Knowledge Of Deviation Research Articles

Controling dalam Perspektif Al Qur'an dan Al Hadits

Monitoring the process or ar-riqobah in every form of leadership is something that must exist and must be implemented. The accentuation of this activity is to research and check whether the implementation of planning tasks is really being carried out or not. This is also to find out whether there are deviations, abuses, and deficiencies in its implementation. If there is, then it needs to be revised. The function of supervision or control is one of the activities to make improvements, not activities to find faults. To be able to carry out supervision properly, the planning concept must exist and be clear. Without planning it is difficult to detect deviations and without knowledge of deviations, the control function will be very blurry. This paper aims to examine the concept of control, the term Controlling in the Qur'an and hadith, the function and purpose of Controlling, controlling requirements, steps in the process of supervision, implementation of controlling in Islamic educational institutions.

An Ultraprecise Feeder Controlled Knowledge of Deviation of Feeding Position.

In order to realize an ultraprecise feeder, the authors designed a feeder with the following new function: it has knowledge of its own deviation of feeding position induced by fluctuations of environmental factors, and controls its feeding position using that knowledge. To effect the function, the feeder is composed of three mechanism elements: (1) sensors of thermal expansion, external force and machining fluctuation, (2) a computer which estimates the deviation in real time from the sensed fluctuations of environmental factors, (3) an actuator which accurately compensates for the deviation. To construct the mechanism elements, we developed some structural elements: e.g., a thermal deformation sensor of Invar alloy, a precise actuator with a nonhysteresis piezo element controlled by a displacement sensor and a coarse actuator with a non-backlash ball screw (φ4 mm) preloaded by doublenuts. As an evaluation of the synthesized structure, we compensated for the deviation under the condition of various environmental factors. It was clarified that it could feed to any point within ±0.3 μm accuracy even if the working range is 5mm, tempera ture variation is 4 degrees or external force is 6 N. Through the evaluation, we confirmed that the designed feeder accomplishes the new function.

Electrical Resistivity and Deviations from Matthiessen's Rule in Dilute Alloys of Aluminum, Cadmium, Silver, and Magnesium

Absolute values of the electrical resistivity of polycrystalline silver, aluminum, cadmium, and magnesium and over 20 dilute binary alloys of these metals with different solute concentrations have been measured from 1.5 to 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. From the resistivity data, deviations $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ from Matthiessen's rule have been evaluated for the alloys. Deviations with positive as well as negative sign have been observed at temperatures above 50 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. These deviations, for all except the hcp alloys of cadmium containing magnesium as a solute ($\mathrm{Cd}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}$ alloys), can be explained in terms of a two-band contribution, which can only be positive, and an interference term between the scattering of electrons by lattice vibrations of the host atoms and the excess potential due to the vibrating impurities, which can have either sign. The deviations for $\mathrm{Ag}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{d}$, $\mathrm{Ag}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}$, $\mathrm{Ag}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}$, and $\mathrm{Al}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}$ alloys increase linearly with temperature and those for $\mathrm{Al}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{g}$, $\mathrm{Cd}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{g}$, and $\mathrm{Mg}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}$ decrease linearly with temperature in this range. Combined with published data for $\mathrm{Mg}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{g}$ alloys, these results are in excellent qualitative agreement with the predictions of Bhatia and Gupta, who showed that the interference term should be important at high temperatures and should change sign when the ions on the host and impurity sites are interchanged. This agreement is further strengthened by comparison of the slope $\frac{d\ensuremath{\Delta}}{\mathrm{dT}}$ of the experimental results for the alloys of magnesium and aluminum with a semiquantitative calculation by Gupta. Near 250 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ is negative and $\frac{d\ensuremath{\Delta}}{\mathrm{dT}}$ is temperature dependent for $\mathrm{Cd}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}$ alloys, and further work is required to clarify this result. Below about 50 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K deviations for all alloys are positive, and the various contributions are discussed. The precise resistivity results obtained over a wide temperature range extend our knowledge of deviations from Matthiessen's rule, but the complexity of the scattering processes makes a detailed comparison with theory difficult, particularly at low temperatures.