KOH Method Research Articles

Defect Revelation and Evaluation of 4H Silicon Carbide by Optimized Molten KOH Etching Method

We have studied the defects on 4H-SiC substrates and epilayers by using molten KOH defect selective etching. It is found that adding Na2O2 into molten KOH at the etched temperature enables the revelation of dislocations on n+ and semi-insulating substrates, whereas purely molten KOH is sufficient to obtain good etched pattern on p+ substrates. Related statistical data on dislocation densities of n+, p+ and semi-insulating substrates are also presented. The morphological defects commonly observed on the epilayers are finally investigated and it is shown that some important structural features can be revealed by molten KOH method.

Dislocation Analysis of 4H-/6H-SiC Single Crystals Using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy

Micro-Raman spectroscopy is an excellent non-destructive analysis method, which compensates for disadvantages of KOH method. Raman shift of A1(LO) and E1(TO) band at threading screw dislocation(TSD) were investigated in n-type on/off-axis 4H- and 6H-SiC single crystal wafers by Micro-Raman scattering at room temperature. The results showed that A1(LO) band were shifted toward higher frequency while the E1(TO) band were shifted toward lower frequency on the on-axis wafers. The shifts are caused by increasing electron concentration and lattice disorder near the dislocation core, respectively. In the off-axis wafers, no shifts were observed possibly due to the measurement geometry which does not contain whole dislocation core.

Predicting pH buffering capacity of New Zealand soils from organic matter content and mineral characteristics

Information on the pH buffer capacity of soil is required to estimate changes in pH due to acidic or alkaline inputs, and to model pH-dependent processes within the soil nitrogen (N) cycle. The objective was to determine whether a model based on soil organic matter (SOM) and mineral characteristics (clay content, extractable iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al)) would be adequate to estimate the buffer capacities of New Zealand soils. We measured pH changes in 34 soils, representing a range of SOM and texture, after equilibration with several rates (range 0–15 cmol OH– kg–1 soil) of either KOH or Ca(OH)2. The Ca(OH)2 method often yielded higher buffer capacity values than the KOH method, possibly because of incomplete reaction of Ca(OH)2, especially at high addition rates. Buffer capacity (measured using KOH) of the soils was strongly correlated with soil carbon (C) (R2 = 0.76), and weakly (but significantly, P < 0.05) with clay content, and with dithionite extractable Fe and Al. A regression with soil C, clay, and P-retention (a surrogate for extractable Al and Fe) as independent variables explained 90% of the variability in pH buffering. The role of organic matter was further evaluated by measuring buffer capacity of soil from research plots at Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand, that differed in C (21–37 g C kg–1 in the top 7.5 cm; 19–26 g C kg–1 in the 7.5–15 cm) as a result of the treatments imposed during the 12-year trial period. A substantial decrease in pH buffering (by up to 24% in top 7.5 cm) was associated with a decline in SOM following the conversion of permanent pasture (pre-trial land use) to arable cropping. Across all treatments and sampling depths, buffer capacity was linearly related (R2 = 0.84, P < 0.001) to soil C; the estimated buffer capacity of SOM was 89 cmolc kg–1 C pH unit–1, similar to the value calculated from the previous study with different soil types. After 12 years, treatments with low soil C concentrations tended to be more acidic, possibly partly because of weaker pH buffering.

Estudo comparativo entre o teste do pH e do KOH versus escore de Nugent para diagnóstico da vaginose bacteriana em gestantes

To assess the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and to compare the accuracy of testing pH and KOH with the Nugent gradient, the gold standard for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) in asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women at low risk. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 321 pregnant women with gestational age between 14 and 26 weeks, 218 of them asymptomatic and 103 with vaginal complaints suggestive of bacterial vaginosis. All women were assessed by the criteria of Nugent and subjected to the measurement of vaginal pH and to the 10% KOH test. The Kappa coefficient was used to evaluate the methods in terms of diagnostic agreement. Most patients were adolescents (mean age 21.0 ± 5.6 years), nulliparous and mulattos. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was 33.3% as estimated by the pH and KOH method and 35.5% by the Nugent method. Excellent agreement of the methods was found among asymptomatic pregnant women, with 72.5% of them showing negative results to both tests, which resulted in a high Kappa coefficient (k=0.82). The group of symptomatic women showed 49.5% positivity to both diagnostic methods, with excellent agreement (k=0.74). The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis determined by both the pH and KOH method and the Nugent score was high. The pH and KOH method can diagnose bacterial vaginosis as accurately as the Nugent criterion.

