Pieces Of Knowledge Research Articles

Knowledge Pills in Education and Training: A Literature Review

Object and purpose: Knowledge pills (KPs) are a technique for transferring knowledge through short factual batches of content. In education and vocational training, they can help learners acquire specific pieces of knowledge in a few minutes, through a “microteaching” approach where learners can be involved in active and interactive exercises, quizzes, and games. Thanks to the advancements of multimedia platforms, they can contain a mix of contents, i.e.: lecturer voice, images, videos, or other e-learning applications. This paper explores the state-of-the-art literature on KPs, with a special focus on their actual use as a mechanism to boost effective knowledge transfer and learning processes. The goals are a) to clarify the definition and peculiar characteristics of KPs; b) to classify their main typologies; c) to analyse their implications under a knowledge management perspective, and d) to highlight actual application fields, pros, and possible cons. Methodology: This study is based on a literature review by means of a search in global citation databases and on a snowball effect, with collective participation and sharing among all the authors. The articles found were then selected and carefully analysed. Findings: The advantages of KPs can be related to the division of knowledge into small parts, which also fits today’s needs of learners to “study faster” and acquire the specifically required knowledge. In addition, KPs are made of reusable materials and can be more easily updated than traditional supports. Possible limits are that designing a KP can be difficult, and careful consideration of the actual learning process and the mechanism by which a certain type of knowledge is transferred from a “knower” to a “learner” is required. Research limitations: Research is based on a limited literature review. However, this limitation is going to be overcome in future research. Practical implications: Findings provide useful insights not only for academics and researchers but also for teachers and trainers dealing with all types of education.

Investigation of educational psychology systems, self-efficacy, and student performance : Thematic Content Analysis

Teachers' education has been examined in the literature on educational psychology. Educational psychology is component of the theory, research, and application of pieces of knowledge. We investigated whether the predictions of previous studies regarding the relationship between educational psychology and student performance, particularly performance and working memory, could be confirmed. Through a thorough literature review, we compile scientific publications from Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Emerald, as well as books written by education and psychology experts. Using a systematic literature research strategy, we collect scientific papers in order, from selection to analysis. Our research articles were analyzed using content analysis. Because our research is qualitative, the final result is a hypothesis based on the results of previous studies. We conduct research starting with the conceptualization of educational psychology and student work performance. After that, we investigated the relationship between educational psychology systems, self-efficacy, and student performance. After that, we investigated the relationship between educational psychology, self-efficacy, student work performance, and working memory

