Koi Carp Cyprinus Carpio Research Articles

Mixed mycobacterial infection in an adult koi carp Cyprinus carpio L

Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 37, Issue 8 p. 753-755 Short Communication Mixed mycobacterial infection in an adult koi carp Cyprinus carpio L L Favaro, L Favaro Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorT Scanzio, T Scanzio Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorK Varello, K Varello Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorM Caffara, M Caffara Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), ItalySearch for more papers by this authorM Righetti, M Righetti Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorE Bozzetta, E Bozzetta Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorM Prearo, Corresponding Author M Prearo Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy Correspondence M Prearo, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy (e-mail:[email protected])Search for more papers by this author L Favaro, L Favaro Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorT Scanzio, T Scanzio Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorK Varello, K Varello Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorM Caffara, M Caffara Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), ItalySearch for more papers by this authorM Righetti, M Righetti Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorE Bozzetta, E Bozzetta Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorM Prearo, Corresponding Author M Prearo Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy Correspondence M Prearo, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy (e-mail:[email protected])Search for more papers by this author First published: 13 August 2013 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12159Citations: 4Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume37, Issue8August 2014Pages 753-755 RelatedInformation

CyHV-3: the third cyprinid herpesvirus

Common carp (including ornamental koi carp) Cyprinus carpio L. are ecologically and economically important freshwater fish in Europe and Asia. C. carpio have recently been endangered by a third cyprinid herpesvirus, known as cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3), the etiological agent of koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), which causes significant morbidity and mortality in koi and common carp. Clinical and pathological signs include epidermal abrasions, excess mucus production, necrosis of gill and internal organs, and lethargy. KHVD has decimated major carp populations in Israel, Indonesia, Taiwan, Japan, Germany, Canada, and the USA, and has been listed as a notifiable disease in Germany since 2005, and by the World Organisation for Animal Health since 2007. KHVD is exacerbated in aquaculture because of the relatively high host stocking density, and CyHV-3 may be concentrated by filter-feeding aquatic organisms. CyHV-3 is taxonomically grouped within the family Alloherpesviridae, can be propagated in a number of cell lines, and is active at a temperature range of 15 to 28°C. Three isolates originating from Japan (KHV-J), USA (KHV-U), and Israel (KHV-I) have been sequenced. CyHV-3 has a 295 kb genome with 156 unique open reading frames and replicates in the cell nucleus, and mature viral particles are 170 to 200 nm in diameter. CyHV-3 can be detected by multiple PCR-based methods and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Several modes of immunization have been developed for KHVD; however, fish immunized with either vaccine or wild-type virus may become carriers for CyHV-3. There is no current treatment for KHVD.

Evaluation of the effects of tricaine methanesulfonate on retinal structure and function in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)

To determine whether repeated exposure to clinically relevant concentrations of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) would alter retinal function or induce histologically detectable retinal lesions in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). Prospective, controlled, experimental study. 18 healthy koi carp. 2 fish were euthanized at the start of the study, and eyes were submitted for histologic evaluation as untreated controls. Anesthesia was induced in the remaining fish with 200 mg of MS-222/L and maintained with concentrations of 125 to 150 mg/L for a total exposure time of 20 minutes daily on 1 to 13 consecutive days. On days 1, 7, and 13, electroretinography of both eyes was performed in all fish remaining in the study, and 2 fish were euthanized immediately after each procedure for histologic evaluation of the eyes. Median b-wave amplitudes were compared among study days for right eyes and for left eyes via 1-way repeated-measures ANOVA with a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Median b-wave amplitudes on days 1, 7, and 13 were 17.7, 20.9, and 17.6 μV, respectively, for right eyes and 15.1, 16.9, and 14.3 μV, respectively, for left eyes. No significant differences in b-wave amplitudes were detected among study days. No histopathologic abnormalities were identified in the retinas of any fish treated with MS-222 or in control fish. Short-term exposure of koi carp to clinically relevant concentrations of MS-222 daily for up to 13 days was not associated with changes in retinal structure or function as measured in this study.

