Knowledge-sharing Network Research Articles

Tracking Candidemia Trends and Antifungal Resistance Patterns across Europe: An In-Depth Analysis of Surveillance Systems and Surveillance Studies.

The WHO fungal priority list classifies Candida species as critical and high-priority pathogens, and the WHO GLASS fungi initiative seeks to establish a standardised global framework for antifungal resistance monitoring. We aimed to review resistance rates and antifungal resistance patterns across European surveillance systems and studies in response to these recent calls for action. A systematic review of national and international surveillance systems and peer-reviewed surveillance studies available up to June 2024 was conducted. Descriptive and trend analyses were performed on surveillance data reporting resistance to different antifungals in Candida spp. In total, 6 national surveillance systems and 28 studies from 13 countries provided candidemia resistance data, mostly about the C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis complex. Azole resistance was most frequently reported (6/6 surveillance systems and 27/28 studies) with the highest resistance rate, especially for C. glabrata, in Croatia (100%, 28/28 isolates) and Slovenia (85.7%, 82/96) and C. parapsilosis in Croatia (80.6%, 54/67) and Italy (72.6%, 106/146). Echinocandin and polyene resistance rates were nearly zero. The number of isolates included in the surveillance systems increased over the years, particularly for C. albicans (+40-60 isolates/year), C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis (+15-30 isolates/year). No surveillance system or study reported resistance data for C. auris. Pooled data from national surveillance revealed a decreasing trend in azole resistance in C. albicans and C. glabrata. The increasing azole-resistance trend in C. parapsilosis disappeared after adjusting for between-country heterogeneity. Overall, echinocandin and polyene resistance trends appeared relatively stable. Awareness of antifungal resistance is growing, but further actions are needed to strengthen surveillance capacity and knowledge-sharing networks across Europe.

Enhancing Competitiveness through Strategic Knowledge Sharing as a Driver of Innovation Capability and Performance

In an era marked by global challenges, for example, the COVID-19 pandemic, the pharmaceutical sector stands at the forefront of innovation, tasked with delivering therapeutic breakthroughs at an unprecedented pace. This study ventures beyond the well-trodden path by probing the intricate dynamics of knowledge sharing as a strategic catalyst for bolstering innovation capability and performance (ICP) within pharmaceutical firms. We argue that knowledge sharing transcends conventional utility, acting as a pivotal lever that amplifies innovation within a highly regulated and competitive landscape. Through meticulous analysis, we unearth a nuanced synergy among six pivotal domains—organizational culture, managerial commitment, technological infrastructure, trust, reciprocal benefits, and knowledge dissemination. Our research model, anchored in a robust body of literature, reveals that while these elements individually support ICP, their collective orchestration through knowledge-sharing networks yields a magnified impact on innovation outcomes. We present novel insights illustrating that the interplay between these domains and knowledge-sharing practices engenders a fertile ecosystem for innovation, where diverse stakeholders contribute to richer, more robust ICP. Our findings underscore the strategic imperative for pharmaceutical firms to cultivate an integrated knowledge-sharing culture, not merely as good practice but as a cornerstone for sustained innovation and competitive superiority in a rapidly evolving industry.

Cross-Modal Fusion Convolutional Neural Networks With Online Soft-Label Training Strategy for Mechanical Fault Diagnosis

CNN-based fault detection approaches based on multisource signals have attracted increasing interest from the research community and industrial practices, thanks to the powerful feature representation capability of CNN and the rapid development of sensor technology. Various strategies have been applied in existing CNN-based diagnostic models to learn features from 1D real-valued multivariate data. However, the distribution gap and the intrinsic correlations among multisource mechanical signals during the learning process have been rarely considered, which may lead to suboptimal fault identification results. To tackle this issue, this paper proposes a cross-modal fusion convolutional neural network (CMFCNN) for mechanical fault diagnosis, which performs modality-specific and cross-modal feature representation on multisource data. Specifically, CMFCNN adopts two parallel modality-specific networks and a cross-modal knowledge-sharing network to fully explore independent and shared features from the multisource mechanical signals. To achieve effective feature propagation and fusion, a cross-modal fusion module (CMF) is introduced to integrate cross-modal features and pass the fused information to the next layer. Moreover, to alleviate overfitting and achieve a better diagnostic performance of the framework, an online soft label training (OSLT) algorithm is adopted in the CMFCNN training phase. Extensive experimental results on the cylindrical rolling bearing dataset and the planetary gearbox dataset validate that the proposed CMFCNN outperforms seven state-of-the-art methods significantly, especially under strong noise conditions.