Pollen of <i>Bauhinia</i> L. and <i>Phanera</i> Lour. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) from the Brazilian Caatinga

A study of pollen morphology, in species of the genera Bauhinia and Phanera (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) which occur in the Brazilian caatinga, is presented. The pollen was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Samples were prepared by the KOH method; non-treated pollen grains were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Pollen grains in Bauhinia species (11) are colpate, but porate in B. cheilantha and B. subclavata. All four species of Phanera present colporate pollen grains; P. outimouta is the only to have syncolporate pollen grains. Species of both genera present heteromorphism in the number of apertures. Excepting P. outimouta whose pollen grains are psilate, all species in the two genera present supratectal processes (gemmae/clavae), however the exine in the two genera are dif- ferent–semitectate, reticulate in Bauhinia species, and tectate, rugulate (or psilate) in Phanera ones. Pollen characters support the segregation of Phanera from Bauhinia.

Prevalence of non-albican candida infection in Maharashtrian women with leucorrhea

Background: Candida is the most common agent causing leucorrhea affecting the women of all strata. It is becoming difficult to completely eradicate the infection mainly due to recurrence caused by non-albican species of Candida. Most of the non-albican species of Candida are resistant to commonly used antifungal agent - azole. Therefore, studying the prevalence of Candida species in vaginal secretion is of great significance. Objective: To study the prevalence of different species of Candida and the efficiency of different Candida detection methods in women from low socio-economic setup of Miraj and Sangli, Maharashtra, India. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 150 patients with specific complaints of leucorrhea. In the control group, 50 asymptomatic women were included for comparison. Results: In 33% of the women the leucorrhea was due to Candida infection with highest incidence in women of sexually active age (20-40 years). Sabouraud's culture was the most efficient method (100% efficiency) to detect the Candida compared to wet mount, KOH and gram stain method. Candida albicans was the most common strain identified and Candida krusei was the least common one. Conclusion: Candida infection is the commonest reason for leucorrhea and non-albican candida species significantly contribute to candidiasis in women of Miraj and Sangli.

爪真菌症：疫学，診断，治療の最近の進歩

Recent progress in the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of onychomycosis is summarized. The risk factors of this condition were investigated, and the results of analyses of the systemic state of patients, shape of nails, blood circulation around nails, nail growth rate and causative fungi were reported. In making a diagnosis of onychomycosis, the major effect of the quality of collected nail samples on the results was reconfirmed. In addition to the KOH method and culture method, a molecular biological method was introduced. From the therapeutic perspective, 1) prevention of recurrence, 2) identification of patients with high risk of onychomycosis, and 3) attempting new treatments (development of new drugs, improvement of administration and dosage, and evaluation of combined therapy) were discussed. The effectiveness of concomitant use with nail lacquer is anticipated in combined therapy. New studies on accurate diagnosis, early detection and early stage treatment are now being undertaken.

Low Thyroid Function Leads to Cardiac Atrophy With Chamber Dilatation, Impaired Myocardial Blood Flow, Loss of Arterioles, and Severe Systolic Dysfunction

Although thyroid dysfunction has been linked to heart failure, it is not clear whether hypothyroidism alone can cause heart failure. Hypothyroidism was induced in adult rats by treatment with 0.025% propylthiouracil (PTU) for 6 weeks (PTU-S) and 1 year (PTU-L). Echocardiographic measurements, left ventricular (LV) hemodynamics, isolated myocyte length (KOH method), myocardial blood flow (fluorescent microspheres), arteriolar morphometry, and gene expression (Western blot) were determined. Heart weight, heart rate, LV systolic blood pressure, LV ejection fraction, LV fractional shortening, and systolic wall thickness were reduced in PTU-S and PTU-L rats. LV internal diameter in systole increased by 40% in PTU-S and 86% in PTU-L. LV internal dimension in diastole was increased in PTU-S and PTU-L rats, but only PTU-L rats showed a significant increase in myocyte length due to series sarcomere addition. Resting and maximum (adenosine) myocardial blood flow were reduced in both PTU-S and PTU-L rats. Impaired blood flow was due to a large reduction in arteriolar length density and small arterioles in PTU-S and PTU-L (P<0.05 or greater for all of the above comparisons). Expression of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA)-2a and alpha-myosin heavy chain were reduced in hypothyroidism, whereas phospholamban and beta-myosin heavy chain were increased. Hypothyroidism led to severe, progressive systolic dysfunction and increased chamber diameter/wall thickness ratio despite a reduction in cardiac mass. Chamber dilatation in PTU-L rats was due to series sarcomere addition, typical of heart failure. Hypothyroidism resulted in impaired myocardial blood flow due to a dramatic loss of arterioles. Thus, we have identified 2 important new mechanisms by which low thyroid function may lead to heart failure.