Characterization of a novel cell line from the caudal fin of koi carp Cyprinus carpio

A continuous cell line (KF-101) derived from the caudal fin of the koi carp Cyprinus carpio was established and characterized. The KF-101 cell line multiplied abundantly in Leibovitz's L-15 medium containing 10% foetal bovine serum at 25° C, and was subcultured for >90 passages over a period of 3 years. Immunocytochemistry revealed that the KF-101 cells contain keratin, junction proteins connexin-43 and occludin, and ectodermal stem-cell marker Pax-6, but not vimentin. Furthermore, the KF-101 cells reacted with anti-human DARPP-32 and anti-human GATA-4 antibodies, and the labelling was regulated according to the cell cycle. The labels of the DARPP-32 and GATA-4 antibodies in the KF-101 cells were the suggested phosphatase-1 inhibitor-1 and GATA-3, respectively. In addition, the KF-101 cells were susceptible to koi herpesvirus but were resistant to eel herpesvirus, iridovirus, grouper nodavirus and chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) virus. The results indicate that the KF-101 cells are suitable materials for investigating biological and virological development.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Japanese ornamental koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) and its implication for the history of koi

Complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences were determined for two individuals of Japanese ornamental koi carp. Interestingly, the obtained mitogenomes (16,581 bp) were both completely identical to the recently reported mitogenome of Oujiang color carp from China. Control region (CR) sequences in DNA database demonstrated that more than half (65%) of the koi carp individuals so far reported had partial or complete CR sequences identical to those from Oujiang color carp. These results might suggest that the Japanese koi carp has been originated from Chinese Oujiang color carp, contrary to the belief in Japan that the koi carps have been developed directly from carp stocks in Japan. In any case, the present results emphasize the importance of analyzing Oujiang color carp when studying the origin of koi carp.

Experimental Infection of Koi Carp with Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Type IVb

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) type IVb has a wide host range that includes at least three cyprinid species: Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas, Emerald Shiner Notropis atherinoides, and Bluntnose Minnow P. notatus. To date, VHSV IVb has only been found in wild fish. However, the possibility of infection in culture facilities remains. Koi Carp Cyprinus carpio are a major ornamental aquaculture species in the United States; however, their potential to become infected with VHSV IVb has not yet been examined. In this study, we exposed Koi to 3 × 10(6) PFU VHSV Great Lakes isolate MI03 by intraperitoneal injection. While we observed low mortality (0-5%), VHSV was isolated in cell culture from the majority of fish up to 28 d postexposure (DPE) and was detected by a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay up to 90 DPE, when the trial was terminated. The results of this study strongly suggest that Koi are at risk for VHSV infection, although their susceptibility by intraperitoneal injection appears to be low. This study also provides more evidence of the sensitivity of qRT-PCR for detection of VHSV IVb.

Analysis of koi herpesvirus latency in wild common carp and ornamental koi in Oregon, USA

Koi herpesvirus (KHV) infection is associated with high mortalities in both common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi) worldwide. Although acute infection has been reported in both domestic and wild common carp, the status of KHV latent infection is largely unknown in wild common carp. To investigate whether KHV latency is present in wild common carp, the distribution of KHV latent infection was investigated in two geographically distinct populations of wild common carp in Oregon, as well as in koi from an Oregon-based commercial supplier. Latent KHV infection was demonstrated in white blood cells from each of these populations. Although KHV isolated from acute infections has two distinct genetic groups, Asian and European, KHV detected in wild carp has not been genetically characterized. DNA sequences from ORF 25 to 26 that are unique between Asian and European were investigated in this study. KHV from captive koi and some wild common carp were found to have ORF-25-26 sequences similar to KHV-J (Asian), while the majority of KHV DNA detected in wild common carp has similarity to KHV-U/-I (European). In addition, DNA sequences from IL-10, and TNFR were sequenced and compared with no differences found, which suggests immune suppressor genes of KHV are conserved between KHV in wild common carp and koi, and is consistent with KHV-U, -I, -J.