Planned behavior, social networks, and perceived risks: Understanding farmers' behavior toward precision dairy technologies

Precision dairy tools (PDT) can provide timely information on individual cow's physiological and behavioral parameters, which can lead to more efficient management of the dairy farm. Although the economic rationale behind the adoption of PDT has been extensively discussed in the literature, the socio-psychological aspects related to the adoption of these technologies have received far less attention. Therefore, this paper proposes a socio-psychological model that builds upon the theory of planned behavior and develops hypotheses regarding cognitive constructs, their interaction with the farmers' perceived risks and social networks, and their overall influence on adoption. These hypotheses are tested using a generalized structural equation model for (a) the adoption of automatic milking systems (AMS) on the farms and (b) the PDT that are usually adopted with the AMS. Results show that adoption of these technologies is affected directly by intention, and the effects of subjective norms, perceived control, and attitudes on adoption are mediated through intention. A unit increase in perceived control score is associated with an increase in marginal probability of adoption of AMS and PDT by 0.05 and 0.19, respectively. Subjective norms are associated with an increase in marginal probability of adoption of AMS and PDT by 0.009 and 0.05, respectively. These results suggest that perceived control exerts a stronger influence on adoption of AMS and PDT, particularly compared with their subjective norms. Technology-related social networks are associated with an increase in marginal probability of adoption of AMS and PDT by 0.026 and 0.10, respectively. Perceived risks related to AMS and PDT negatively affect probability of adoption by 0.042 and 0.16, respectively, by having negative effects on attitudes, perceived self-confidence, and intentions. These results imply that integrating farmers within knowledge-sharing networks, minimizing perceived risks associated with these technologies, and enhancing farmers' confidence in their ability to use these technologies can significantly enhance uptake.

Broker roles in open innovation

Knowledge brokers play a crucial role in open innovation. We use exponential random graph models and qualitative analysis of semi-structured interview data to contrast knowledge brokerage in three open innovation partnerships. Our analysis considers both tacit and explicit knowledge exchanges. Significant broker role effects occur mainly in tacit knowledge-sharing networks. This result implies that brokerage in open innovation is primarily about connecting know-how rather than know-what. We see that trust is crucial for both tacit and explicit knowledge sharing. Adding broker roles to exponential random graph models offers a more nuanced explanation of the observed network structure.

A Review on Eco-Friendly Pesticides and Their Rising Importance in Sustainable Plant Protection Practices

The increasing environmental and health concerns associated with conventional pesticides have catalyzed a significant shift toward the development and application of eco-friendly pesticides within the agricultural sector. It proceeds to trace the historical transition from chemical-based to eco-friendly pest control methods, outlining key milestones and driving forces behind this shift. A diverse range of eco-friendly pesticides, including biological, botanical, and mineral types, are then explored, with an emphasis on their unique modes of action and comparative efficacy to synthetic alternatives. It also addresses the multitude of benefits these pesticides present, from reducing environmental contamination and preserving biodiversity to offering economic advantages and enhancing public health and safety. Case studies illustrating successful implementation across various climates and crops underscore the practicality and adaptability of eco-friendly pesticides. It also critically assesses the challenges that currently hinder broader adoption, including questions regarding efficacy, economic and regulatory hurdles, and logistical constraints. It then projects into the future, speculating on innovative research directions, policy initiatives, and educational strategies that could support the growth and integration of eco-friendly pesticides into mainstream agriculture. The potential for nanotechnology and genetic engineering to revolutionize pesticide application and crop resistance is particularly highlighted, along with anticipated developments in global policies and regulatory frameworks. It also offers targeted policy recommendations to support the research and development of eco-friendly pesticides and best practices for their integration into farming and agribusiness operations, emphasizing the importance of IPM and collaborative knowledge-sharing networks. The synthesis of current knowledge with future perspectives provides valuable insights for stakeholders across the agricultural sector, advocating for informed decisions and strategic actions that align with environmental sustainability and human health objectives. Through such multidimensional analysis, the review articulates a clear vision for the role of eco-friendly pesticides in the evolution of sustainable agricultural systems.

