Koi Carp Research Articles

Expression analysis and antiviral activity of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) viperin against carp edema virus (CEV)

Viperin, also known as radical S-Adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 (RSAD2), is an IFN stimulated protein that plays crucial roles in innate immunity. Here, we identified a viperin gene from the koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) (kVip). The ORF of kVip is 1047 bp in length, encoding a polypeptide of 348 amino acids with neither signal peptide nor transmembrane protein. The predicted molecular weight is 40.37 kDa and the isoelectric point is 7.7. Multiple sequence alignment indicated that putative kVip contains a radical SAM superfamily domain and a conserved C-terminal region. kVip was highly expressed in the skin and spleen of healthy koi carps, and significantly stimulated in both natural and artificial CEV-infected koi carps. In vitro immune stimulation analysis showed that both extracellular and intracellular poly (I: C) or poly (dA: dT) caused a significant increase in kVip expression of spleen cells. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of recombinant kVip (rkVip) not only reduced the CEV load in the gills, but also improved the survival of koi carps following CEV challenge. Additionally, rkVip administration effectively regulated inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10) and interferon-related molecules (cGAS, STING, MyD88, IFN-γ, IFN-α, IRF3 and IRF9). Collectively, kVip effectively responded to CEV infection and exerted antiviral function against CEV partially by regulation of inflammatory and interferon responses.

The Susceptibility of Larvae and Juvenile Koi Carp to Carp Edema Virus

The Susceptibility of Larvae and Juvenile Koi Carp to Carp Edema Virus

Detection of Mycobacterial Species in Koi Carp Juvenile Cultured in Earthen Ponds

Detection of Mycobacterial Species in Koi Carp Juvenile Cultured in Earthen Ponds

Effects of sample preservation techniques on dogs' (Canis familiaris) ability to detect koi carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)

Koi carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) are an invasive fish that has caused significant ecological impacts to freshwater ecosystems around the world. Current detection methods such as observation, netting, electrofishing, and environmental DNA can be time-, labour-, and cost-intensive, especially when fish densities are low. Evaluation of water samples for invasive fish by scent detection dogs could offer a more efficient method of detection. However, the odour profiles of such samples are likely unstable, and without effective preservation from the time of collection to the time of analysis by dogs, samples could degrade, making the target scent less recognisable to dogs. The aim of this study was to determine whether refrigeration (4°C), freezing (-18°C), or the addition of potassium sorbate (1.7 mM) could be used to preserve scent in water samples assessed by dogs. An ABACADA reversal design was employed. The dogs performed a baseline evaluation (A) of unpreserved water samples from aquaria containing carp (target scent; n = 7), goldfish (Carassius auratus; non-target distractor scent; n = 5), or no fish (non-target scent; n = 5) before preservation treatments were applied to the samples. The treatment phases (B = refrigeration, C = frozen, and D = dark cupboard with potassium sorbate) involved applying a preservation method to carp, goldfish, or no-fish water samples 7 or 8 days prior to assessment by the dogs. There was weak evidence that refrigeration impaired the dogs’ detection performance. In contrast, once stability criteria had been met, detection performances on frozen or potassium sorbate preserved samples were similar to or returned back to baseline levels. These findings suggest that freezing and potassium sorbate were effective in retarding scent degradation over the storage period and have the potential to be used as preservatives for water samples awaiting assessment by scent detection dogs. If laboratory-based canine scent detection becomes an invasive fish detection method, the use of dogs could prove more time- and cost-efficient than current detection methods.

Utilizing Convolutional Autoencoder for Anomaly Detections in LIGO Spectrogram Data

Massive amounts of data generated from the continuous running of LIGO gravitational-wave detectors comes with a need to search for signals within the data. Gravitational-wave data captured by the detector consist of astronomical events or glitches that last seconds. We present an unsupervised learning using convolutional autoencoder trained on the no-glitch Gravity Spy dataset to do anomaly search on spectrogram data. Reconstruction error is used as the basis and multiple windows are used to improve the model. Results on test data show that the model is capable of detecting signals with significant anomalies such as the Chirp or Koi Fish glitch. Meanwhile, detecting subtle anomalies such as the 1400 Hz Ripples is difficult because its reconstruction error is near the range of noise signals. Validating the result on confirmed gravitational-wave signals shows that the model is capable of gravitational-wave detection.