Tanrı’nın Ön Bilgisi Meselesinde Orta Bilgi Teorisinin Yeri ve İncelenmesi

In this paper, with God's foreknowledge, the question of whether man is free or not is discussed based on what the middle information theory offers as a solution. Is God's foreknowledge an obstacle to man's freedom of action? What is the relationship between God's foreknowledge and human freedom? These questions have been answered in various ways. According to the theistic perspective, God knows everything perfectly well, and at the same time, his knowledge is infallible. Furthermore, theism accepts that man is responsible for his actions as he has the choice of the good and evil, and it sees him as a free being. This perspective implies that God has foreknowledge and human beings are free in their actions. However, if God has foreknowledge and this foreknowledge is infallible, how can man be free in his actions? Ultimately, since God’s knowledge is infallible, it is impossible for that knowledge not to come true. Therefore, if all our actions are based on divine foreknowledge, we cannot talk about human freedom then. Various ways of solving this problem have been proposed. The first is the Boethian solution. God is a timeless being and is free from temporal quality. Therefore, God, as a timeless being, is eternal, and eternity is having a full, simultaneous and perfect life without limits. For God, everything is at the moment. This includes what is in the future for us. This is because He is not within the flow of time. As there is no future for God, there is no foreknowledge for Him. Therefore, there is hardly a clash between God's foreknowledge and human freedom. The second is the Ockhamist solution. God is eternal, but contrary to the Boethian understanding, God is not considered outside of time according to the Ockhamist perspective but rather as a temporal eternity with no beginning or end. God's knowledge of someone is not knowledge outside of time. The idea here is that God has different pieces of knowledge in different times. The basic idea in this theory is that propositions about the future are not essential; they simply contain the possibility of being wrong until the moment they occur. Here, the divine regulation or determination of the created will are not obligatory but it exists freely and optionally. The third is the middle knowledge theory, which is the focus of this study. According to this theory, God has two kinds of knowledge: natural knowledge and free knowledge. Middle knowledge is the knowledge of God prior to what actually occurs. In this respect, middle knowledge resembles natural knowledge in terms of being pre-willed. In addition to knowing essential propositions including logical and mathematical ones thanks to his natural knowledge, God knows all not only the probabilities of particular beings but also the complex probabilities resulting from the actions of such beings. This knowledge is the knowledge that God knows by his own nature. This knowledge includes all the possibilities that God can create, all possible particulars and all possible situations in which He can put them, all possible behaviors, along with all possible worlds and arrangements He can create. While the object of God's natural knowledge is possible future probabilities, the object of free knowledge is actual and absolute future probabilities. Middle knowledge, on the other hand, has conditional future possibilities that are between the possible and the actual as an object. With His middle knowledge, God knows how to propose what is not metaphysically necessary but possible. God knows the range of possible worlds thanks to his Natural knowledge. He knows the appropriate range of worlds with His middle knowledge. With His free knowledge, he knows the real world. The most striking aspect of the middle knowledge doctrine concerns how God knows the possible future. Middle knowledge theory not only provides room for human freedom but also offers God the choice to create free creatures. By knowing how humans make free choices under possible circumstances, God can achieve His ultimate purpose of creation. Thus, using his counterfactual knowledge, He can construct a whole world without destroying the freedom of creation because what people will do freely under different conditions has already been put into the equation by God. According to this theory, divine foreknowledge does not prevent man from performing free actions.

Building on Solid Ground: Foundational Knowledge and the Dynamics of Innovation

How do changes in knowledge uncertainty dynamically shape the rate and direction of innovation? I develop a novel typology of knowledge based on the degree of uncertainty and synthesis across individual pieces of knowledge. To empirically explore the role of foundational knowledge—integrative knowledge with low uncertainty—I study how 135 clinical practice guidelines published 1990-2011 by cardiology professional medical societies shape the use of the 14,390 underlying articles and associated research subfields they incorporate. Employing a difference-in-differences approach, I find articles cited by a clinical practice guideline have a marked increase in citations, acting to diffuse the underlying knowledge by bringing in new researchers, compared to control articles carefully matched on observables. Subfields included in the guideline have a large and sustained increase in the flow of articles into the field, which are more likely to be themselves highly cited. Rather than the aperture of subsequent innovation narrowing, subfields shift towards more disruptive, more intellectually distant, and more translational research, with only a small increase in incremental clinical research. In particular, this shift is larger for those subfields that are more technologically immature. As developing foundational knowledge requires the investment of resources and time, this shows how commitment can facilitate breakthrough innovation.

Fuzzy rule dropout with dynamic compensation for wide learning algorithm of TSK fuzzy classifier

This paper extends our recent work about dropout for the design of Takagi–Sugeno–Kang(TSK) fuzzy classifiers, i.e., fuzzy-knowledge-out, to the generalized concept, i.e., fuzzy rule dropout with dynamic compensation. This extension is motivated by very complicated firing patterns of all pieces of knowledge in human brain, i.e., binary or continuous or both random ways for different situations. Our theoretical analysis indicates that this generalized concept can encapsulate various random dropouts of fuzzy rules with more match of human cognitive behavior, more capabilities of both generalization and co-adaptation avoidance. Based on this concept, we develop a wide learning algorithm of a TSK fuzzy classifier. Experimental results about the thirteen datasets demonstrate that with high interpretability guarantee, TSK fuzzy classifiers designed by means of fuzzy rule dropout with dynamic compensation outperform the comparative methods, especially in the sense of testing accuracy.

