Knowledge Of Services Research Articles

Tax Literacy, Tax Sanctions, Taxpayer Awareness and Quality of Tax Services on Taxpayer Compliance in Payment of Land and Building Taxes in Dumai City (Riau)

This research examines the influence of tax knowledge, tax sanctions, taxpayer awareness, and tax service quality on taxpayer compliance in paying land and building taxes. This research uses primary data with samples distributing questionnaires. The sampling with a total of 97 questionnaires distributed. The dependent or dependent variable in this research is land and building tax compliance. The independent variables in this research are tax knowledge, tax sanctions, taxpayer awareness, and tax service quality. Testing this hypothesis uses multiple regression. The results of the research show that tax knowledge has no significant effect on taxpayer compliance, tax sanctions have no significant effect on taxpayer compliance, taxpayer awareness has no significant effect on taxpayer compliance, and tax service quality has no significant effect on mandatory compliance tax.

Effect of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques on vascular cognitive impairment: A Bayesian network meta-analysis protocol.

VCI is a severe public health problem facing the world today. In addition to pharmacological treatment, non-invasive neuromodulation techniques have also been effective. At this stage, non-invasive neuromodulation techniques combined with pharmacological treatment are the mainstay of clinical treatment, and clinical trials are continuing to be conducted, which is becoming the direction of treatment for VCI. Therefore, we outline this systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol to evaluate and rank clinical data in future studies which can develop optimal protocols for the clinical treatment of VCI with non-invasive neuromodulation techniques in combination with drugs. The network meta-analysis will search eight databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China Knowledge Infrastructure Library (CNKI), China Biology Medicine disc (CBM)), Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform and Vipshop Journal Service Platform (VIP), for a period of from the establishment of the library to January 30 2022. The quality of the studies will be evaluated using the Cochrane Review's Handbook 5.1 and the PEDro scale to assess the evidence and quality of the included randomised controlled trials. Risk of bias assessment and heterogeneity tests will be performed using the Review Manager 5.4 program, and Bayesian network meta-analysis will be performed using the Stata 16.0 and WinBUGS 1.4.3 program. The results of the network meta-analysis will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. Our study is expected to provide high quality evidence-based medical evidence for the treatment of VCI by clinicians. PROSPERO: CRD42022308580.

Research on Knowledge Service Mechanism in Social Reading Platform Based on Social Network Recommendation Algorithm

Abstract Combining the user model and similarity calculation, a personalized recommendation method based on the user preference model is proposed, and the user model is adjusted to update the overall framework of personalized recommendation of user reading preference in response to the user’s operational behaviors such as collecting, commenting, reading, and annotating. We analyze and organize the knowledge service interface structure of the social reading platform and the knowledge service mechanism model based on users’ cognitive, emotional, and social needs and clarify the whole process of satisfying users’ reading needs. According to the age, occupation, and regional characteristics of the users of the social reading platform, as well as the reading interest labels of the users, we explore the influence of different user behaviors on the personalized recommendation results of the social reading platform and the recommendation website, and the more the optimal value of the parameter tends to be 1, the greater the influence of the social reading platform on the recommendation results. The satisfaction index of the social reading platform is 68.50807. The current social reading is not good enough to meet the needs of users. It should be optimized for reading behavior, reading skills, reading knowledge, and reading environment for knowledge service recommendation, respectively.