Exploring Strategies for Effective Development Administration in Public Administration: a Review of Approaches, Challenges, and Opportunities

This research paper examines strategies for effective development administration in the field of public administration. The paper provides a comprehensive review of various approaches, challenges, and opportunities associated with the implementation of these strategies. Effective development administration is crucial for achieving sustainable and equitable development in any society. It involves the planning, implementation, and evaluation of policies, programs, and projects aimed at improving the socio-economic conditions of a nation. However, the complex nature of development administration poses significant challenges that need to be addressed for successful outcomes. The paper reviews different approaches to development administration, including top-down, bottom-up, and participatory approaches. Each approach has its strengths and weaknesses, and their selection depends on the context and specific goals of the development initiatives. Furthermore, the paper explores the importance of stakeholder engagement, coordination among different government agencies, and the role of leadership in driving effective development administration. Several challenges hinder the implementation of effective development administration. These challenges include limited financial resources, inadequate capacity and skills, bureaucratic red tape, corruption, and political instability. The paper analyzes these challenges and discusses potential strategies for overcoming them. It emphasizes the importance of good governance, transparency, accountability, and the use of technology in addressing these challenges. Despite the challenges, there are numerous opportunities for improving development administration. The paper highlights the potential of public-private partnerships, knowledge-sharing networks, and international collaborations in fostering effective development administration. It also discusses the opportunities offered by emerging trends such as digitalization, data-driven decision-making, and evidence-based policy formulation. In conclusion, this research paper provides a comprehensive review of strategies for effective development administration in public administration. It highlights the importance of understanding different approaches, addressing challenges, and capitalizing on opportunities to ensure successful development outcomes. By implementing the suggested strategies, policymakers and practitioners can enhance their capacity to achieve sustainable and inclusive development goals.

A pathway towards resilient cities: National resilience knowledge networks

The development of networks for resilience-knowledge sharing and support is as a popular solution for building resilience in cities. Despite the benefits of knowledge sharing and collaboration for resilience building between cities on an international scale, there is a gap in the literature and practice regarding such networks at the national level. This research involves a survey of city authorities' perceptions of the benefits of the creation of a national knowledge-sharing network, their criteria for selecting resilience partners, and their preferred mechanisms for knowledge sharing and diffusion within the network. Using New Zealand (NZ) as a case study, the current exploratory sequential study implements an initial qualitative stage with selected NZ cities to determine initial criteria, followed by a nationwide quantitative survey to test these criteria. A final quantitative survey with international subject-matter experts was conducted for international transferability. The study revealed that establishing a national-level resilience-knowledge network requires general and supportive conditions, specific criteria for selecting suitable resilience collaboration-partner cities, and appropriate knowledge-transfer mechanisms. The findings can be used to guide the development of national resilience-knowledge networks and are aimed at local governments, policymakers and analysts, resilience practitioners, and knowledge-network managers.

Knowledge Sharing to Reduce Toxin Exposure Risks from Harmful Algal Blooms: Global Networks and Political Barriers.

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a significant global environmental management challenge, especially with respect to microalgae that produce dangerous natural toxins. Examples of HAB toxin diseases with major global health impact include: ciguatera poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), and neurotoxic (brevetoxin) shellfish poisoning (NSP). Such diseases affect communities globally and contribute to health inequalities within the United States and beyond. Sharing data and lessons learned about the factors determining bloom occurrence and associated exposure to contaminated seafood across locations can reduce public health risks. Knowledge sharing is particularly important as ongoing global environmental changes seem to alter the intensity, location, and timing of toxic HAB events, reducing the reliability of conventional guidance where toxin risks have been endemic and leading to emerging challenges in new settings. Political changes that disrupt membership in knowledge-sharing networks may impede efforts to share scientific expertise and best practices. In this commentary, we stress the importance of community and expert knowledge sharing for reducing HAB risks, both for vulnerable communities in the United States and globally. Considering the impacts of political changes, we note the indirect engagement sometimes required for continued participation in international coordination programs. As an example, we highlight how lessons learned from a Native-led toxin monitoring and testing program (the Southeast Alaska Tribal Ocean Research partnership) can inform programs in other settings. We also describe how international knowledge is mutually valuable for this program in Southeast Alaska.