Effects of reactive hydrocarbons on ozone formation in southern Taiwan

Abstract Ambient air samples were collected at 13 air quality monitoring stations in Kaohsiung city, Kaohsiung county, and Pingtung county (KKP) to investigate the composition and spatial distribution of C2–C10 non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in southern Taiwan. Ozone formation potentials (OFPs) of NMHCs were estimated using maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) and kOH method (reactivity of NMHC with OH radical) to assess the relative effects of hydrocarbons on ozone formation. The measurements showed that mixing ratios of toluene, ethene, ethyne, ethane, isopantane and propane were the highest among all measured species at most of the sampling sites. Nevertheless, considering both the photochemical reactivities and mixing ratios of all the measured species, toluene, xylene, ethene and propene were calculated to have the highest OFPs and reactivities. The OFPs and reactivities assessed by the MIR and kOH methods for the four compounds accounted for 54.5% and 39.3% of all the measured species. Larger benefit margin of ozone abatement may be obtained by reducing emissions of a group of key species with high OFPs. 2,2-dimethylbutane (22DMC4) was used as an indicator of traffic emissions to distinguish traffic from non-traffic contributions of key species in Kaohsiung metropolitan area. It revealed that the contribution of non-traffic source was significant for toluene, whereas xylene was found to be primarily from the traffic source in Kaohsiung metropolitan area during the sampling periods.

Measuring soil respiration in the field: an automated closed chamber system compared with portable IRGA and alkali absorption methods

With the objective of testing whether a series of automated chambers linked to IRGA equipment gave improved estimates of soil respiration, measurements using the automated system were compared with those obtained from (a) an alkali absorption method and (b) a hand-held commercially available instrument (EGM-1). Comparisons were made on occasions between autumn 1996 and spring 1999 across treatment plots which had a variety of harvest residue materials incorporated into them distributed across 5 sites. Spot readings made using the EGM-1 showed a wide range and greater variability compared to those made with the automated IRGA system. This was attributed to the reproducible location and larger area of the latter chamber. The range in values of estimated total daily CO2 flux made using KOH absorption and the automated IRGA method similar (0.1–4.0 g C m− 2 day− 1), but, although highly correlated, the slope of the regression line was significantly different from unity. Below 0.9 g C m− 2 day− 1 the KOH method over-estimated the CO2 flux, but above this value under-estimated it, relative to the automated IRGA system, with the coefficient of variance being consistently smaller for the KOH method. This was ascribed to inefficient absorption of CO2 at high efflux rates and the presence of an artificially high concentration gradient at low efflux rates for the KOH method. The results indicated that the automated IRGA system offered a robust estimate of both instantaneous and time-integrated CO2 efflux rates, and therefore has potential application in measurements of organic matter decomposition in agricultural soils.

外耳道白癬菌感染症5症例の検討

Dermatophytosis of the external auditory meatus is a very rare disease. Within otomycosis,86% is in the Aspergillus. We report five cases of dermatophytosis of the external auditory meatus. All the patients visited us because of severe itchiness in the external auditory meatus. Apart from Case 2, all the patients were affected with dermatophytosis in other parts of their body. An otoscopic examination revealed white cherumen in all of the cases and a KOH method revealed it to have numerous fungal elements. The fungal culture was identified as Trichophyton rubrum. Itraconazole treatment was very effective and all of the cases recovered completely.