Dynamics Changes of Total Bacteria in the Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) of Koi Fish (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)

Koi fish (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) is one of the aquaculture commodities that is highly marketable because of its unique color pattern and body shape. The prevalence of parasites and pathogenic agents in Koi fish among farmers poses challenges and leads to the occurrence of numerous illnesses. Water quality management is implemented in an effort to prevent several infectious microorganisms. The application of a recirculation system is used to enhance water quality and bolster the disease resistance of Koi fish. The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of RAS technology in the koi fish culture under different filter media on bacterial density. This study used four treatments, namely treatment A (RAS with a dacron filter and pumice), B (RAS with a dacron filter and sand), C (RAS with a sand and pumice filter), and K (control without a recirculation system). The parameter observed in this study was the density of bacteria in the koi fish rearing-media. These findings demonstrated that the utilization of various filters had an impact on bacterial density. Treatment C (RAS with sand and pumice filter) exhibited the greatest bacterial density with an average value exceeding 3.4 log CFU. mL-1 from the first week to the third week. The density of nitrifying bacteria in the koi fish production system is positively influenced by the high-quality maintenance practices that are maintained under optimal conditions.

Transcriptomic and proteomic insights into the immune response of the intestine to Aeromonas veronii infection in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio var. koi)

Intestinal mucosal immunity serves as one of the primary barriers against pathogens. The immune mechanism involved in fish intestinal defense against bacterial infection still needs further investigation. To delve into the intestinal immune mechanisms of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio var. koi) against Aeromonas veronii infection, RNA-seq and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-coupled LC-MS/MS were employed. After A. veronii infection, 7224 differently expressed genes (DEGs) and 1482 differently expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected in the intestines of koi carp. Further, the integrated analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic data revealed that 471 DEGs were matched with the corresponding DEPs (named associated DEPs/DEGs). Among the 34 immune-related associated DEPs/DEGs, 21 were in the consistent expression tendency, whereas 13 were in the opposite tendency. Moreover, the immune-related associated DEPs/DEGs exhibiting consistent expression trends were predominantly enriched in nine pathways, with five of them being linked to innate immunity: ferroptosis, phagosome, complement and coagulation cascades, MAPK signaling pathway, and NLR signaling pathway. The expression patterns of tested genes detected using quantitative real-time PCR assay were consistent with the findings from RNA-Seq and iTRAQ. A potential offense and defense model between A. veronii and koi carp was established based on insights into the immune-related pathways, DEGs, and DEPs. Overall, our comprehensive transcriptome and proteome analysis allow us to better understand the intestinal mucosal immunity of teleost and the pathogenic mechanism of A. veronii.

Diagnostic performance of cross-priming amplification-based lateral flow assay (CPA-LFA) and real-time PCR for koi herpesvirus (KHV) detection

Epizootics of Koi herpesvirus (KHV) cause mass mortality in koi carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) worldwide. Rapid and accurate virus detection technology is crucial for preventing pathogen spread and minimizing damage. Although several diagnostic assays have been developed for KHV, the analytical and diagnostic performance of the detection methods has not been evaluated. In this study, we developed and validated the diagnostic performance of two molecular diagnostic assays, cross-priming amplification-based lateral flow assay (CPA-LFA) and TaqMan probe-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To detect KHV, primers and probe were designed based on the thymidine kinase (TK) genes. The detection limits of developed CPA-LFA and real-time PCR assays were determined to be 675.69 copies/μL and 8.384 copies/μL, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the developed assay were determined using fish samples (n = 179). CPA-LFA was found to be 93.67% and 100%, respectively, and real-time PCR was found to be 100% and 100%, respectively. Therefore, the newly developed CPA-LFA and real-time PCR assays accurately and rapidly detect KHV. CPA-LFA is particularly suitable for point-of-care diagnosis because of its simple diagnostic process, and real-time PCR analysis is most suitable for precise diagnosis because it can detect low viral loads.

Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal: A Sustainable Alternative to Fish Meal Proven to Promote Growth and Immunity in Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. koi)