Transmigration programs and migrant positions in rural community knowledge networks

Controversial transmigration programs have moved millions of people from the cores of domestic economies to national geographical peripheries to ostensibly facilitate a more equitable resource distribution. However, it is not well understood how transmigrants become accepted and how they position themselves within the local networks of migrant-receiving rural communities. We examine how ethnicity and transmigratory experience affect informal knowledge-sharing networks in 16 coffee and cocoa farmer groups in Lampung, Indonesia. Drawing on these social networks and key socio-economic characteristics of 315 farming group members, we examine core-periphery network structures and centrality distributions within these farming groups. We show that individuals from the majority ethnomigration group who are the descendants of Javanese migrants tend to form the core of the local farmers’ knowledge networks, apparently benefiting both from strong cultural links to the central regions of the country in Java as well as strong embeddedness in local communities. Our findings also call attention to possible marginalization of original members of peripheral rural communities in central government-sponsored transmigration and export-oriented agricultural extension programs.

More Than Just an Audience: The New Approach to Public Engagement with Climate Change Communication on Chinese Knowledge-Sharing Networks

ABSTRACT Social media platforms significantly disrupt traditional power dynamics within science communication, prompting both hopes of increased participation and visibility and fears that the authority of science may be eroded. Nowhere is this more visible than within climate change, where social media has provided scientists with new one-to-many communication channels, as well as opportunities for non-scientists to challenge mainstream opinions. Previous research has mainly explored these issues from a Western perspective, largely overlooking the contribution of non-English language social media to the construction of climate change as a global issue. In this article, we address this gap through exploring climate change discussion and communication on Zhihu, the leading Chinese question and answer platform. We consider who asks questions, what these questions are about, who answers these questions, and how they are answered. We find that non-scientists play an important role not only in asking questions, but also in answering them. Thus, Zhihu has the potential to host dialogic climate change communication between scientists and non-scientists.

The importance of proximity dimensions in agricultural knowledge and innovation systems: The case of banana disease management in Rwanda

CONTEXTSocial networks play an important role in the diffusion of knowledge, and farmers draw on their personal networks to enhance their adaptive capacity to shocks. Different forms of proximity have been long recognized as important factors in knowledge and information exchanges. However, the specific roles and their interactions in agricultural knowledge and innovation systems (AKISs) are still far from clear. In this study, we investigate the underlying forces that drive tie formation within the knowledge-sharing networks of banana farmers in four different villages in Rwanda. OBJECTIVEOur study has three objectives: First, we discuss the importance of various types of proximities in AKIS research. Second, we empirically contribute to how different forms of proximity influence the way knowledge diffuses in formal and informal networks by studying a plant disease's management. Finally, we discuss our findings' relevance for targeted interventions to help rural communities transition to greater resilience. METHODSWe review different proximity concepts and adapt them for use within an AKIS context. We then apply this framework to assess the proximity effects on the advice-seeking networks of banana farmers in four purposefully chosen villages in Rwanda. We used a structured questionnaire to collect social network information about the management of banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW), from all banana growers (N = 491) in these four villages. We distinguished the informal advice networks among farmers from the official government extension system—the formal advice network. We employed exponential random-graph models to assess the determinants of the networks we observed, especially geographical, cognitive and social proximity indices. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSWe found that geographical proximity significantly affects knowledge exchange within larger villages' informal advice networks; but not in smaller villages, where both cognitive and social proximities play substantial roles. We argue that farmers are socially closer in smaller communities where geographical distance does not matter, and that geographical distance only starts to matter after a certain community size threshold is reached. SIGNIFICANCEWe provide solid empirical evidence to help plan targeted interventions toward greater resilience for rural communities. We argue that properly integrating informal social networks can result in more effective knowledge exchange within AKISs, enhancing their resilience.

Inadequate Interactions and Unbalanced Power Between Scientists and the Public in Chinese Knowledge Sharing Network: Social Network Analysis of the Topic of Genetically Modified Food on Zhihu

This study takes the scientific discussion about genetically modified food on Zhihu as an example, using the method of social network analysis to explore the interactions between Chinese scientists and the public online. The findings indicate that both scientists and non-scientists are inclined to interact with users with a similar identity. Cross-group interactions seem to be hard to achieve on Zhihu. Furthermore, compared with non-scientists, scientist users tend to hold significantly stronger digital social capital than non-scientists on Zhihu. It is suggested that the knowledge sharing network has not fully achieved the goal of effectively promoting equally science dialogue in China.