Porcentagens de saponinas e taninos em vinte e oito cultivares de alfafa (Medicago sativa L.) em duas épocas de corte - Botucatu - SP

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar os conteúdos de saponinas, taninos e a solubilidade da proteína (SP) de 28 cultivares de alfafa: Crioula, Monarca, BR 4, Alto Great, MH 4, SW 9210 A, 5929, BR 1, EL Grande, 5715, MH 15, Valley Plus, BR 2, Rio, SW 8210, Maricopa, ICI 990, 5888, P 30, Alfa-200, WL 516, SW 8112 A, BR 3, Florida 77, Araucana, Falcon, Semit 921 e Sutter. O material analisado foi obtido do 10º e 14º corte, respectivamente; em 08/12/97 e 16/04/98, de um experimento desenvolvido na Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP, Botucatu. Amostras de cada cultivar foram colhidas, pesadas e secas em estufa a 52ºC. As saponinas foram extraídas com solvente hidrofílico e lipofílico e o conteúdo foi calculado pela equação y=0,8121x-1,4759, R² = 1,00. A extração dos taninos totais e condensados foi efetuada por meio de ultra-som (12 min), sendo os taninos totais determinados pela equação: y=44,978 + 0,5644 com R²=0,9977 e os condensados, multiplicando-se a absorbância por 78,26 dividido pelo teor de matéria seca. A SP foi determinada pelo método de KOH, de acordo com a seguinte fórmula: SP (%) = proteína solúvel x 100/proteína bruta da amostra. Os teores de saponinas, taninos totais e condensados e a solubilidade da proteína não diferiram (P&gt;0,05) entre as cultivares. Houve efeito (P&lt;0,05) da época de corte apenas sobre o teor de taninos totais. Os teores médios de saponinas de 1,00% aliados à baixa solubilidade média da proteína bruta (34,11%) não se constituem em fatores limitantes para uso dos cultivares de alfafa estudadas.

Biodegradability of Inhaled para-Aramid Respirable-Sized Fiber-Shaped Particulates: Mechanistic in Vivo and in Vitro Studies

Biopersistence represents an important health-related issue in fiber toxicology. These studies were undertaken to elucidate the mechanism(s) through which inhaled p-aramid respirable-sized fiber-shaped particulates (RFP) are biodegraded in the lungs of exposed rats and hamsters. Previously, we and others have reported that, following deposition in the lung, long p-aramid RFPs are cleaved into shorter fibrous fragments. To investigate the mechanisms of RFP biodegradation, we have postulated that lung fluids coat/activate p-aramid RFP following deposition in the alveolar regions of the lung, thus predisposing the RFP to enzymatic attack and consequent shortening. This process enhances the rate of clearance of the inhaled RFP. To test this hypothesis, we have conducted both in vivo and in vitro cellular and noncellular investigations. First, p-aramid or cellulose RFP were instilled into the lungs of rats and the lungs were digested 24 h postexposure using two different digestion techniques: (1) a conventional ethanolic KOH method and (2) an enzymatic method that simulates the action of lung enzymes. Cellulose RFP were utilized as a control organic fiber-type that is known to be biopersistent. The results demonstrated that the enzymatic but not the KOH method resulted in transverse cleavage of the p-aramid RFP; the lengths of cellulose RFP recovered from rat lungs were not reduced by either method. Next, standardized preparations of p-aramid RFP or cellulose RFP were incubated with saline or lung fluids and then processed by one of two tissue digestion techniques. Mean lengths of p-aramid RFP incubated with saline and processed with KOH or the enzyme method were not found to be altered. Indeed, only the preparation of p-aramid RFP that had been incubated with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids and processed with the enzyme solution resulted in cleavage of p-aramid RFP. Moreover, when the BAL fluids were autoclaved to denature proteins, the length dimensions of p-aramid RFP were intermediate between saline controls and RFP incubated with normal BAL fluids and processed via the enzymatic technique. In contrast to the in vitro noncellular studies with p-aramid RFP, the combination of BAL fluid incubation and enzyme digestion method had no measurable effect on shortening of cellulose RFP, indicating that the results with p-aramid were specific to that fiber-type. In a final set of in vitro cellular studies, cultures of rat lung epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, or co-cultures of epithelial cells and macrophages were treated with p-aramid RFP for 1 h, 1 day, or 1 week to determine whether RFP shortening occurs directly in the phagocytic cells. The lengths of fibrils were measured using scanning electron microscopy techniques. The results demonstrated that (1) no shortening occurred in the epithelial cell cultures at any time point; however, (2) in the macrophage and cocultures, cleavage of p-aramid RFP was observed at 1 day and 1 week postexposure. Our data suggest that components of lung fluids coat and catalyze the p-aramid RFP as a prerequisite for enzymatic cleavage. This process could play a significant role in facilitating the transverse cleavage or shortening of inhaled p-aramid RFP in the lungs of exposed rats and hamsters.