Ground-breaking Theory of Knowledge Representation Practices for Information Sharing in IT Organization

Sharing information has become very important in the proper use of information assets, and the reason for this is that sharing information can be considered the most important part of an organization because information from organizations must be transferred and participated in order to be known and understood, wherein a clear and unambiguous information is considered a key criterion. To stimulate creativity, information sharing or integration is used to bring disparate pieces of knowledge together. Many current information sharing practices, such as training and development programs, IT systems, reports, official documents, and hard-working groups, are examples of integrating information. By integrating information everywhere to improve the quality of products and services, increases responsiveness to customer needs, develop new capabilities, and improve every aspect of the environment. This study reviews the ground-breaking theory behind information sharing in an organization. From the author’s perspective, this is the first study which gives a complete overview about knowledge representation.

AN ARCHITECTURAL ACCULTURATION OF BALINESE, DUTCH, AND CHINESE IN PURI AGUNG KARANGASEM

Bali is one of the many provinces of Indonesia with the most preserved cultural heritage. One form of these heritages is the architectural heritage. The traditional architecture of the Balinese people is still widely used and sometimes repurposed by their own people, mostly the Puris. A Puri is a building that was once used to be the residence of the royal families during their prime. The architecture of these Puris has distinct characteristics on its location, function, and typology of the building. A unique example of these Puris is the Puri Agung Karangasem, which has three cultures infused to its architecture. Apart from the obvious Balinese characteristics, there are also European and Chinese influence which can be proven by the Gedong Maskerdam, Bale Kambang, making it a treasured heritage not only for the Balinese people, but also for Indonesian people in general. This research is meant to explain and to give more insight into the architecture of Puri Agung Karangasem, which in result would present as a piece of knowledge to encourage the community to be more appreciative towards maintaining the traditional architecture of the Balinese people as a piece of important heritage. The method used for this research is the qualitative descriptive method. Focusing on the visual analysis of the architectural elements that are influenced by the different cultures, supported with previous related research and article.

Dietary exposure to heavy metals through polyfloral honey from Campania region (Italy)

Honey may have potential benefits due to its nutrient and bioactive molecules. On the other hand, it is a food that could be affected by environmental pollution; therefore, honey may contain contaminants such as heavy metals. The present study aimed to quantify eleven heavy metals and essential elements (Hg, Cd, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Sb, Pb, Ba, Mn) in honey collected in the Campania region (Italy) and analyzed through Q-ICP-MS. Secondly, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks due to ingestion of honey in toddlers, adolescents, and adults were estimated based on the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Lifetime Cancer Risk (LTCR). No statistically significant difference emerged among the different areas. The risk assessment did not report concerns for non-carcinogenic risk. However, the three groups showed a potential carcinogenic risk for Ni, Cr, and As, even though toddlers reported higher exposure values. The finding of this study provides pieces of knowledge on levels of contaminants in honey in Campania. Furthermore, it can aid in understanding the resulting risk due to honey ingestion.