Effect of different feeds on larval development and survival of ornamental koi carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) larvae in laboratory condition

The experiment was conducted for 56-day with a view to observe the effects of different feeds on larval development and survival of 3 day-old ornamental koi carp Cyprinus carpio larvae in fiber glass aquaria to develop rearing technique for promoting its aquaculture and for promoting the aquarium business. There were three treatments, each having two replications, stocked with 30 larvae having an initial length and weight of 2.31 ± 0.10 mm and weight of 0.005 ± 0.01 g respectively, in a glass aquaria of size 30 × 10 × 6 inch3. Three different feeds i.e. crushed pellet feed, mixed diet i.e. 50% pellet + 50% chopped tubificid worms and live chopped tubificid worms, having different protein levels were administered to compare their suitability as food for the rearing of C. carpio larvae. The larvae fed with chopped tubificid worms showed significantly better results in terms of length and weight gain, percent length and weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR %) compared to the rest two treatments. The highest survival rate 56.66 ± 2.29% was shown by the chopped tubificid worms fed larvae which was significantly higher than those of crushed pellet feed and mixed diet respectively. Water quality parameters were monitored throughout the experimental periods. On the basis of larval development and survival rate, it could be suggested the live chopped tubificid worms is suitable for the culture of ornamental koi carp C. carpio larvae. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i1.12112 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(1): 179–183, 2012

Growth Performance and Feed Utilization of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) Fed Partial or Total Replacement of Fish Meal with Hazelnut Meal and Soybean Meal

Growth Performance and Feed Utilization of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) Fed Partial or Total Replacement of Fish Meal with Hazelnut Meal and Soybean Meal

First detection of pike fry-like rhabdovirus in barbel and spring viraemia of carp virus in sturgeon and pike in aquaculture in the Czech Republic

Rapid antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing of cell cultures with organ homogenate from fish, collected from farms with a predominance of common carp or in natural aquaculture in the Czech Republic between 1995 and 2008, identified piscine vesiculovirus in 27 of 178 samples. Using reverse transcription semi-nested PCR, targeting a 550 nucleotide region of the glycoprotein (G) gene, piscine vesiculovirus was confirmed in 23 of the 27 organ samples diagnosed by ELISA as infected. PCR products were amplified and sequenced from 18 isolates from common carp Cyprinus carpio (family Cyprinidae), 2 isolates from northern pike Esox lucius (family Esocidae), and 1 isolate each from Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii (family Acipenseridae), common barbel Barbus barbus (family Cyprinidae), and koi carp Cyprinus carpio koi (family Cyprinidae). The sequences (based on 401 nucleotides) clustered into 2 genogroups. The majority of isolates (n = 22), including those from sturgeon and pike, grouped with the spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) Genogroup I and Subgroup Id. The 22 isolates could be further subdivided into 2 groups: Id1 (n = 20) and Id2 (n = 2). A marker (a non-conservative nucleotide substitution) for the Id1 SVCV group was identified. It was specifically found in all sequences of Id1 isolates when testing SVCV originating from different countries. The remaining isolate from barbel, was classified in the pike fry-like rhabdovirus Genogroup IV. This is the first confirmation of natural SVCV infection in sturgeon and pike, and pike fry-like rhabdovirus infection in barbel. In the case of the pike fry-like rhabdovirus, this is also its first identification in the Czech Republic. According to the presence/absence of evident clinical signs of rhabdoviral disease in the 3 infected hosts, only the sturgeon seemed to be susceptible to the monitored rhabdovirus.

Influence of broodstock age on reproductive performance in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The koi carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is a very important species in the ornamental fish culture. This fish, in relation to the variety of its colour patterns is very appreciated and it can obtain an higher market price compared to the common goldfish. In the last ten years, breeding goals have increasingly focused their attention to the morphological characteristics (Cherfas et al., 1992) and numerous research works were carried out on pigmentation and viability of different colour phenotypes (Jackson et al., 2000). More recently, several studies were set up in order to produce diploid gynogenotes and triploids (Rothbard et al., 1999)...

Investigation of Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 genetic diversity by a multi-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis

Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3), or koi herpesvirus (KHV), is responsible for high mortalities in aquaculture of both common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi) worldwide. The complete genomes of three CyHV-3 isolates showed more than 99% of DNA sequence identity, with the majority of differences located in short tandem repeats, also called VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats). By targeting these variations, eight loci were selected for genotyping CyHV-3 by multiple locus VNTR analysis (MLVA). CyHV-3 strains obtained after sequential in vivo infections exhibited identical MLVA profiles, whereas samples originating from a single isolate passaged 6 and 82 times in vitro exhibited mutations in two of the eight loci, suggesting a relatively slow genetic evolution rate of the VNTRs. The method was subsequently applied on 38 samples collected in Indonesia, France and the Netherlands. Globally, the isolates grouped in two main genetic clusters, each one divided in two subgroups including either CyHV-3-U/I or CyHV3-J. Interestingly, Indonesian strains were rather distant from CyHV-3-J isolate. The results of the present study indicate that these VNTR molecular markers are efficient in estimating the genetic diversity among CyHV-3 isolates and are therefore suitable for further molecular epidemiological studies.