Biodegradability of inhaled p-aramid respirable fibre-shaped particulates: Representative of other synthetic organic fibre-types?

Biopersistence, or alternatively, biodegradability (i.e., low biopersistence) represents an important concept in fibre toxicology. The studies described below were undertaken to investigate the mechanisms through which inhaled para-aramid (p-aramid) respirable, fibre-shaped particulates (RFP) are biodegraded in the lungs of exposed rats and hamsters; in contrast, cellulose fibres, another organic fibre-type, are known to be biopersistent. To investigate the mechanisms of RFP biodegradation, we have hypothesized that lung fluids activate p-aramid RFP following deposition, and the RFP are then vulnerable to enzymatic attack in the lungs. To test the hypothesis, p-aramid RFP or cellulose RFP were instilled into the lungs of rats and the lungs digested 24 h post-exposure using two different digestion techniques: (1) a conventional ethanolic KOH method, and (2) an enzymatic method which simulates lung enzymes. The enzymatic but not the KOH method artificially cleaved the p-aramid RFP recovered from rat lungs. Next, p-aramid RFP or cellulose RFP were incubated with saline or lung fluids and then processed by one of the two digestion techniques. Mean lengths of p-aramid RFP processed with KOH and evaluated by SEM were 13.4 microm; in contrast, mean lengths of p-aramid RFP samples, incubated in lung fluids and treated with the enzymatic method were 8.8 microm. The enzymatic digestion method had no discernible effect on shortening of cellulose RFP, indicating that the results with p-aramid were specific. Our data indicate that components of lung fluids coat and catalyze the p-aramid, thereby predisposing the RFP to enzymatic cleavage. This could play a significant mechanistic role in facilitating the transverse cleavage or shortening of inhaled p-aramid RFP in the lungs of exposed rats and hamsters.

Dermatophytosis of the external auditory meatus

Dermatophytosis of the external auditory meatus is believed to be a fairly rare disease. In the past three and a half years we have had seven cases of dermatophytosis in the external auditory meatus. All cases except one were associated with tinea of other lesions. Case 1: A 44-year-old man had tinea of the auricle, tinea pedis and tinea unguium. Case 2: A 14-year-old boy, the son of case 1 had no tinea elsewhere on his body, including the auricle. He scratched the auditory meatus with an earpick which his father had used. Case 3: A 62-year-old man had tinea of the auricle, tinea pedis and tinea unguium. Case 4: A 50-year-old man had tinea of the auricle, tinea pedis and tinea unguium. Case 5: A 36-year-old man had tinea of the auricle, tinea pedis, tinea unguium and tinea cruris. Case 6: A 30-year-old woman had tinea of the auricle. Case 7: A 68-year-old man had tinea of the auricle, tinea pedis, tinea unguium and tinea manuum. Endoscopic examination (except for cases 4 and 7) revealed dry cerumen from cartilaginous to bony region of the external auditory meatus. Direct examination using KOH method of the cerumen in all cases demonstrated numerous fungal elements. Fungal cultures identified Trichophyton rubrum except for cases 3 and 6. All cases were successfully treated with oral itraconazole or terbinafine. We suggest that tinea of the external auditory meatus is frequently associated with that of the auricle.

