Knowledge Spillover Effects Research Articles

Dynamic evolution, spatial spillover effect of technological innovation and haze pollution in China

This study investigates 30 provinces in China between 2003 and 2014. Kernel density method is used to analyse the dynamic evolution of haze pollution and technological innovation research and development (R&D), while spatial econometric analysis is used to study the impact of technological innovation on the haze pollution. The results show that haze pollution presents global spatial autocorrelation and local spatial cluster in China. China’s haze pollution has a significant spatial dependence and spatial spillover. A disproportion distribution pattern of haze pollution exists among provinces in China: the central region is the most polluted area followed by the western region, the northeast region and the eastern region. The kernel density curve shows that the gap between technology innovations R&D among provinces has expanded year by year. There is a polarization between the technological innovations R&D. Dynamic evolution results showed that during 2003–2012, the kernel density distribution curve of haze pollution showed a leftward shift, indicating that provincial haze pollution decreased gradually. However, the kernel density distribution curve of haze pollution showed a rightward shift in 2014, and the provincial haze pollution increased. During 2003–2012, the gap of haze pollution among different provinces in China gradually narrowed, while in 2014, the gap increased significantly. Spatial econometric results show that the indirect effects and the total effects of technological innovation are significantly negative. Technological innovation can not only reduce the regional haze pollution but also indirectly lead to the decline in the haze pollution of adjacent provinces through the knowledge spillover effect. The increase of population density can effectively reduce the haze pollution. There is an inverted ‘U type’ relationship between economic development and haze pollution. The increase of traffic pressure will aggravate the degree of haze pollution.

R&D Cooperation and Knowledge Spillover Effects for Sustainable Business Innovation in the Chemical Industry

This paper investigates the influence of research and development (R&D) cooperation on the creation of spillover effects for sustainable firms in the chemical industry. We explore the evidence for the origin of knowledge spillovers derived from cooperation amongst firms and universities and R&D organizations as well as to test the influence of internal/external financial support on these effects. The results confirm that when firms acquire knowledge from internal sources, this leads to increased innovation and sustainable performance. We have proved that internal expenditure results in increased internal knowledge spillovers. These findings may be specific for Central and Eastern (CEE) transition countries, indicating their efforts to build path-dependent structures based on knowledge institutions and businesses as well as knowledge networks. However, this study also provides a more “global” contribution to the knowledge spillover effect theory. It shows that a firm’s cooperation both with universities and with other firms promotes different types of knowledge spillovers and can affect diverse modes of sustainable activities in innovation.

COLLABORATION AND INNOVATION MODELS IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION CREATIVE INDUSTRIES – THE CASE OF GERMANY

In rapidly changing environment of global knowledge economy, innovations play an important role in the process of gaining competitive advantage. Specifically, information and communication creative industries are dependent on constant technological breakthroughs, new sources of knowledge and high innovativeness. Moreover, new knowledge and innovation outputs of these industries subsequently affect products and processes of other businesses as well as innovation activities within different industries. Knowledge acquisition, utilization and dissemination therefore represent important processes that significantly influence the firms´ innovation activities. It was proven that cooperation is an important determinant that helps to spread the existing knowledge and to create new knowledge through knowledge spillover effects. The paper deals with the determinants of cooperation and innovation to examine numerous effects on both activities in German information and communication creative industries. We also test the role of the determinants of innovation performance and their influence on the economic effect of innovation activities in terms of the percentage of innovative products in total turnover. For our analyses, we are using data from Community Innovation Survey 2008-2010. We empirically show that firms from German information and communication creative industries can create innovations through the collaboration and confirm that both internal and external communication significantly contribute to the creation of innovation. Moreover, we confirm the influence of internal expenditures on R&D and observe significant influence of external expenditures on R&D. In conclusion, we also provide some practical implications for policy makers.

Study on Spatial Econometrics of Level Spatial Data of Knowledge Spillover Effect in Industrial Industry in Guangdong Province

This paper uses an econometric model of hierarchical data space to do empirical research on the knowledge spillover effect of industrial industries in Guangdong Province. Specifically, three-dimensional panel data (regions, industries, and time) of 21 prefecture-level cities and 31 industrial industries in Guangdong Province from 2005 to 2016 were used and spatial correlation, time factors, and hierarchical nesting effects were taken into consideration to establish hierarchical data. The spatial econometric model uses an industrial structure to empirically analyze the impact of the knowledge spillover effect of the industrial industry in Guangdong on its economic development.