Tax Knowledge, Taxpayer Awareness and Tax Service Quality on Taxpayer Compliance Moderated by Tax Sanctions

This research was conducted with the aim to find out whether there is influence from tax knowledge, taxpayer awareness and quality of tax services on motor vehicle taxpayer compliance in Magelang City which is moderated by tax sanctions. The sample used in this research is the taxpayers in the City of Magelang with a total of 249 respondents. The research method in this study is a quantitative approach method and the data obtained from distributing questionnaires via Google form. Data processing was carried out using the SmartPLS application version 4.0.9.4 with the aim of testing the hypothesis. The results obtained in this study are tax knowledge, taxpayer awareness, and tax service quality have a positive effect on taxpayer compliance in paying motor vehicle taxes. Tax Knowledge can increase taxpayer compliance because the more taxpayers understand the purpose of taxes and how to pay taxes and sanctions when they do not pay taxes, the more taxpayers will be aware of paying taxes. Taxpayer awareness is a condition in which the taxpayer knows, understands and implements tax provisions voluntarily, so the higher the level of taxpayer awareness, the better so as to increase taxpayer compliance. Good quality tax services can create satisfaction and success in paying taxes so as to increase taxpayer compliance. Tax sanctions can also strengthen the relationship between tax knowledge, taxpayer awareness, quality of tax services on taxpayer compliance because the higher or heavier the tax sanctions, the higher the level of taxpayer compliance.

Service Quality Assessment Tool in a State University in Northern Mindanao

Higher education institutions (HEIs) worldwide are increasingly being recognized as integral components of the service industry. However, established models for assessing service quality, such as SERVQUAL and HiEduQual, have primarily focused on foreign higher education systems. This study explored the unique context of a Philippine State University. It aims to localize existing quality assurance mechanisms by developing a tool to evaluate service quality from the viewpoint of undergraduate students. The results offer valuable insights into evolving service quality assessment practices within Philippine state universities and colleges (SUC), serving as a template for refinement and adaptation in similar contexts. 708 undergraduate students answered the initial 52-item questionnaire. After initial data analysis, only 630 cases were subjected to further analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). This resulted in a seven-factor model comprising 31 indicators, exhibiting favorable model fit indices (RMSEA = 0.039, CMIN/DF = 2.073, PCFA = 0.785, PNFI = 0.751, CFI = 0.951). These factors encompassed the following dimensions: ease of doing business, leadership quality, teacher quality, knowledge services, activities, e-governance, and continuous improvement. The findings demonstrated strong internal consistency and reliability across all scale factors. Convergent and discriminant validity were also confirmed. It is recommended that SUCs consider adopting the localized tool in their internal quality assessment procedures to complement existing service quality assessment mechanisms. As the tool is specifically tailored to students’ perspectives as primary end users of SUC services, further research can focus on integrating the results of the study to develop a multi-stakeholder internal quality assessment tool or framework to meet evolving needs and expectations.

Progress, Challenges and Future Prospects for Laboratory Medicine

The laboratory medicine of the 2030s will be governed by a variety of internal and external forces, including underfunding challenges, emergence of new technologies that expand the scope and utility of testing, as well as increased customer demands for time, convenience and test accuracy. Laboratory medicine must adopt a proactive strategy in tackling these challenges, including a paradigm shift in the scope of practice, from that of responsibility in testing performance only, to embracing and contributing to the concept of healthcare value. Rapid technological advances will facilitate increased adoption of point-of-care applications in nontraditional settings, creating regulatory and quality assurance challenges for the profession. Thus, for laboratory medicine to survive as a unique medical profession, it must evolve into a new professional outfit through strong leadership. The profession needs to expand into new frontiers in clinical practice, including acquisition of new knowledge skill sets and significant contribution to medical research. A paradigm shift in thinking is needed, moving from having a specialised role in healthcare to becoming a diagnostic partner in a patient care setting, in close collaboration with other healthcare professionals. At a time when a revolution in health care organisation is inescapable in the years ahead, clinical pathology must proceed from a merely reactive strategy to a proactive strategy where excellence and visibility in knowledge services is nurtured and promoted, on a strong foothold of operational excellence.

Agroecology Policy Recommendations for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems in Vihiga County, Kenya.