New method to evaluate myocyte remodeling from formalin-fixed biopsy and autopsy material

Background: Excessive lengthening of cardiac myocytes attributed to series addition of sarcomeres is a consistent feature of left ventricular dilation in chronic heart failure. Currently, it is not feasible to assess myocyte dimensions, particularly myocyte length, in a manner that is of potential diagnostic usefulness. Methods and Results: Isolated myocytes from three groups of normal rats (100, 200, and 300 g) were obtained by using two different methods: (1) digestion of formalin-fixed myocardial tissue using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and (2) retrograde aortic perfusion of fresh hearts with collagenase. There was no difference in mean cell length between the two methods. The KOH method was also used to isolate intact, rod-shaped myocytes from formalin-fixed human cadaver left ventricles (control, n = 3; heart failure, n = 3) and from human right ventricle biopsy specimens (n = 6). Confirming our previous work using collagenase-isolated myocytes from fresh human explants, left ventricular myocytes from failing hearts showed longer mean cell length compared with control hearts. Data from human right ventricle biopsy specimens confirmed our previous finding in rats that myocyte lengthening is less pronounced in this chamber in heart failure. Conclusions: The KOH method can be used to obtain reliable measurements of myocyte length and other cellular parameters from myocardial biopsies and autopsy material. Such data may be useful in the diagnostic assessment of remodeling associated with heart failure.

細菌性爪囲炎に続発した足しのカンジダ性爪囲爪炎の１例

We report the case of a 78-year-old housewife with candida paronychia·onychia of a toe. The patient has suffered for a number of years from bronchial asthma. and has occasionally been intravenously injected with corticosteroid. On June 10, 1995, she visited our department because she developed erythema with slight swelling and dull pain on the nail fold of her left big toe. During the month prior to her visit, she was treated with antibiotics for hemoptysis, and few weeks later, the tip of the left big toe became diffusely swollen. She noticed an increase in pain, although sharp pain lessened spontaneously after the wound discharged pus three or four days before she visited us. The toe exhibited slight erythema and swelling with dried pustules. Marked exfoliative scales were present in the nail cuticle and the nail glove. Numerous fungal elements of hyphae and grape-shaped spores were detected in the scales and nail plates of the lesion by a direct examination using the KOH method. Organisms isolated from the lesions were identified as Candida albicans serotype A, although no bacteria was cultured. The leisons completely disappeared after 7 weeks therapy with topical application of an antifungal reagent.To our knowledge, only 4 cases of candida paronychia·onychia of the toe have been reported in Japan. We suspect our case to have been complicated with bacterial paronychia.

The relative abundance and seawater requirements of gram-positive bacteria in near-shore tropical marine samples

The relative abundance of gram-positive bacteria in a variety of near-shore marine samples was determined using the KOH method. Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 14%, 25%, 31 %, and 12%, respectively, of the colony-forming bacteria obtained from seawater, sediments, and the surfaces of algae and invertebrates. A total of 481 gram-positive strains were isolated representing a wide range of morphological groups including regular and irregular rods, cocci, and actinomycetes. Seventy-seven percent of the strains characterized did not form spores and were aerobic, catalase-positive rods with regular to irregular cell morphologies. Eighty-two percent of the strains tested showed an obligate requirement of seawater for growth. None of the cocci tested required seawater or sodium for growth. This is the first report documenting that gram-positive bacteria can compose a large percentage of the culturable, heterotrophic bacteria associated with the surfaces of tropical marine algae.

簡易グラム染色性判定法の臨床分離菌への応用

臨床分離細菌の検査同定作業の能率化をはかる目的で,グラム染色法によらないグラム染色性判定法の導入を試みた. KOH液を用いた簡易染色法を試験するため,教室保存株におけるグラム染色性の判定に必要なKOH液濃度およびその他の判定条件に検討を加えた.その結果, 3%KOH液を使用し,充分量の新鮮培養菌を使用するならば供試した全ての菌株でグラム染色結果と一致した.この結果に基づき,尿路感染症患者由来株253株の染色性を判定した. 3株のグラム陰性株で若干反応性が弱かったものの全ての菌でグラム染色結果と一致した.KOH液は,グラム染色性の判定が迅速,安価,かつその判定には熟練を必要としない点から今後大いに使用されるべき方法と考えられる.

Nonstaining (KOH) method for determination of gram reactions of marine bacteria.

A rapid nonstaining (KOH) method for the determination of the Gram reactions of bacteria is described, and its application to marine isolates is discussed. All gram-positive and gram-negative results obtained by Gram staining were confirmed by the KOH method. Gram-variable bacteria produced equivocal results.