Cluster analysis of regional innovation activity in Russia in 2010-2015

In this article, the indicators of innovation activity in Russian regions are discussed and the regions are divided into five groups, according to their performance in these indicators. Our cluster analysis is based on the recent research and includes several groups of indicators such as innovation activity of enterprises, training of highly qualified personnel, research and development, state support for innovation, and application of innovative technologies. We used the data provided by Rosstat (Federal State Statistics Service) for 83 Russian regions in the period between 2010 and 2015. In terms of their innovation activity, Russian regions can be divided into five groups, two of which are Moscow and St.Petersburg, the two biggest Russian cities that play a special role in Russian economy. Overall, the level of innovation activity in Russia can be assessed as lower middle, although in the given period some regions managed to improve their performance in this sphere. The average level of innovation activity varies considerably across regions, which means that the state innovation policy should be more diversified. Moscow, St.Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Sverdlovsk regions have demonstrated consistent high-level performance and can thus be regarded as prospective centres of innovation. These centres can positively influence the neighbouring areas through the knowledge and technology spillover effect. Although no definitive conclusion can be drawn about the connection between the regions’ geographical location and their innovation activity, there is evidence that the most active Russian regions tend to concentrate in the European part of the country. Our findings can be used as guidelines for devising and modifying federal and regional innovation policies.

Regulatory Growth Theory

This research explores and quantifies the downside of technological innovations, especially the negative externality of an innovation interacting with the stock of existing innovations. Using two novel datasets, we make a novel empirical finding that the varieties of innovation-induced risks (e.g. varieties of side effects caused by FDA-approved new drugs) is quadratic in the number of innovations (e.g. number of FDA-approved new drugs) that caused these risks. Based on this new empirical finding, we further develop a Regulatory Growth Theory: a new endogenous growth model with increasing varieties of innovation-induced risks and with a regulator. I model both the innovation-induced risk generating structure and the regulator's endogenous response. This new theory can help to interpret several empirical puzzles beyond the explanatory power of existing models of innovation and growth: (1) skyrocketing expected RD (2) decreasing ratio of Qualified Innovations (i.e. Regulator-approved innovations) to the number of total patents and (3) exponentially increasing regulation over time. Greater expenditures on regulation and corporate R&D are required to assess the net benefit of innovation because of Risk Externality: negative interaction effects between innovations. Theoretically, this new Risk Externality effect we propose counteracts the crucial Knowledge Spillover effect in the Endogenous Growth models. The rise of regulation versus litigation, and broader implications for regulatory reform are also discussed.

Determining the effects of open innovation: the role of knowledge and geographical spillovers

ABSTRACTDetermining the effects of open innovation: the role of knowledge and geographical spillovers. Regional Studies. This paper examines the influence of open-innovation strategies and knowledge spillovers on innovative performance on a large sample of Spanish manufacturing firms during 1998–2013. Although most open-innovation strategies positively influence innovation, some differences are found depending on the search innovative strategy: technological collaboration with universities, providers, and external research and development (R&D) advice have a positive effect, while collaborations with customers and competitors are not significant. Finally, the paper confirms the positive effects of involuntary knowledge spillovers only for product innovation and of R&D neighbours in the same sector; and the negative effect of R&D neighbours in other sectors.

Modelling collaboration and innovation in creative industries using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis

The ability to acquire, create and effectively utilize knowledge that lead to the creation of innovation appears to be an increasingly important source of competitiveness. A connection has been shown between creativity and innovation. Here we use CIS data for the creative industries in the Czech Republic to show that the collaboration of creative enterprises leads to a more efficient use of knowledge than if enterprises do not collaborate. We present empirical evidence that knowledge spillovers have a positive effect on innovation in creative industries. We show that the positive effect of knowledge spillovers on innovation is greater for enterprises employing both in-house and external individuals with creative skills than for those employing either in-house or external ones. Using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis, we find that the above mentioned effects are mostly third-part effects, requiring both knowledge acquisition and collaboration on innovative activities.