Insect meal has shown promise as a potentially sustainable source of nutrients for aquafeeds, offering an alternative to expensive and ecologically undesirable ingredients, in the context of population explosion and climate change. Despite this promising outlook, its effects on fish growth and immune responses remain to be thoroughly investigated. Our scientific goal was to experimentally test responses to replacements of the fish meal with a protein source derived from black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM). Possible impacts on growth, immunological response, and the expression of selected immune-system related genes were evaluated in Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio var. koi) using a biofloc culture system. Three hundred fish (20.0 ± 0.2 g) were allocated into five groups: a control group receiving a basal diet containing 0 g kg−1 BSFLM and four experimental groups in which fish meal was replaced with 50, 100, 150, and 200 g kg−1 BSFLM for eight weeks. After 4 weeks of feeding, there were no statistically significant differences in specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival rate between fish fed BSFLM-enriched diets at 50, 100, 150 g kg−1 and a control (0 g kg−1 BSFLM) diet. However, fish fed 200 g kg−1 BSFLM showed significantly improved weight gain (WG) and SGR compared to the control after 4 weeks; this difference persisted through 8 weeks (p < 0.05). After eight weeks, there was a moderate to weak negative linear regression shown in FCR (r = 0.470) and SR (r = 0.384), respectively, with the BSFLM levels, but significant and highly correlated linear relationships were observed in WG (r = 0.917) and SGR (r = 0.912). Immunological response analysis showed slight changes in lysozyme and peroxidase levels by replacing fish meal with BSFLM, but these apparent differences were not significantly related to experimental diets. Interestingly, mRNA transcripts of immune-related genes (TNF-α, TGF-β, IL1, IL10, and hsp70) were upregulated in the groups receiving higher amounts of BSFLM, with statistically significant differences observed in certain comparisons. Our findings reveal that fish meal can be effectively replaced by BSFLM, and that this not only has a positive effect on immune-related gene expression in Koi carp, but also on growth rate, pointing to the future potential role of BSFLM as an alternative fish meal protein in aquafeed formulation.

Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Pemeliharaan Ikan Koi Berbasis Android dengan Menggunakan Teknologi IoT

In the maintenance of Koi fish, the quality of the pond environment and water plays an important role in the success of Koi fish care. Koi fish or commonly known by another name Cyprinus Rubrofuscus is one type of freshwater ornamental fish that is very sensitive to pond environmental conditions and water quality. At this time many people want to keep koi fish as pets or even make koi fish as a business. Koi fish is one of the difficult fish to maintain because it requires extra monitoring of the pond conditions and water conditions of the koi fish pond. The difficulty of monitoring pond conditions and water conditions in koi fish ponds presents an idea to develop an Android-based Koi Fish Monitoring and Maintenance application using IoT technology in its design. The existence of this application aims to analyze the application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology to help the maintenance and care of koi fish. By using the IoT technology study method to monitor the condition of koi fish care automatically, it is hoped that this application can be able to facilitate accurate monitoring of pond and water conditions.

Effects of simulated winter short photoperiods on the microbiome and intestinal metabolism in Huanghe carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus).

As one of the most important environmental signals, photoperiod plays a crucial role in regulating the growth, metabolism, and survival of organisms. The photoperiod shifts with the transition of the seasons. The difference in photoperiod between summer and winter is the greatest under natural conditions. However, the effect of photoperiod on Huanghe carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) was paid little attention. We investigated the impact of artificial manipulation of seasonal photoperiod on Huanghe carp by integrating growth performance, intestinal flora, and intestinal metabolome. We conducted an 8-week culture experiment with summer photoperiod (14 h light:10 h dark, n = 60) as the control group and winter photoperiod (10 h light:14 h dark, n = 60) based on the natural laws. Winter photoperiod provokes significant weight increases in Huanghe carp. The altered photoperiod contributed to a significant increase in triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the gene expressions of lipid metabolism in the intestine of Huanghe carp. 16s rDNA sequencing revealed that winter photoperiod diminished intestinal flora diversity and altered the abundance. Specifically, the relative abundances of Fusobacteria and Acidobacteriota phyla were higher but Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes phyla were reduced. Analogously, photoperiodic changes induced a significant reduction in the Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Ralstonia, Acinetobacter, and Pseudoalteromonas at the genus level. Additionally, metabolomics analysis showed more than 50% of differential metabolites were associated with phospholipids and inflammation. Microbiome and metabolome correlation analyses revealed that intestinal microbe mediated lipid metabolism alteration. The winter photoperiod induced intestinal flora imbalance and lipid metabolism modification, ultimately affecting the growth of Huanghe carp. This study provides new insights into the effects of seasonal photoperiodic alteration on the well-being of fish.

PENGARUH KETINGGIAN AIR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP BENIH IKAN KOI (CYPRINUS CARPIO)

Koi fish (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most popular ornamental fish with high economic value and can compete in local and international markets. One of the obstacles in koi fish farming is growth and survival caused by changes in temperature. One of the factors that affect temperature changes is water level. This study aims to determine the effect of water level on the growth and survival of koi fish seeds. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD). There were 4 (four) treatments tested, namely P1 (15 cm) as control, P2 (20 cm), P3 (25 cm), and P4 (30 cm). Each treatment was repeated 3 times, resulting in 12 experimental units. The variables taken were fish length and weight, and water quality (temperature, pH, DO, ammonia). The results showed that. The ideal container water level and can provide the best results to support the growth of koi fish fry is 25 cm. At a water level of 25 cm, weight growth of 0.034 grams/day, length growth of 0.018 cm/day, specific growth rate of 0.021%/day, and survival rate reached 100%. Meanwhile, water quality parameters during the study were in the optimal range, namely temperature 19 - 23 °C, pH 7, dissolved oxygen 5 - 8 mg/L, and ammonia 00.1 - 0.06 mg/L.