Vihiga is a densely populated county in western Kenya (1047 persons/sq.km) with a peri-urban agriculture landscape and limited land carrying capacity. Sustainable agriculture and Agri-food systems using agroecology principles, is hence critical for reducing pressure on land and natural resources especially soil, while curbing loss of biodiversity. Due to lack of policy guidelines on intersectoral linkages between regenerative agriculture, food systems and the environment, both biodiversity and livelihood of people within the county and the entire region is compromised. The objective of this study is therefore to contribute towards transformation of local food systems through an Agroecology policy action, for enabling small-scale producers to strengthen their practices of regenerative agriculture. Deployment of context-specific technologies is hereby proposed for Agroecology principles (FAO, 2018) to be mainstreamed in line-departments and sector work plans for food systems, because of their holistic approach to sustainable agriculture, while emphasizing on soil health, social inclusion (equity), better access to knowledge and support services. Using interdependent processes of evidence-based policy (EBP) multi-stakeholder engagement according to Weiss’s typology and review of similar policies in existence, ten (10) broad policy strategies on Agroecology were identified for local adaptation. The resulting policy initiative provides a roadmap for sustainable agriculture, using Agroecology approaches in both crop and livestock production, that was traditionally practiced through default by farmers. Further, with co-creation of existing knowledge, agroecological production systems are promoted by use of digital technology to attract youth and women with limited access to arable land, for a wider community and multi-sectoral participation.

Definition, assessment and treatment of cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia: expert opinion and practical recommendations.

A considerable proportion of patients with schizophrenia perform below population norms on standardized neuropsychological tests, and the performance of those performing within normal range is lower than predicted based on parental education. Cognitive impairment predates the onset of psychosis, is observed during symptom remission and in non-affected first-degree relatives of patients. At the present time, cognitive deficits are regarded as key features of schizophrenia, important determinants of poor psychosocial outcome and targets for both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment strategies. A group of eight key opinion leaders reviewed and discussed latest advances in scientific research and current good clinical practices on assessment, management, and treatment of CIAS. In the present paper they summarize the current evidence, identify main gaps between current knowledge and mental health services clinical practice, and provide practical recommendations to reduce the gap.

Fim de emergências de saúde inacabadas e as redes de cuidados com a síndrome congênita do Zika vírus

Abstract Understanding health problems as always unfinished, this article examines consequences of the declaration of the end of a health emergency on the practice of different and interconnected care networks. As part of the “Action Ethnography on Care…” research project, this is a qualitative case study of three documents produced after the announcement of the end of the Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome epidemic. It shows the contexts of narrative production involving researchers, managers/ public service workers, mothers and families of the ill, and mothers’ associations and their different perspectives about what care is. Analyses of a presentation for researchers and of a working paper for the Applied Economics Research Institute (IPEA) question the technical narrative celebrating the end of the emergency based on knowledge and health service without taking into account the relational, affective and political care (of mothers, families and associations), leaving the latter invisible. It describes the process of elaboration of a motion by the Zika Pandemic Forum, listing and systematizing action proposals produced in an explicit dialogue among participants in different care networks to approach unfinished post-emergency questions. It suggests that similar practices of dialogue between networks can promote greater inclusion and sensitivity to care that contribute to reducing suffering and defending the rights of people who continue to live daily with a syndrome or disease whose consequences persist.

Meta-analysis of postoperative urinary incontinence incidence and risk factors in HoLEP.

