the Educators' Sensitivity to Creativity Test and the Mathematical Thinking Scale were investigated. At this stage, normality test (Kolmogrov Smirnov), descriptive statistics, Pearson product moment correlation analysis, regression analysis, T-test and single factor ANOVA operations were done with SPSS 23 program. Considering the results of the research, the Test of the Educators' Sensitivity to Creativity was adapted to Turkish; while CFA results suggested adequate model fit, the Cronbach Alpha coefficient was .96, McDonald's Omega coefficient was determined as .97 and the test was determined to be highly reliable. In the second stage, a positive significant relationship was found between the classroom teachers’ sensitivity to creativity and their level of mathematical thinking, and it was determined that the level of sensitivity to creativity phenomenon explained 22 % of classroom teachers' mathematical thinking levels. Some suggestions were made according to the results of the study.

Impact of Neck Proprioception and Central Sensitization on Balance Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain

Context: Currently, multiple researches demonstrate that proprioception of the neck has a favorable effect and a direct association with balance in individuals with chronic neck pain (CNP). However, there is a paucity of the literature that has attempted to quantify the impact of proprioception on balance in CNP patients and to determine the function of central nervous system sensitization (CS) in CNP patients. Aims: The goal of this study was to determine the variance component of proprioception on balance in CNP patients and to examine if there was a difference between centrally sensitized and nonsensitized CNP patients. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: Thirty-seven patients with CNP were assessed for proprioception, static and dynamic balance was using head repositioning accuracy (HRA) test, Brief Balance Evaluation Systems Test, step test, four-step square test, and Y-balance test. Disability and nervous system sensitization was assessed using the Neck Pain and Disability Scale and central sensitization inventory (CSI). Statistical Analysis Used: Kolmogrov–Smirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient was used for statistical analysis. Results: The impact of CSI and HRA scores on static and dynamic balance scores was unpredictable, ranging from a minimum of 10% to a maximum of 38.7%. Conclusion: There is a weak evidence to suggest that proprioception component could have contributed to the variance in static, dynamic balance and disability in patients with centrally sensitized CNP.

Crash data augmentation using variational autoencoder

In this paper, we present a data augmentation technique to reproduce crash data. The dataset comprising crash and non-crash events are extremely imbalanced. For instance, the dataset used in this paper consists of only 625 crash events for over 6.5 million non-crash events. Thus, learning algorithms tend to perform poorly on these datasets. We have used variational autoencoder to encode all the events into a latent space. After training, the model could successfully separate crash and non-crash events. To generate data, we sampled from the latent space containing crash data. The generated data was compared with the real data from different statistical aspects. t-Test, Levene-test and Kolmogrove Smirnov test showed that the generated data was statistically similar to the real data. It was also compared to some of the minority oversampling techniques like SMOTE and ADASYN as well as the GAN framework for generating data. Crash prediction models based on Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were used to compare the generated data from the different oversampling techniques. Overall, variational autoencoder (VAE) showed excellent results compared to the other data augmentation methods. Specificity is improved by 8% and 4% for VAE-LR and VAE-SVM respectively when compared to SMOTE while the sensitivity is improved by 6% and 5% when compared to ADASYN. Moreover, VAE generated data also helps to overcome the overfitting problem in SMOTE and ADASYN since there is flexibility in choosing the decision boundary.

PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN KOS-KOSAN TERHADAP MOTIVASI BELAJAR MAHASISWA STAKPN AMBON

Motivation is the urge to achieve a particular goal. The research aims to determine if there is a Kos-Kosan environmental influence on the learning motivation of students of the National Christian Religious School (STAKPN) Ambon. Research conducted on the STAKPN campus AmbonIn particular, the Department of Christian Religion (PAK) semester II (two), IV (four) and VI (six).This research uses a quantitative type survey approach. The population of the study is all students majoring in Christian religious education Semester II (two), IV (four) and VI (six) who live in Kos-kosan amounting to 120 people. While the sampling of research samples was completed with two techniques namely the first is simple random sampling technique by looking at the table Isach and Michael and secondly using the purposional random sampling technique, then obtained research samples As many as 89 people. The data collection techniques used are questionnaire or questionnaire and non-participation observation.Research Data is analyzed with the help of SPSS type 16.0 Program. Data analysis includes description analysis, test prerequisite analysis and final analysis. Description The analysis of this study is the presentation of maximum value, minimum value, average value (Mean) and standard deviation. The prerequisite analysis test in this study is testing data normality and Linieritas data. The data normality test is done with the formula of Kolmogrov Smirnov and shows normal distribution data. The linierity test is performed and shows there is a linear relationship between the X variables of the cost environment and the variable Y learning motivation. Final analysis testing is conducted including regression test to provide for influence, coefficient of determination to know how much contribution or donations are given in the cost environment variable to learning motivation, and hypothesis testing To contribute significant and positive environmental influences to the motivation of learning. The results of the hypothesis testing proved there was a significant and positive influence marked by the T-count value of the &gt; T table (2,573 &gt; 1,986) and the donations that were given X variables of the cost environment against the Y Motivai variable studied at 0.71 or 7.1% as the rest 92.9% influenced by other variable-varibellsKeyword: cost environment, learning motivation