Morphological investigation and functional aspect of the skin of the snout region in koi fish (Cyprinus carpio)

Morphological investigation and functional aspect of the skin of the snout region in koi fish (Cyprinus carpio)

Induced Breeding, Embryonic and Larval Development of Koi Carp in Recirculatory Aquaculture System

Induced Breeding, Embryonic and Larval Development of Koi Carp in Recirculatory Aquaculture System

First detection of Koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD) in Garmian, Kurdistan region of Iraq: A clinical and molecular study.

Koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD) is attributed to cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) and predominantly affects common carp and ornamental koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). This viral infection leads to substantial morbidity and mortality among these fish species. This study aimed to confirm the presence of KHVD in the Kurdistan region of Iraq by employing clinical and optimized molecular assays on fish populations experiencing high mortality among common carp in carp farms. The present research was conducted in the Kalar district, situated at the heart of Garmian province in Iraqi Kurdistan. four samples from common carp fish farms were received by our laboratory. These samples specifically displaying clinical signs associated with koi herpesvirus (KHV) infection, were subjected to clinical examinations, and PCR assay in addition to sequence analysis. The results of the current study revealed that the observed clinical signs, particularly gill necrosis, skin lesions, and sunken eyes, closely resembled the clinical signs of KHVD in common carp fish. In addition, PCR, nested PCR, and sequence analysis assay detected appropriate DNA fragments of the CyHV-3 major capsid protein gene confirming the first detection of KHVD in common carp fish in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. In this study, the results confirm the detection of KHVD in the Kurdistan region, Iraq, for the first time. This study revealed that CyHV-3 was responsible for KHVD-related signs and symptoms. Based on these results, it is strongly recommended that comprehensive studies be initiated to investigate the prevalence and distribution of CyHV-3.

Activity of Natural Compound Pothos tener Wall on Aeromonas hydrophila Infection to Prevent of Antibiotics

This study aims to discover how influential Photos tener Wall is as an anti-bacterial treatment for Aeromonas hydrophila. Methods: Cyprinus Carpio were reared for 28 days, and on the 29th and 30th days before Aeromonas hydrophila infection, the fish were adequately fasted. On the 31st day, they were intramuscularly challenged with A. hydrophila (105 CFU/mL) (the first day in A. hydrophila infection). The treatments given were (I) immersed trial with fresh (live) P tener Wall: (H1) Immersed with 15 g of P. tener Wall plant, (H2) Immersed with 30 g of P. tener Wall plant, and (H3) Immersed with 60 g of P. tener; (II) feeding trials in which the treatments given were (P1) 2% of P. tener Wall powder mixed with 1 kg commercial diet and (P2) 4% of P. tener Wall powder mixed with 1 kg commercial diet; Experiment III combined the best results from experiment I (H2) and experiment II (P2) and Oxytetracycline 5 g/kg feed as a control antibiotic. The result obtained was that the treatment of 30 g of fresh P. tener Wall or adding 4% simplicial P. tener Wall in the diet could increase koi fish's immune response and resistance to A. Hydrophila has a survival rate that reaches 100%. This treatment has the same effect as using antibiotic Oxytetracycline 5 g/kg of feed. An important aspect for further research is that P. tener wall can be tested on other fish diseases caused by bacteria or fungi.

Activity of Natural Compound Pothos tener Wall on Aeromonas hydrophila Infection to Prevent of Antibiotics