Construction of Power Fault Knowledge Graph Based on Deep Learning

A knowledge graph can structure heterogeneous knowledge in the field of power faults, construct the correlation between different pieces of knowledge, and solve the diversification, complexity, and island of fault data. There are many kinds of entities in power fault defect text, the relationship between entities is complex, and the data are often mixed with noise. It is necessary to research how to effectively mine the target data and separate the salient knowledge from the noise. Moreover, the traditional entity and relationship extraction methods used in the construction of a power fault knowledge graph cannot fully understand the text semantics, and the response accuracy is low. The Log system usually contains all kinds of information related to faults and a log analysis helps us collect fault information and perform association analysis. Therefore, a Bidirectional Sliced GRU with Gated Attention mechanism (BiSGRU-GA) model is proposed to detect the anomalous logs in the power system, this enriches the fault knowledge base and provides a good data resource for the construction of the knowledge graph. A new Bidirectional GRU with Gated Attention mechanism and Conditional Random Fields and a BERT input layer (BBiGRU-GA-CRF) model is proposed by introducing a BERT layer and Attention Mechanism into the Bidirectional GRU (BiGRU) model to more fully understand the context information of fault sentences and improve the accuracy of entity recognition of fault sentences. Aiming to solve the problems of large calculation cost and propagation error which occur in the traditional relationship extraction model, an improved Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit neural network with fewer parameters and the Gated Attention Mechanism (BiGRU-GA) model is proposed. This new model introduces an improved Gated Attention Mechanism to achieve better effects in relationship extraction. Compared with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory with Attention Mechanism (BiLSTM-Attention), the accuracy, recall, and F-measure of the model were improved by 1.79%, 13.83%, and 0.30% respectively, and the time cost is reduced by about 16%. The experimental results show that the BiGRU-GA model can capture local features, reduce the training time cost, and improve the model recognition effect.

Willingness for COVID-19 Vaccination among Healthcare Students and their Perception about Reasons for Society’s Hesitation Against COVID-19 Vaccination: Evidence from a University Students in Turkey

The attitude of university students studying in health-related fields towards vaccines is an important populationthat can affect the vaccination decision of the public. It is aimed to determine the attitudes of society toward the Covid-19 vaccine from the perspective of Afyonkarahisar Health Science University students. It is a cross-sectional study appliedface-to-face with Afyonkarahisar Health Science University students between November 2021 and December 2021. The mean age of students is 20.5 ± 2.2 and 70.7% of them are female. 56.1% of the students stated that they believed theCOVID-19 vaccine was effective and 49.5% believed it was safe. When the students' requests for the COVID-19 vaccinewere questioned, 71.6% stated that they wanted to be vaccinated, 19.4% stated that they were against the vaccine, and 9.0% had hesitations about the vaccine. According to the perspective of the students, the top 5 reasons for the generalhesitations of the society against the COVID-19 vaccine are; Fear/insecurity with 79%, negative effects of the internetand social media with 73%, ignorance with 73%, false/unauthorized information source with 73% and fear of sudden allergic reaction with 72% has received. According to students, the top three common reasons for the society against notgetting COVID-19 vaccine are; “Nothing will happen to us”, “pandemic is a conspiracy” and “risk/benefit ratio” areincluded. Students who are willing to get vaccinated think that "natural immunity", "alternative medicine", "conspiracy theories about vaccines, and ignorance" are important factors for the society's hesitation not to vaccinate (p<0.05).Adequate pieces of knowledge of the students' risk-benefit ratios and natural and acquired immunity related to vaccinesare can serve to build trust and a positive attitude toward vaccines in the community.

What do neuroanatomical networks reveal about the ontology of human cognitive abilities?

SummaryOver the last decades, cognitive psychology has come to a fair consensus about the human intelligence ontological structure. However, it remains an open question whether anatomical properties of the brain support the same ontology. The present study explored the ontological structure derived from neuroanatomical networks associated with performance on 15 cognitive tasks indicating various abilities. Results suggest that the brain-derived (neurometric) ontology partly agrees with the cognitive performance-derived (psychometric) ontology complemented with interpretable differences. Moreover, the cortical areas associated with different inferred abilities are segregated, with little or no overlap. Nevertheless, these spatially segregated cortical areas are integrated via denser white matter structural connections as compared with the general brain connectome. The integration of ability-related cortical networks constitutes a neural counterpart to the psychometric construct of general intelligence, while the consistency and difference between psychometric and neurometric ontologies represent crucial pieces of knowledge for theory building, clinical diagnostics, and treatment.