Does Technological Innovation Advance Enterprise Deleveraging? Transmission Channel and Acceleration Mechanism

Nowadays, Chinese economy is switching from resource-dependent economic development mode to mode since growth driven by investment has further aggravated capital dependence and has resulted in a twisted financial market. While the demand for total investment in fixed assets continues to slope down, the speed of financial expansion does not weaken, resulting in a rise in leverage ratio from 98.1 percent to 170.8 percent and serious deviation of supply and demand between finance and the real economy. Under this circumstance, to develop an innovation-driven economy has been highlighted as a national strategy. Nevertheless, there is still little literature of how technical adjusts micro structure of assets and liabilities and corrects macro financial distortion. This paper tries to make up the research gap above by answering the following questions:(1) can technical help corporate de-leveraging? what is its mechanism? (2) can the catalysis (spillover) effect of industry level on corporate technical corporate leverage governance? does heterogeneity exist in the acceleration? (3) as policy incentive mechanism for innovation, do tax preference and subsidies corporate leverage governance? does heterogeneity exist in the acceleration?On the basis of a literature review of dynamic adjustment to capital structure, this paper firstly points out that the introduction of technical into micro finance analytical framework is a necessary trend resulting from the transformation from random technical to routine technical innovation. Secondly, by introducing the impacts of technical on market competition ability and capacity governance ability of enterprises, this paper reveals micro logic of realizing enterprise leverage governance by technological and proves that technical has significant de-leveraging effects on over leveraged enterprises, and some cover-leveraging effects on less leveraged enterprises. Thirdly, by measuring subsidies at firm level and estimating tax preference at exponential level, this paper examines how subsidies and R&D expenses plus pre-tax deductions accelerate enterprise leverage governance through catalyzing technical innovation, and proves that subsidies play an acceleration role only in private enterprise deleveraging and tax preference accelerates only profit-making enterprise deleveraging. Finally, by measuring the whole levels of exploratory innovation and exploitative innovation of each high-tech industry, we prove that higher levels of industry exploratory innovation and exploitative innovation give rise to stronger knowledge spillover effect, more stimulated enterprise innovation, and more prominent deleveraging effect of technical & acceleration effect of exploratory innovation.As for empirical approach, following Flannery and Rangan (2006), this paper introduces target leverage rate into the dynamic adjustment process and employs SYS-GMM to solve the adjustment speed and optimal leverage rate, thereby verifying differentiated governance effect of technical on static leverage rate. Furthermore, we also regard subsidies, tax preference and industry environment as determinants of adjustment speed of leverage rate, and incorporate them into the empirical model to make a cross-term analysis, proving the differentiated effect of environmental factors on leverage governance speed.The potential contributions of this paper are:(1) it analyses the governance effect of technical on leverage rate, investigates the disturbance (acceleration) role of policy and industry as two boosters in governance effect, and reveals micro finance connotation of enhancing ability and improving environment (innovation driven). (2) By using the technical as the transmission channel, this paper constructs a new relationship study between macro-economic environment (policy & industry environment) and micro-enterprise behavior, and provides reference for the analysis and evaluation of effects and shortcomings of incentive policy.

Knowledge spillover effects: empirical evidence from Russian regions

This study contributes to existing literature on the relationship between productivity and innovation through the knowledge spillover effects. To this end, we consider both a theoretical model and an empirical analysis in Russia. The investigation is based upon a dataset composed of 85 Russian regions for the period 2010–2014. In particular, the effect of R&D Spillovers are analysed through the use of spatial econometric techniques. In so doing, we have allowed the productivity of each region to be affected by the productivity of nearby regions. Results show that R&D significantly affects Russian regions productivity and that productivity spillover across regions matter.

R&D Spillover Effects on the Strategic Behavior of Large International Firms during the World Financial Crisis

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between competition and innovation through the knowledge spillover effect. In particular, we investigate whether R&D competition is sensitive to economic shock. To this end, we consider a period of time related also to the 2008 financial crisis. We implement an empirical analysis of 879 worldwide R&D-intensive firms. In order to measure technological proximity, we use two approaches: one based on Jaffe industry weight matrix, relative to patents distributed across technology classes; one based on trade intensity between sectors using input–output matrix data. The empirical results show a positive effect of R&D externalities on competitive interactions before the beginning of crisis and a negative one after it. These findings are robust with respect to the procedure employed in the estimation method.