Probabilistic prediction of earthquake by bivariate distribution

The bivariate lognormal distribution (BLD) is proposed, as a model probabilistic, for joint distribution of earthquake prediction. In the recent decades, the probabilistic earthquake prediction using statistical analysis has become the cornerstone of research works in earthquake engineering field. In the case of earthquake prediction, all probability models have been established by distribution functions other than bivariate distribution functions. There is no denial of the fact that earthquake is absolutely considered as a multivariate phenomenon. Hence, comprehensive analysis of these variables needs joint probabilistic investigations. In this paper, the probability model of earthquake prediction has been studied by bivariate lognormal distribution function. For this aim, the parameters of BLD were estimated by maximum likelihood method. Then, the distribution function is established based upon two variables including earthquake magnitude and recurrence time. In this research, Tehran city, as one of the world’s most populous cities, was considered for the case study due to the fact that severe earthquakes have occurred in the past decades. The capability of using the probabilistic model for Tehran was obtained by Kolmogrov–Smirnov (KS) test. Overall, it was found that the most likely earthquake of Tehran may occur between 10 and 15 years from the last earthquake with magnitude between 6.6 and 6.8.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SPATIAL ANALOGIES ON UNDERSTANDING OF NUMBERS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of spatial analogies on understanding of numbers in early childhood in TK Islam Salamah and TK Sri Juwita Hanum Surakarta. This study was a quasi-experimental. The design of the study used a non-equivalent design with a sample of 34 children in the experimental group and 35 children in the control group. The technique of collecting data was through performance tests to measure children’s understanding of numbers. The normality test and homogeneity test used kolmogrov smirnov and lavene test of equality of variance. The data analysis used parametric statistics with a significance level p&amp;gt;0.05. The results showed that there was an increase in the mean value in the experimental group and there were significant differences from the control group and the experimental group with a significance value of 0,000. Children can to use the number symbol to count, mention the number symbol from 1 to 10, match numbers with the number symbols, know the concept of less and more numbers also there was an increase in another indicator. It can be concluded that spatial analogies had an effectiveness on the understanding of numbers of children in group B, TK Islam Salamah Surakarta.

1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging generates accurate 3D proximal femoral models: Surgical planning implications for femoroacetabular impingement.

The objective of this study was to validate three-dimensional (3D) proximal femoral surface models generated from a 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by comparing these 3D models to those derived from the clinical "gold standard" of computed tomography (CT) scan and to ground-truth surface models obtained by laser scans (LSs) of the excised femurs. Four intact bilateral cadaveric pelvis specimens underwent CT and MRI scans and 3D surface models were generated. Six femurs were extracted from these specimens, and the overlying soft tissues were removed. The extracted femurs were then laser scanned to produce a ground-truth surface model. A 3D-3D registration method was used to compare the signed and absolute surface-to-surface distances between the 3D models. Absolute agreement was evaluated using a 95% confidence interval (CI) derived from the precision of the LS ground-truth. Paired samples t tests and Kolmogrov-Smirnov tests were performed to compare the differences between the signed and absolute surface-to-surface distances between the models. The average signed surface-to-surface distances for the MRI vs LS and MRI vs CT models were 0.07 and 0.16 mm, respectively. These differences fell within the 95% CI of ±0.20 mm indicating absolute agreement between the surface models generated from these modalities. The signed surface-to-surface distance was significantly smaller for MRI vs LS ground truth model as compared with the CT vs LS model. Femoral models derived from a 1.5 T MRI scan demonstrated absolute agreement with the clinical gold standard of CT-derived models and were most like LS ground truth models of the excised femurs.

Effect of agility ladder exercises on agility of participants extracurricular futsal at Bina Darma University

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of agility ladder training on the agility of the student of the futsal extracurricular Bina Darma University Palembang. The research method used in this study is a quasi-experimental method. The design of the research design used in this study was one group pretest-posttest design. A sample of 24 people participated in the Bina Darma University futsal extracurricular activity. The technique of collecting data uses an agility test instrument, namely Illinois Agility Run. The element of agility is very dominant in helping students gain student fitness. Usually students who are fit are characterized by good physical condition (agility). Agility in students is very useful to develop students’ skills in any field of sports in general, and can help students master the physical education subjects related to agility. The results of the study revealed that the average score of agility pretest obtained by students was 19.05 seconds while for the average value of posttest (final ability test) student agility was 18.99 seconds. Normal and homogeneous distributed data because the results of the Kolmogrov Smirnov test and the data homogeneity test show that the large sig value is 0.05, so that it is continued with the paired t-test results obtained that the t-count value 1.930 is greater than the t-table 1.714 at a significant level of 0.05%. Thus it can be concluded that there is a significant influence agility ladder training for agility at participant’s futsal extracurricular Bina Darma University of Palembang.