Tu Wei-ming's Tizhi and the Confucian Contribution to Contemporary Epistemology

Tu develops his idea of tizhi 体知 primarily or at least initially to characterize the Neo-Confucian idea of knowledge of/as virtue in contrast to knowledge from hearing and seeing. Instead of depending upon our sense organs' perceptions of external things and events, it relies upon the comprehension of our xin; instead of purely intellectual understanding of the mind aspect of xin, it is more due to the affective experiences of the heart aspect of xin; and instead of merely a piece of knowledge added to its possessor, it is existentially transformative of its possessor. Knowledge of such a nature can be accounted for neither by our traditional conception of knowledge as justified true belief nor by Ryle's knowing-how. It is a third type of knowledge, knowing-to. In this sense, it is a significant contribution that Tu's Confucian idea can make to contemporary epistemology.

An overview of computer programming languages: A fundamental piece of knowledge for humanity

The major goal of this review is to standardise the programming languages that are useful for controlling the behaviour of machines on computers. Syntax and semantic norms are defined in programming languages, just as they are in natural languages. Over a hundred thousand programming languages exist, with new ones appearing every year. Few languages ever gain widespread adoption, yet talented programmers may use dozens of languages over the course of their careers. The authors looked at the most prominent standized programming languages' runtime performance, memory utilisation, applications, and key pros and drawbacks in this review.

Pieces of Knowledge: connectivist maps as allies of language learning

Connections have been present in society since the beginning of time, and these possibilities allow knowledge among people to be perfected and taught to others in order to constitute a continuous learning network. In this context, there are several approaches that are commonly used, such as flashcards and learning maps. Under this scenario, this article demonstrates how a virtual learning environment constituted in the light of Connectivist and Activity Theories can help in the process of understanding a foreign language. In this environment, teachers and students build a map with interconnected contents, which can be: hypertexts, hypertext flashcards and links - called Piece of Knowledge - PoK, constituting pieces of knowledge about one (or several) theme(s). In addition, the environment provides forums and a different way of viewing the map in groups, where each student has their own vision, being able to suggest modifications to the map of other colleagues. In this sense, the present work demonstrates the theoretical foundation of this environment, as well as a study developed with secondary school students where the use of the environment in an activity of the English language discipline was analyzed.

Issues of Halal Products Containing Alcohol with Reference to Regulations in Brunei Darussalam

Alcohol is considered to be synonymous with intoxicant (al-khamr), which is strictly prohibited in Islam. However, this perception appears to be misleading as alcohol was also used as a common ingredient in the halal industry. This study aims to decipher the issues of halal products concerning regulations in Brunei Darussalam. The three objectives are: firstly, is to determine the meaning of khamr, alcohol and ethanol and also their application in the halal industry. Secondly, is to find out the issues about halal products containing alcohol. Thirdly, is to study halal regulation of Brunei Darussalam in matters related to the use of alcohol in products. To achieve the objectives, both qualitative and quantitative methods have been adopted for data collection. Data has been collected using primary data sources such as structured interviews and surveys, and also previous findings from the secondary source. Major findings revealed two important points on the issue of halal products containing alcohol. First of all, the analysis of a survey conducted on the issue of alcohol from 165 respondents, found that Muslim consumers in Brunei Darussalam are found to have a piece of excellent knowledge of the basic rulings of alcohol and khamr. However, they are found lacking in terms of the application of naturally produced and synthetic alcohol in the halal industry. Secondly, it was found there is a lack of global halal regulations among MABIMS countries in terms of determining the usage of alcohol in the halal industry. From further analysis, it can be deduced the source for this issue is due to 1) the methodology in issuing a fatwa, and 2) scientific-related reasons. To solve these issues, some suggestions are proposed which mainly involve the intensification of spreading awareness on halal issues to the public masses in Brunei Darussalam.