How do Chinese scientists maintain their discourse authority? Critical discourse analysis of discourse “boundary work” in genetically modified organisms discussion on a Chinese knowledge-sharing network

The discourse authority of science and scientists has recently faced many challenges. This study analyzes the discourse techniques used by Chinese scientists to maintain their discourse authority in the online discussion of genetically modified organisms on Zhihu, China’s biggest knowledge-sharing network. Based on the concept of “boundary work” as a theoretical framework, we find that scientists maintain their discourse authority by using “I/we” to distinguish themselves as qualified science communicators and “you” to refer to audiences, thus building boundaries between Chinese scientists and the public. The findings also indicate that such discourse “boundary work” is a common practice among scientists who communicate their views about genetically modified organisms on Zhihu.

The new stage of public engagement with science in the digital media environment: citizen science communicators in the discussion of GMOs on Zhihu

In the digital media environment, public engagement with science around controversial scientific topics such as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has greatly expanded. But the public's role as science communicators in such engagement has been virtually ignored. Through an online ethnography of the discussion of GMOs on Zhihu, the biggest Chinese knowledge-sharing network, this study identifies a new group: citizen science communicators involved in online science communication. The emergence and popularity of this new group brings public engagement with science to a new stage – public engagement with science communication – and changes the role of the public in science communication from audiences to communicators. The development of digital platforms and the revolution of the understanding of science communication all contribute to the emergence and popularity of this group in the Chinese digital environment.

The Remaking of Institutions for Local Climate Governance? Towards Understanding Climate Governance in a Multi-Level UK Local Government Area: A Micro-Local Case Study

The crisis of climate disruption and shortcomings in top-down approaches has focused attention on the effectiveness of governance to achieve climate goals. New sub-national governance models such as business alliances, city networks and NGO coalitions have emerged; such institutional ‘re-making’ is often motivated by frustration at national inaction, and by a belief thatlocal actors offer an effective ‘bottom-up’ approach. Literature on the emergence of climate-led multi-level and polycentric governance focuses primarily on cities; the role of urban-rural counties and of the micro-level of local government, and the challenges and opportunities before them, is less well studied. This paper draws on work in progress in a study exploring progress, challenges and failings in UK climate governance across multiple levels of county-based government: Surrey, an area of towns, peri-urban districts and countryside, is offered as a case study, with a focus on micro-level action in small towns and parishes. We find that despite a lack of national government orchestration or sub-regional frameworks, climate action is occurring voluntarily at all levels of governance. However, the nature of action is variable and irregular and there is little evidence as yet to demonstrate effectiveness. A fragmented form of multi-level governance is observed, with limited upward flows of ideas and no indication of national interest in micro-local climate lessons and experience. We identify the importance of ‘wilful actors’ and the need for greater coordination, information- and knowledge-sharing networks to achieve effective institutional ‘remaking’ for climate action.

A Relational Understanding of Co-Educating and Learning: Information Sharing and Advice Seeking Behavior in a Dairy Cooperative in Gujarat, India

• Co-education and learning are an essential principle of the ICA’s statement on Cooperative Identity. • Social embeddedness and social capital play a crucial role in promoting knowledge sharing and learning behaviour among cooperative members. • Knowledge-based and position-based hierarchies play prominent roles in information sharing and advice sharing. • Just being the leader in the collective does not earn members’ trust. Members seek help or collaborate with leaders who have the required knowledge and skills to solve their issues. This article, building on the 5 th principle of the Statement of the Cooperative Identity explores the practice of co-educating and learning behavior among the members of a dairy cooperative society. The study adopts a social network approach by focusing on two relational social ties: information sharing and advice-seeking . Building on a case of a 55-year-old dairy cooperative in India, the social network analysis finds information-sharing relations among members to be inclusive, with no members isolated, and information exchanged along formal and knowledge hierarchies. Likewise, information sharing is horizontal, with information smoothly exchanged even among new and already established members, as is the transfer of leadership roles from the older members of the cooperatives to the younger members. Advice-seeking networks tend to be a bit more centralized toward board members and members exerting day-to-day leadership because of their knowledge and expertise regarding the organization and its policies. Our analysis suggests inclusive information sharing among members and a well-structured and functioning advice and knowledge-sharing network that contributes to learning of the cooperative members.