To systematically identify and quantify the incidence and risk factors of postoperative urinary incontinence (UI) in holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP), aiming to provide a basis for intervention strategies. Relevant studies on postoperative UI in HoLEP were searched in databases including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBase, CNKI, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, VIP and CBMdisc, with the search period up to April 2024. Titles, abstracts and full texts were screened using the Endnote application. Studies meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria underwent quality assessment and data extraction. The incidence of postoperative UI and/or adjusted or unadjusted odds ratios (OR), relative risks or ratios were recorded, and analysis was conducted using Stata 15.0 software. A total of 17 studies encompassing 7939 patients were included. The pooled incidence of UI after HoLEP was 1.12, 95% CI (1.11-1.13); the 3-month postoperative incidence was 1.06, 95% CI (1.05-1.06); the 6-month postoperative incidence was 1.04, 95% CI (1.03-1.05); the 12-month postoperative incidence was 1.05, 95% CI (1.03-1.06); and the incidence of permanent UI after HoLEP was 1.01, 95% CI (1.00-1.01). The occurrence of UI after HoLEP exhibited a time-dependent variation. The risk factors for UI after HoLEP included the following: age (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01-1.06); body mass index (BMI; OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01-1.20); prostate volume (OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.39-2.27); prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.87-0.92); International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.83-1.07). The results of this study indicate a decreasing trend in the incidence of postoperative UI after HoLEP over time, with a time-dependent change. Age, BMI, prostate volume, PSA and IPSS are risk factors for postoperative UI after HoLEP. Age and prostate volume have a significant impact on UI. Therefore, preoperative assessment and intervention for these factors are crucial in reducing the occurrence of postoperative UI in HoLEP.

Association of resilience with caregiver burden in caring for the elderly with stroke; a systematic review

Objective: To review the construct of resilience and related variables in caregivers caring for older adults with stroke and factors influencing caregiver burden. Methodology: The review included studies published between February 2009 and February 2024, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews. The PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, China Academic Journals, Wan Fang Data Knowledge Service Platform, China Science and Technology Journal Database databases were employed. Results: In all 18 investigations, 14 quantitative and 2 qualitative were found. Resilience was linked to positive impacts on life satisfaction and emotional pain in these studies. Building robust coping skills can be facilitated by social support and communication. The majority of the chosen papers employed convenience sampling. Semi-structured interviews were utilized to gather qualitative and quantitative data utilizing resilience-related elements and evaluation tools. Conclusion: Encouraging caregivers to adopt a resilient coping style helps them feel less distressed about changes in their biopsychosocial and spiritual aspects that come with sickness. A resilient coping strategy can help the caregiver adjust while lowering their risk of stress and strain.

Research on the Construction of Knowledge Service Engineering System of Private University Library Based on the Integration of General and Vocational Talents Training

Research on the Construction of Knowledge Service Engineering System of Private University Library Based on the Integration of General and Vocational Talents Training

АНАЛИЗ ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛИЗАЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВА И УСЛУГ В ЭКОНОМИКЕ ЗНАНИЙ: ВИРТУАЛИЗАЦИЯ РЫНКОВ И РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ ЗНАНИЕВЫХ УСЛУГ

The article analyzes the development of entrepreneurship on an innovative basis and the problems of human capital formation in the knowledge economy; Academic entrepreneurship has been studied, as well as the architectonics of knowledge services in the potential of an enterprise in the knowledge economy.

Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on lower extremity motor function and optimal parameters in stroke patients with different stages of stroke: a systematic evaluation and meta-analysis.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), as an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technique, is now widely employed in rehabilitation therapy. The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively summarize existing evidence regarding rTMS intervention for lower limb motor function in patients at different stages of stroke. A systematic search was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of rTMS for treating lower limb motor dysfunction after stroke. Multiple databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, VIP Database, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, were searched. The search period extended from the inception of the libraries to June 2024. Literature information was extracted, and methodological quality was evaluated using the risk of bias assessment tool in the Cochrane Handbook. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 software. Overall, 49 appropriate studies (including 3,558 stroke subjects) were found. Meta-analysis results demonstrated that rTMS effectively improved lower limb motor function across all stages of stroke. The intervention was particularly more effective in patients in the subacute stage than in the acute or chronic stages. Subgroup analysis revealed that, for acute-stage patients, low-frequency stimulation targeting the M1 or DLPFC brain regions on the unaffected side with 20-40 sessions significantly improved FMA-LE scores. In subacute-phase patients, low-frequency stimulation targeting the M1 brain regions on the unaffected side with 18 sessions significantly improved FMA-LE scores. The results demonstrated that HF-rTMS was more effective than LF-rTMS in improving walking speed, with the greatest efficacy observed at 20 sessions. While for enhancing gait balance in stroke patients, LF-rTMS with the best therapeutic effect was observed at a frequency of 20-40 treatments. This study demonstrates the efficacy of rTMS in improving lower limb motor function, balance, and walking speed in stroke patients at various stages. The findings provide a valuable reference for the development of optimized rTMS treatment plans in clinical practice.Systematic review registration: PROSPERO: CRD42023466094.