Inheritance of Long Fins in Ornamental Koi Carp

AbstractInheritance of long fins in ornamental koi carp Cyprinus carpio was studied. Fish segregations with regard to the presence or absence of long fins in two progenies were recorded and analyzed. In progeny 1, produced by crossing a long‐fin koi female with a short‐fin (wild‐type) koi male, the observed segregation of long‐fin fish : short‐fin fish did not differ significantly from the 1:1 Mendelian ratio. In progeny 2, produced by crossing the same long‐fin female with a long‐fin male, the observed segregation of long‐fin fish : short‐fin fish did not differ significantly from the 3:1 Mendelian ratio. Based on these data, it was concluded that the appearance of long fins in koi is under the control of a dominant mutation of one gene (Lf/lf). Fish with genotypes LfLf and Lflf have long fins, while fish with genotype lflf do not have this trait. Since the appearance of long fins in koi is controlled by a dominant mutation, the development of a true‐bred, long‐fin line could be achieved only by identifying heterozygotes Lflf by means of test crosses and removing them from the stock.Received April 14, 2010; accepted June 16, 2010

TUMOUR CASE IN KOI CARP (Cyprinus carpio)

A case study of tumour in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) was observed in rearing periode. This tumour occurs solitary, large, pale red, fleshy masses under the lips and dental plates on the outside, and by reason of its size, may prevent closure the mouth. Moreover, this tumour goes through into the inside of the mouth. At necropsy, there were two soft, firm, small mass at inside of the mouth and the bigger mass at outside the mouth. Samples of this tumour were fixed in 10% formalin were used for histology analysis. The clinical course of the tumour is one of relatively slow but progressive growth. The proliferative stage of the neoplastic process is preceded and accompanied by a striking vascular reaction. Intensed hyperemia invariably occurs in that region of the mucosal surface which later becomes the site of neoplastic proliferation. Neoplastic cells lied around lamina propria and submucosal. These cells were joined together to make vacuolization and the other cells become pleiomorphism with hyperchromatic nucleus and N/C ratio cells are 1:1. In some area, there were many empty holes, around the holes there were debris cells, inflammation cells, and erythrocytes.

Seminoma in a koi carp Cyprinus carpio: histopathological and immunohistochemical findings

A spontaneous seminoma in a 3 yr old male koi carp Cyprinus carpio L. is described. The animal, presenting a symmetric abdominal enlargement, showed a celomatic multinodular, white-yellowish and firm mass that infiltrated the liver and the intestine wall. Histologically, the neoplasm was non-encapsulated and poorly demarcated, showed invasive growth and was characterized by a lobular architecture, subdivided by abundant fibro-connective septa. Large necrotic and calcified areas together with small aggregates of residual spermatids were present. We diagnosed a classical seminoma with a diffuse pattern. Neoplastic cells cross-reacted with vimentin, placental alkaline phosphatase, and c-KIT. An immunohistochemical phenotypization of the tumor was performed to exclude other celomatic neoplasms and to compare this seminoma with those reported in mammals and humans.

Effect of Probiotics on Growth Performance of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

A 45-day feeding experiment was conducted to measure the effects of enhancing the diet of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings with lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus (LAD) and/or brewer's yeast, Saccharomyces cervisiae (SCD). Fish with an average initial weight of 0.26g were fed one of four diets prepared for this study as follows: Diet 1 = basal diet (control); Diet 2 = basal diet + 0.5% LAD; Diet 3 = basal diet + 0.5% SCD; and Diet 4 = basal diet + 0.25% LAD + 0.25% SCD. Significantly (P < 0.05) highest growth rate was achieved in diet 3 followed by diet 4, diet 2, and diet 1. The highest gut microbial load and total heterotrophic count were also higher in diet 3 followed by diet 4, diet 2, and diet 1. Incorporation of 0.5% of brewer's yeast in the basal diet significantly (P < 0.05) improves growth performances and gut microbial load in koi carp.