Self-crosslinking of graphene oxide sheets by dehydration

<h2>Summary</h2> Graphene oxide (GO) sheets have attracted increasingly high interest due to their relative ease of synthesis and water processability for a wide range of applications. Understanding how the sheets interact with each other is a crucial and foundational piece of knowledge guiding the production, processing, and use of GO in many applications. Here, we report that dehydration, such as by vacuum drying, triggers irreversible self-crosslinking of GO sheets and drastically alters their solution processability. Dehydrated GO films maintain structural integrity in water, and they can no longer redisperse as single layers even after agitation. At the bilayer level, dehydration fixes the stacked GO sheets together and prevents them from dissociation after sonication. Spectroscopical studies support the formation of new ester bonds, suggesting a condensation-esterification reaction between GO sheets. This new insight about a fundamental property of GO sheets should have broad implications in how the material should be processed and used.

Classifying the gravitational waves using the deep learning technique

Gravitational waves are related to the concept of vibration of space-time curvature. When the body of heavy masses lies on the four-dimensional space-time and changes their position with turbulence motion then actually they create a disturbance in the space. The disturbance travels outward from the origin having light velocity is known as gravitational waves. Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) scientific teamwork declared the identification of these waves. In this paper, we review Gravitational waves, Detection of gravitational waves, deep learning for the classification of gravitational waves. We design and develop a deep learning system to classification gravitational waves of the dataset ‘Gravity Spy (Gravitational waves)’ that is made up of the LIGO images. The goals of this research are to gain a piece of reasonable and useful knowledge about Gravitational waves and propose an effective deep learning network system to classify the gravitational waves. The accuracy achieved by our model is 99.34%.

Type C mutation of nucleophosmin 1 acute myeloid leukemia: Consequences of intrinsic disorder

BackgroundNucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) protein is a multifunctional nucleolar chaperone and its gene is the most frequently mutated in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). AML mutations cause the unfolding of the C-terminal domain (CTD) and the protein delocalizing in the cytosol (NPM1c+). Marked aggregation endowed with an amyloid character was assessed as consequences of mutations. ScopeHerein we analyzed the effects of type C mutation on two protein regions: i) a N-terminal extended version of the CTD, named Cterm_mutC and ii) a shorter polypeptide including the sequences of the second and third helices of the CTD, named H2_mutC. Major conclusionsBoth demonstrated able to self-assembly with different kinetics and conformational intermediates and to provide fibers presenting large flexible regions. General significanceThe present study adds a new piece of knowledge to the effects of AML-mutations on structural biology of Nucleophosmin 1, that could be exploited in therapeutic interventions targeting selectively NPMc+.

Investigating the relationship between homework and academic achievement in elementary students

Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between homework and academic achievement in elementary students. Research methodology: The statistical population includes students in the fifth year of the elementary school in Tehran. Using the random sampling method, 160 people were selected as the research sample. The tool used to collect data is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical method used is the calculation of correlation coefficient and chi-square. Results: The results of the analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between homework and academic achievement. Limitations: One of the problems of the research was the lack of resources which was considered a serious problem and the other was in the implementation of the questionnaire. Contribution: This study is expected can give a piece of knowledge about the relationship between homework and students' academic achievement. Keywords: 1. Academic achievement 2. Elementary students 3. Homework

An experience feedback process for learning from collaboration experiences

In the fast evolving context of industry 4.0, companies or organizations must continuously evolve and improve. To maintain their business efficiency, they join industrial networks in which they have to collaborate. In more recent context of industry 5.0, humans are placed at the heart of the industrial processes by developing human-centric and society-centric approach. In such a context, human collaboration experiences are numerous and constitute meaningful pieces of knowledge which can be reused within a human-centric approach. This needs to (i) formalize and capitalize collaboration experiences, (ii) enable actors to assess collaboration and, (iii) develop reusing mechanisms. This article proposes an experience feedback approach where collaboration experiences are formalized and directly assessed by actors who have collaborated. Assessment grids are proposed to guide the human evaluations. From the individual evaluations, aggregation mechanisms are proposed to compute the collaboration performance of organizations. Finally, a reusing mechanism allows to learn from prior experiences, identifying the best organizations to make collaborating for a new industrial process.