Application of information fusion technology to build knowledge service model of university smart archives

Abstract Based on the SERVQUAL evaluation model, this paper examines the characteristics and service model of university archive services and establishes a knowledge service model framework for university smart archives. The service framework utilizes information fusion technology to quantitatively analyze the archive situation through the combination of 6 dimensions and 23 secondary indicators. One of the key points is to combine the whitening weight function of upper and lower limit measurements and the central whitening weight function to form a grey clustering algorithm in order to solve the “cliff” effect of the whitening weight function of the traditional upper and lower limit measurements. After the development of the system was completed, the index weights were first calculated by means of a questionnaire and then practiced in the school. The results show that responsiveness has the highest weight, 0.8612; security is second, 0.6321. And tangibility is the last, only 0.1792. The first college scored 0.461 in C1, and the second college scored only 1.87 in E1, which pulled the average score of the first-level index to 4.52. After the practice, the survey proved that the system meets the needs of the college and can point out areas for archive improvement. Archives improvement direction.

The effect of noninvasive brain stimulation on anhedonia in patients with schizophrenia and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Anhedonia is a transdiagnostic symptom found in patients with schizophrenia and depression. Current pharmacological interventions for anhedonia are unsatisfactory in a considerable proportion of patients. There has been growing interest in applying noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) to patients with anhedonia. However, evidence for the efficacy of NIBS for anhedonia remain inconsistent. This study systematically identified all studies that measured anhedonia and applied NIBS in patients with schizophrenia or depression. We conducted a search using the various databases in English (PubMed, EBSCOHost (PsycInfo/PsycArticles), Web of Science) and Chinese (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform) languages, and reviewed original research articles on NIBS published from January 1989 to July 2023. Our search had identified 15 articles for quantitative synthesis, with three concerning schizophrenia samples, 11 concerning samples with depression, and one concerning both clinical samples. We conducted a meta-analysis based on the 15 included studies, and the results suggested that NIBS could improve anhedonia symptoms in schizophrenia patients and patients with depression, with a medium-to-large effect size. Our findings are preliminary, given the limited number of included studies. Future NIBS research should measure anhedonia as a primary outcome and should recruit transdiagnostic samples.

Therapeutic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in children with cerebral palsy and to compare the differences in efficacy of different treatment parameters. Computer searches of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, China Knowledge Network, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, Vipshop and China Biomedical Literature Database were conducted to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of TMS to improve function in children with cerebral palsy. The search period was from the establishment of the database to April 2023. Two researchers independently screened the literature and extracted data information, and the risk of bias was assessed for the included studies using the Cochrane Systematic Evaluation Manual 5.1.0. Statistical analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 and Stata software. A total of 18 studies containing 1675 patients with cerebral palsy were included, and r-TMS did not differ significantly from other treatments in improving language function [MD = 2.80, 95% CI (-1.51, 7.11), Z = 1.27, P = 0.20] after treatment. The results of the reticulated meta-analysis showed the best probability ranking of the effect of three different frequencies of r-TMS on motor function scores in children with cerebral palsy: combined LF-rTMS + HF-rTMS (49.8%) > LF-rTMS (45.6%) > HF-rTMS (4.6%) > conventional rehabilitation (0%). Publication bias showed no significant asymmetry in the inverted funnel plot, but the possibility of publication bias could not be excluded. The results of this study showed that r-TMS was not statistically significant in improving language function in children with cerebral palsy compared to conventional treatment. r-TMS was almost unanimously significantly effective in motor function in children with cerebral palsy according to current literature data, and the combined high- and low-frequency transcranial magnetic therapy was better than low-frequency transcranial magnetic therapy.