Evaluation of isoeugenol for anesthesia in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)

To evaluate isoeugenol as an anesthetic agent in koi carp. 216 juvenile koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish were randomly allocated to 9 groups of 24, and each group was randomly exposed to isoeugenol concentrations ranging from 0 to 500 mg/L. General activity, excitement, fin and gill color changes, opercular movement rate, loss of equilibrium, muscle tone, jaw tone, and handleability were assessed. Five fish from the control (0 mg/L), 200 mg/L, and 500 mg/L groups were randomly selected prior to anesthetic recovery and again 24 hours after recovery for euthanasia, gross necropsy, and histologic assessment of gills, internal viscera, and skeletal muscles. Mean +/- SD interval to achieve stage 2 anesthesia with isoeugenol ranged from 22.4 +/- 6.2 minutes at 20 mg/L to 0.25 +/- 0.4 minutes at 500 mg/L, whereas the mean interval to stage 3 anesthesia ranged from 28.1 +/- 3.9 minutes at 20 mg/L to 0.33 +/- 0.48 minutes at 500 mg/L. With the exception of the 500 mg/L group, opercular movements were maintained throughout. Death was observed only in the 500 mg/L group, in which 50% of the fish either failed to recover or died within 24 hours after anesthetic exposure. There were no pathological differences between fish exposed to isoeugenol at 0 or 500 mg/L. Isoeugenol appeared to have a wide margin of safety with predictable dose-related effects. Concentrations of 40 to 80 mg/L induced anesthesia within 4 to 11 minutes and were considerably less than the concentration associated with fish death.

The outbreak of carp disease caused by CyHV‐3 as a model for new emerging viral diseases in aquaculture: a review

AbstractAquacultured koi and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are intensively bred for ornamental purposes and for human consumption worldwide. The carp and koi farming industries have suffered enormous economic losses over the past decade due to an epizootic disease caused by Cyprinus herpesvirus‐3 (CyHV‐3) also known as koi herpesvirus and carp interstitial nephritis gill necrosis virus. CyHV‐3 is a large dsDNA virus, morphologically similar to herpesviruses, yet contains genetic elements similar to those of pox, irido‐ and herpesviruses. Considering the phylogenic distance between CyHV‐3 and higher vertebrate herpesviruses, CyHV‐3 represents the prototype of viruses assigned to the novel family Alloherpesviridae. Although emergence of a new virus rarely initiates a pandemic so severe that it reduces the life expectancy of a population, CyHV‐3 is exceptional because of its enormous impact on the world carp population. High population density is the major contributing factor to the epizootic disease caused by CyHV‐3.

A study on flow physics of burst-and-coast swimming of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi) based on measurements and numerical simulations

A study on flow physics of burst-and-coast swimming of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi) based on measurements and numerical simulations

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CYPRINID AND NON-CYPRINID FISH CELL LINES TO KOI HERPESVIRUS (KHV)

Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is an emerging virus that infects koi and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with mortality up to 95% within 7 days. The disease is rapidly spreading worldwide including to Indonesia. However, it has only been documented in koi and common carp. The aim of this research was to evaluate the susceptibility of fish cell cultures originated from cyprinid and non-cyprinid fish to KHV. Koi Fin (KF-1) and Koi Tail (KT-2) cell lines derived from koi carp and SSN-1 cells originated from fry of striped snakehead were used in this study. The cells were inoculated with tissue extract of KHV-infected koi carp (experiment 1) and virus stock of KHV (experiment 2). The cultures were incubated at 22oC and the onset and type of cytophatic effect (CPE) were observed for 21 days post inoculation. The results of experiment 1 showed that CPE was observed in KT-2 at day 6 post inoculation. In the experiment 2, however CPE was observed in KF-1 and KT-2 cells at day 4 post infection. CPE was not observed in SSN-1 of either experiment 1 or experiment 2. CPE was characterized by extensive vacuolization of the infected cells. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay of cell and tissue culture supernatants confirmed that KF-1 and KT-2 showing CPE were indeed infected with KHV. The results indicated that KF-1 and KT-2 cells were susceptible and SSN-1 was resistant to KHV. The implication of these findings was also discussed in the paper.