The locus of knowledge externalities and the cost of knowledge

ABSTRACTThe locus of knowledge externalities and the cost of knowledge. Regional Studies. This paper provides an extended Crépon–Duguet–Mairesse (CDM) approach to analyse jointly the simultaneous effects of knowledge spillovers in the knowledge-generation and technology production functions. It introduces the distinction between imitation and knowledge externalities and articulates the hypothesis that spillovers yield their effects via three well-distinct mechanisms: (1) knowledge externalities that exert positive and direct effects on the knowledge-production function and (2) indirect effects on the technology-production function via their effects on the cost of knowledge; and (3) imitation externalities that exert direct and positive effects on productivity in the technology-production function. We test our hypotheses on a large panel of Italian companies distributed in NUTS-2 regions for the period 2005–09. The econometric analysis consists of a model comprising a system of equations that test the simultaneous role of spillovers in the knowledge-generation and technology-production functions with the inclusion of endogenous knowledge costs. The results confirm that the access to external knowledge – as an input in the knowledge-generation function – plays a key role in increasing the knowledge output and – as an input in the technology-production function – has positive indirect and direct effects on the productivity of firms.

International knowledge spillovers in the wind power industry: evidence from the European Union

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the presence of international knowledge spillovers in the wind power sector. Specifically, the paper investigates whether successful invention efforts in one country, measured by way of granted wind power patent counts, have had positive effects on the neighboring countries’ abilities to generate patents of the same category. Data on the number of patents granted at the European Patent Office during the period 1978–2008 are used for the eight national technological leaders in the western European wind power sector. The few comprehensive wind power studies that exist have only found limited evidence of international knowledge spillovers. However, in this paper, we find that international spillovers are statistically significant determinants of a country’s wind power patenting outcomes. Geographical distance is also taken into consideration, and the knowledge spillover effects are shown to become stronger with decreases in this distance. The results should have important policy implications, for example, for a national government when it comes to applying an investment strategy in wind power or, alternatively, free-riding on other countries’ invention efforts.

Vplyv aglomeračných úspor na rast zamestnanosti v kreatívnych odvetviach na Slovensku

The paper explores the impact of agglomeration economies on employment growth in the creative industries in Slovakia between 1998 and 2014. Using a spatial econometric model it has been confirmed that related variety plays a significant role in employment growth in creative industries, while significance of unrelated variety has not been confirmed. In other words, the districts specialising in different, but at the same time cognitively and technologically related creative sectors, have achieved higher employment growth in comparison to those specialising either in one selected creative sector, or in unrelated sectors. Moreover, the results indicate that knowledge spillover effect in creative industries is configured more locally what emphasizes the importance of a local level in the process of knowledge creation and its spillover.

Knowledge spillover and high-tech industry cluster: A literature review

Knowledge spillover is one of the incentive forces for companies using more expenditure on R&D to shape cluster. This paper summarizes and reviews academic research literature from three aspects, of which contain the connotation of knowledge spillover in high-tech industry cluster, conduction mode of knowledge spillover effect in high-tech industry and explain factors of knowledge spillover effect. This paper devotes by assembling anterior divergent tributaries of works to assist in illuminating on this prosperous research area, based on previous research, and finally it notes that future research needs to pay attention to several aspects.

DYNAMICS OF KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS FROM PATENTS TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP: EVIDENCE ACROSS ENTREPRENEURSHIP TYPES

Using data across U.S. states over a recent decade, this paper uniquely uses three qualitatively different measures of entrepreneurship to examine the knowledge flows from patents, paying attention to the dynamic nature of such influences. We find that there are significant variations in the effects of knowledge flows across entrepreneurship types and, in general, these effects are not immediate. The greatest positive effect of knowledge spillovers is on startup entrepreneurship and the resulting magnitude grows somewhat over time. The spillovers are modest on overall entrepreneurship, while entrepreneurs who were previously employed see more immediate benefits. These findings are generally robust. (JEL L26, O33, O51, M21)