A longitudinal study into the effects of material incentives on knowledge-sharing networks and information lifecycles in an online forum

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of material incentives on the knowledge-sharing networks and information lifecycles of a public online forum. The users’ interaction data were collected from two similar sub-forums, and one of them provided material incentives for sharing knowledge. After collecting user behaviors for one natural year, the interaction data from 18,079 main posts and 326,024 replies were coded using social network analysis. Results showed that both sub-forums have significant small-world effects, but the effect is more obvious in the incentive intervention, with higher density, larger network cohesion, shorter average path length, and larger power-law index. Also, the material incentives made the whole interactive network more connected, with less isolated clusters. According to the K-core analysis, marginal users in the incentive intervention relied less on core users and had been motivated toward the network center. However, the information lifecycle for both conditions was about 46 days, with no significant difference. These findings indicated that the material incentives have a significant spatial effect that helps widening knowledge-sharing scopes and deepening the interaction, while it has limited time-line effects on prolonging knowledge-sharing sustainability.

COVID-19 and Sustainable Food Systems: What Should We Learn Before the Next Emergency

Three key transitions leading to a “safe and just” operating space, with a focus on food systems, emerged during the development of a Foresight study promoted by SCAR (Standing Committee on Agricultural Research1): (a) sustainable and healthy diets for all; (b) full circularity in the use of resources; (c) diversity as a key component of stable systems. As consequence of COVID-19, food emerged again as a central element of life, along with health, after decades in which food security was taken for granted, at least in most developed countries. The COVID-19 outbreak offered the opportunity for a reflection on the importance of resilience in emergencies. Sustainable and healthy diets for all, was shown, during the pandemic, to depend much more on social and economic conditions than on technical aspects of food production and processing. Agriculture and the agro-industry have now a potential to absorb, at least temporarily, workers laid out in other sectors; the pandemic could be an opportunity to re-think and re-value labor relationships in the sector as well as local productions and supply chains. A full circularity in food systems also would benefit from stronger links established at the territorial level and increase the attention on the quality of the environment, leading to the adoption of benign practices, regenerating rather than impoverishing natural resources. Diversity is a key component of a resilient system, both in the biophysical sphere and in the social sphere: new business models, new knowledge-sharing networks, new markets. The three transitions would operate in synergy and contribute to the resilience of the whole food system and its preparation for a possible next emergency. Science can support policy making; however, science needs to be better embedded in society, to have a clear direction toward the grand challenges, to address the social, economic, behavioral spheres, to aim clearly at the common good. We need to re-think the conundrum between competition and cooperation in research, devising ways to boost the latter without sacrificing excellence. We need to improve the way knowledge is generated and shared and we need to ensure that information is accessible and unbiased by vested interests.

Networks and network strategies: New theorization based upon a systematic literature review

PURPOSE: This paper aims to introduce a general all-embracing taxonomy of networks and its relevant strategies to facilitate the teaching and learning of the strategic concepts of networks in strategic management. METHODOLOGY: To fulfill its intention, the paper has adopted a systematic literature review (SLR), since the introduced taxonomy and its corresponding strategies should be a compendious reflection and summary of the current literature of the studies on strategic networks. RESULTS: The paper unfolded seven potential configurations of the networks and then proceeded with the proposition of their relevant strategies with regard to the networks’ relationships and forms. These networks were named as Reciprocally Interdependent Networks, Sequentially Interdependent Networks, Partnering Networks, Complementary (Overlapping) Networks, Supporting (Logistic) Networks, Distributing Networks, and Co-Innovation Knowledge-Sharing Networks. Their corresponding network strategies were identified as Multi-Level Promotion Strategy, Just-In-Time Strategy, Network Partnership Strategy, Compensatory Strategy, Network Logistic Strategy, Distributing Network Strategy, and Network R&D Strategy, respectively. IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY AND PRACTICE: Systematics or a system of classification is a fundamental necessity in any field of knowledge, benefiting both academia and learners. Accordingly, this paper provides a comprehensive but concise means of classifying networks and their strategies to overcome the paucity still existing in the literature. These efforts invite future research and conversation about networks and network strategies, proposing a guiding framework for the debate. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: Lack of consensus about theories and conceptualizations in strategic network studies became an inspiration for this research, which allowed for the clarification of the mentioned existing paucity.