Knowledge and Perception of Women of Reproductive Age on Utilization of Maternal Health Care Services in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State: A Quantitative Approach

Even though Maternal health care services utilization is very important for further improvement of maternal health, limited evidence exists on the utilization of Maternal health care services among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. This has resulted into high rate of maternal mortality. Thus, this study aims to assess the knowledge and perception of women of reproductive age on utilization of Maternal health care services in Akure south local government area of Ondo State, south western Nigeria using a qualitative research methodology. Data were primarily sourced from 384 women of child-bearing age who were purposively selected across the communities in Akure south local government area through a multi-purpose sampling technique. Secondary Data were obtained from journals, hospital, records, government’s publications, newspapers, and some internet materials that are relevant to this study. Analyses of Data were carried out with the aids of descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents have good knowledge but poor perception of the Maternal health care services. Majority of the respondents opined that education and religion contributed to the utilization of Maternal health care services in the local government area. The study further revealed that there is a significant association between respondents knowledge and utilization of Maternal health care services (R= 12.29, p< 0.000). There is also a significant association between respondents religion and the utilization of Maternal health care services ( R = 8.44, P < 0.01). Significant association also exists between the respondent level of education and the use of maternal healthcare service (r =16.20, p< 0.01). But here is no significant association between the perception of the respondent and utilization of maternal healthcare service ( R =10.25, p>0.777) . The study, however, concluded that women of reproductive age in Akure South Local Government area have good knowledge and poor perception maternal healthcare service which utilization is influenced by their education especially in rural communities within the study areas and their religious affiliations. Against this background, the study recommends increased enlightenment among child- bearing women on the importance of maternal healthcare services, subsidization of cost of accessing healthcare services by the governments and NGOs, strengthening the National Health Insurance scheme to incorporate family planning into its benefit package, upgrade of the existing health facilities and establishment of more health centres in rural and semi-urban areas with explosive populations.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A KNOWLEDGE SERVICE SYSTEM FOR GLOBAL LAND COVER SPATIOTEMPORAL CHANGE

Abstract. Global land cover (GLC) change reflect the distribution and evolution process of various material types on the earth's surface. It is an important basic data for global natural resources survey and ecological environment research. Although many sets of GLC information service systems have been developed at home and abroad, but the knowledge stock of GLC has not been sufficiently mined, problems such as the knowledge sharing service of spatiotemporal change of GLC have not been solved. This paper reports how to design and construct a GLC spatiotemporal change knowledge service system, which provides users with accurate and in-time knowledge services for GLC spatiotemporal change through knowledge visualization, browsing and querying, knowledge recommendation, knowledge diagnosis, knowledge sharing, process simulation, knowledge graph building and spatiotemporal deduction.

Efficacy of Different Exercises on Mild to Moderate Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

The aims of this study are to evaluate the effectiveness of different exercise interventions on patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and to provide evidence-based exercise prescriptions for this population. The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), VIP, and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform were searched until January 2023. The data were pooled and a meta-analysis was conducted. A total of 19 studies were conducted with 778 participants. The Schroth exercises group (mean difference = -3.48, 95% confidence interval = -4.73 to -2.23, P < 0.00001) and strength training group (mean difference = -3.43, 95% confidence interval = -4.06 to -2.80, P < 0.00001) had better recovery of the Cobb angle than the other groups. The Cobb angle rehabilitation effect was good in the time of less than 60-min group. In addition, there was no significant difference found between the different intervention periods groups ( P > 0.05). Schroth exercise and strength training significantly improved Cobb angle of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients; exercising for less than 60 mins is effective for Cobb angle rehabilitation, but prolonging exercise time cannot improve training effectiveness; 12 wks of exercise significantly improved Cobb angle, but prolonged training periods did not have a significant impact.