We see ICT spillovers everywhere but in the econometric evidence: a reassessment

Using company-level data for the US we study the productivity effects of knowledge spillovers, induced by the diffusion of ICT in the markets where companies operate. We adopt multiple spillover proxies and account for firms' absorptive capacity and lagged effects. Our results show that intra-industry ICT spillovers have a contemporaneous negative effect while the impact of inter-industry spillovers is positive. The overall productivity effect of ICT is negative, except for those companies with a strong absorptive capacity. However, after a 5-year lag the overall spillover effect turns positive while the role of absorptive capacity diminishes as a consequence of decreasing learning costs and more accessible technology.

Spatial heterogeneity, industry heterogeneity, and entrepreneurship

The prevalence of entrepreneurship varies not only across regions but also among industries. Using a unique panel dataset of 60 two-digit industries across 64 provinces from 2000 to 2010 in Vietnam, we investigate the importance of spatial and sectoral heterogeneity in an analysis of the determinants of entrepreneurship and empirically explore the interaction effect of geographic conditions and industry dynamism. Overall, our results confirm the significance of industry structural variables and their joint effect with geographic conditions in fostering new firm formation. Particularly, (i) growth-driven entries are generally higher in provinces that offer higher salaries; (ii) technology-intensive industries within regions that have strong knowledge spillover effects are appealing to new entries. Others noteworthy findings include: (i) ‘necessity entrepreneurship’ is prevalent in Vietnam, but limited to extractive and service industries that are typically labor intensive; (ii) firms tend to concentrate more in agglomerated locations. This effect, however, evaporates for high-tech industries; and (iii) industry profitability and niche dynamism all play a crucial role in stimulating new start-ups. We apply the system generalized method of moments to obtain empirical evidence in the study.

ВЫСОКОКВАЛИФИЦИРОВАННАЯ МИГРАЦИЯ КАК РЕСУРС КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТИ ГОСУДАРСТВ

The paper reviews the growing impact of highly skilled migration policies on the competitiveness of states. Highly skilled migrants (HSM) are regarded as valuable contributors to the knowledge economy, that the receiving countries are competing with each other for. The increase in HSM number (arriving with an H1B visa) had a positive effect on innovative development at macro and micro levels in the United States. A significant role in creation of innovations is played by foreign students, in particular those studying on the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics programs). At the same time, an overall contribution of HSM to the innovation development of host countries is much greater than the number of patents, grants and highly cited publications, given indirect effects of immigration which play an equally important role in creating innovations: “the effects of knowledge spillover” from immigrants to colleagues. The author gives an overview of a range of foreign studies which demonstrate a strong positive impact of HSM on creating of innovations, and analyses some successful national approaches to HSM selection (cases of the USA, Australia and Canada). In recent years, Russian government has introduced a set of initiatives in migration politics, aiming at HSM. However, there is still a lack of sufficient public discussion on benefits HSM can bring to the Russian economy. Besides, low attractiveness of Russia for HSM challenges its capacity to compete with the leaders in a “global race for talents”, and therefore, to manage highly skilled migration policy as a source for innovation development. Universities, research institutes and high-technology firms serve as the main centers of innovation creation and attraction for HSM. Therefore, high-skilled migration policy should focus on the involvement of these recruiters through strengthening the internationalization and competitiveness of Russian universities, R&D and business sector. Moreover, the policy will have a highly positive effect if HSM represent different cultures. This implies the necessity to elaborate and introduce effective multicultural practices in education, research and business activities.&nbsp

Externality of Internet Companies' Scientific and Technological Innovation in the Complete Information Static Game

The purpose of this study was to explore in Internet industry whether a company’s R&D choice is affected by other companies’ choices and point out the scope it matters, futher, determine the best R&D strategy on different occasions. The paper established a rectified Cournot model. Based on the traditional model, the paper added two parameters: knowledge spillover effect and knowledge absorptive capacity. The paper argues that the externality of R&D doesn’t exist when the above parameters changes within a certain range. Thus, the paper put forward that the government should strengthen patent protection and supply financial support to encourage R&D. This study innovatively applied rectified Cournot model, and discussed R&D from the microscopic perspective.