This study aims to discover how influential Photos tener Wall is as an anti-bacterial treatment for Aeromonas hydrophila. Methods: Cyprinus Carpio were reared for 28 days, and on the 29th and 30th days before Aeromonas hydrophila infection, the fish were adequately fasted. On the 31st day, they were intramuscularly challenged with A. hydrophila (105 CFU/mL) (the first day in A. hydrophila infection). The treatments given were (I) immersed trial with fresh (live) P tener Wall: (H1) Immersed with 15 g of P. tener Wall plant, (H2) Immersed with 30 g of P. tener Wall plant, and (H3) Immersed with 60 g of P. tener; (II) feeding trials in which the treatments given were (P1) 2% of P. tener Wall powder mixed with 1 kg commercial diet and (P2) 4% of P. tener Wall powder mixed with 1 kg commercial diet; Experiment III combined the best results from experiment I (H2) and experiment II (P2) and Oxytetracycline 5 g/kg feed as a control antibiotic. The result obtained was that the treatment of 30 g of fresh P. tener Wall or adding 4% simplicial P. tener Wall in the diet could increase koi fish's immune response and resistance to A. Hydrophila has a survival rate that reaches 100%. This treatment has the same effect as using antibiotic Oxytetracycline 5 g/kg of feed. An important aspect for further research is that P. tener wall can be tested on other fish diseases caused by bacteria or fungi.

Unlocking Eco-solutions: Analyzing parasitic disease resistance in Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) under different ecological treatments

Combatting parasitic diseases in intensive aquaculture is crucial for sustainable and healthy fish production. The use of chemical pesticides, although effective, poses environmental and public health risks. To address this issue, we investigated the impact of ecological treatments on the occurrence of parasitic diseases in intensive culture of Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) pond. A comprehensive survey was conducted in 160 ponds, and the data were collected through a normative questionnaire which included the main factors related to ecological management such as pond water sources and depth, stocking methods, whether or not mixed culture with carps, water quality adjustment and sediment operation methods. Whether parasitic diseases have happened was determined by combination of both field investigation and laboratory diagnostic methods. For assessment the relationship between ecological treatments and parasitosis occurrence, the data were analyzed using two methods, including univariate and multivariate logistic regressions. The final model revealed the influence of five significant ecological treatments (P < 0.05) on parasitosis occurrence in the ponds. The three ecological treatments significantly reduced disease occurrence, which were mixed culture with silver and/or bighead carp, maintaining water quality at intervals of ≤7 days, and aeration time > 10 h in 24 h. Additionally, utilizing underground water, avoiding sediment stirring increased the incidence of the parasitosis. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of appropriate ecological treatments in minimizing parasitic diseases in Yellow River carp, supporting sustainable aquaculture development.

SAND CRAB (Emerita sp.) MEAL AS A NOVEL FEED INGREDIENT FOR KOI CARP (Cyprinus carpio)

Sand crab (Emerita sp.) is a marine biodiversity, but it has not been used as a fish feed ingredient. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional value of sand crabs and to understand its effect when used as feed ingredient on the performance of Koi carp. The study was conducted in two steps, which is evaluation of the nutritional value of sand crab and its effect on fish performance. The proximate composition, amino acids, and fatty acids were measured using AOAC methods, and then the carotenoid content was determined by spectrophotometry. In the second step, the sand crab was added to fish feed at doses of 0, 5, 10, and 15 percent, and fed to koi fish for 42 days. The parameters observed were length gain (LG), weight gain (WG), and feed efficiency (FE). Nutritional data were analyzed by description and compared with fish feed ingredients from previous studies. Fish performance were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. When significant, Tukey’s significant mean test was applied. The result showed that the nutritional value of sand crab was comparable to other feed ingredients with a protein content of 37.88%, while carotenoid content was superior. The best performance of Koi carp was obtained with a dose of 15% sand crab in the diet, with LG, WG, and FE values of 0.93 ± 0.05 cm, 0.48 ± 0.06 g, and 63.50 ± 7.05 %, respectively. Based on this result, it can be concluded that sand crab has a high nutritional value and can be used up to 15% in Koi carp diet.

PENDAMPINGAN PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI SMART FISH FARM BUDIDAYA IKAN KOI PADA DINATA KOI FARM BADUNG

Dinata Koi Farm is a Koi fish cultivation business that has been started since 2018. The Koi fish cultivation business is carried out starting from breeding, sorting, growing and marketing Koi fish. The demand for Koi fish orders by customers is not proportional to the amount of production produced. The problem is that many fish die due to poor water quality, thereby reducing the number of Koi fish produced for market. Koi fish are very sensitive to increases in temperature and pH levels of pond water. Dinata Koi Farm has a problem, namely that it cannot continuously monitor the temperature and pH levels of the water, so sometimes handling the pond water quality becomes slow and the Koi fish die. Based on the problems faced by partners, the service team helped develop smart fish farming technology that can monitor Koi pond water quality in real time and automatically handle it if there is an increase in the temperature and pH levels of the pond water. . The approach methods that will be used in this activity include individual approaches and training. The components evaluated in this activity are the application of smart fish farm technology and increasing partners' knowledge in the use of information technology, especially smart fish farms.