Basic Life Support Knowledge Research Articles

Basic life support knowledge among healthcare providers in Afghanistan: a cross-sectional study of current competencies and areas for improvement.

Basic life support (BLS) is a type of emergency care provided by healthcare workers and public safety professionals to individuals experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress, or other cardiopulmonary emergencies. Despite having a high burden of cardiovascular disease and trauma from conflict in Afghanistan, little is known about the level of BLS knowledge Afghani healthcare workers have. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kabul, Afghanistan, to assess healthcare workers' training and knowledge of BLS. The study, which took place from March to June 2022 across multiple public and private hospitals, was approved by the institutional ethics committee of Ariana Medical Complex. The sample size was calculated using a nonprobability convenience sampling method, and the study population consisted of healthcare workers actively working in a health center who were willing to complete a questionnaire. The results of the study showed that most participants (71.3%) were in the 21-30-year-old age range, and a third (32.3%) were doctors. 95.3% of participants had poor knowledge of BLS, with a mean score of 4.47±1.58 out of 13. Additionally, it was evident from questionnaire responses that providers are not adequately performing BLS. These findings suggest that further work, including regular BLS courses, is necessary to improve the knowledge and practice of BLS by healthcare workers in Afghanistan.

Tingkat Pengetahuan Driver Ojek Online tentang Basic Life Support (BLS) di Wilayah RT 15 Kenali Besar Kota Jambi

Basic life support is a skill in initial aid action that refers to maintaining the airway, supporting breathing and circulation. Everyone should have this skill to reduce the adverse impact or severity of the sequelae of cardiac arrest patients. The purpose of this study is to describe the level of knowledge of online motorcycle taxi drivers about basic life support (BLS). , with a sample of 36 respondents. The research took this sample using total sampling technique. The data collection method is to use a questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed univariately with the chi-square test. The results of the study show that online motorcycle taxi drivers' knowledge of Basic Life Support (BLS) is low, 23 respondents (63.8%) and high, 13 respondents (36.2%). Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that respondents with low knowledge are more than respondents with high knowledge. Knowledge about basic life support is still low, so it is necessary to increase knowledge such as education by health workers to online motorcycle taxi drivers about Basic Life Support (BLS) through direct counseling media, leaflets, brochures and banners

Pemahaman Dan Pengetahuan Tentang Bantuan Hidup Dasar Pada Siswa Kelas XII SMA IT IQRA Bengkulu

Teenagers, especially students at the senior high school level (SMA) should be able to carry out cardiopulmonary resuscitation properly. The purpose of this service is to provide understanding and knowledge about basic life support to class XII students of SMA ITIDRA Bengkulu. After evaluating through mentoring training the target audience's knowledge about how to handle people who need basic life support measures, the average knowledge before taking action or understanding is not good. However, after providing an understanding of basic life support knowledge the level of knowledge of class XII students increases .
 The participants were enthusiastic about this training activity because they gained new knowledge about handling people who needed basic life support measures in the community and their immediate family.

The Effect of Health Education with Audiovisual Media on The Level of Knowledge About CPR in Students of Senior High School 1 Gedeg

Cardiac arrest is an emergency condition of heart disease that often occurs regardless of age. Knowledge of basic life support regarding Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is needed by all people and even those from the school-age level. Health education for lay individuals is highly recommended to increase one's willingness and ability to perform CPR. The purpose of this study was to prove the effect of health education using audiovisual media on the level of knowledge about CPR in students of SMAN 1 Gedeg. The research method used was a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The population of all class XI students at SMAN 1 Gedeg is 400 students. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling so the sample obtained was 80 students. Before being given health education about cardiopulmonary resuscitation the level of knowledge was lacking in as many as 73 respondents (91.3%). After being given health education about cardiopulmonary resuscitation with audiovisual media, most of the respondents had a good level of knowledge, 77 respondents (96.3%). The instrument in this study is the observation sheet. Based on the results of the analysis of the Wilcoxon signed rank test, it was found that the p-value = 0.000 and α = 0.05, this shows p <α, which means that this study shows that there is an effect of health education with audiovisual media on the level of knowledge about CPR in SMAN 1 students big. The significant increase in knowledge of audiovisual media was because the respondents had been stimulated by being given health education with audiovisual media.
 Keywords: Audiovisual, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, and Knowledge

Comparison Between Self-Deliberate Practice and Directed Learning Training Methods for Basic Life Support Knowledge and High-Quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Skill Retention in Second-Year Medical Students 3 and 6 Months After Training.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) requires well-trained medical personnel. Multiple learning methods can be done for CPR skills training. This study aimed to compare self-deliberate practice (SDP) method and directed learning (DL) method to improve basic life support (BLS) knowledge and CPR skill performance in medical students. This is an experimental, single-blind, randomized controlled trial study of 40 medical students from February to July 2019. Forty subjects were randomly assigned into SDP and DL groups through a voluntary sampling method. Both groups attended a 1-day course and then practiced once a month for 3months. The DL group had practice sessions with assigned tutors, while the SDP group had to practice by themselves. Examination of BLS knowledge and CPR performance quality (compression depth, rate, and performance score) was collected before and after course lecture, after a skills training, 3 and 6months after training. Subject characteristics of both groups were comparable. Significant knowledge and skill improvement were found in the DL group and the SDP group when compared to their knowledge and skill before training. There were no significant differences between both groups in BLS knowledge and CPR performance quality in all examination periods. Both SDP and DL teaching methods show significant improvement and excellent retention in BLS knowledge and high-quality CPR performance. These two learning methods are both feasible and bring positive results for students. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-023-01746-7.

Pelatihan Bantuan Hidup Dasar di Pesantren Mahasiswa Aqwamu Qila Tamanan Banguntapan Bantul

Basic life support (BHD) is an effort needed to save the lives of victims while waiting for professional help to arrive. Basic life support knowledge and skills are needed by all groups. Santri at the Aqwamu Qila Banguntapan student boarding school has never received exposure and training related to basic life support. This PKM activity aims to provide understanding and skills to students related to BHD. The PKM activity was held on Sunday, August 28 at the Aqwamu Qila Mosque, consisting of BHD counseling and training with presentations and BHD video screenings, and manikin simulations. After the presentation and video screening, the training participants were divided into 2 groups, male and female, to directly practice and simulate BHD on the manikin. The result of this training is that all participants understand and are more confident in doing BHD. By directly carrying out a simulation on a manikin, participants can immediately practice how to provide basic life assistance.

Basic Life Support Training: The Effectiveness and Retention of The Distance-Learning Method

Introduction: Basic Life Support (BLS) training during the COVID-19 pandemic needed to be effective as well as prevent disease transmission between trainers and participants. The distance-learning method is one of the recommended modified training methods. However, there is still limited research that evaluates the effectiveness of the distance-learning method for BLS training for laypersons during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and retention of the distance-learning method for BLS training in improving the participant’s knowledge and skills. Materials and Methods: This is a non-randomized quasi-experimental study (one group pre-test and post-test design). A total of 64 TAGANA (Taruna Siaga Bencana/disaster volunteer) members of Sleman Regency who had undergone the distance learning method for BLS training were the participants of this study. A knowledge questionnaire and observation checklist were prepared and tested for context validity by an expert group. Data on the participant’s knowledge were collected before and after the training session, and data on the participant’s skills were recorded after the training session. After the training, a social media group was created to provide a periodical refresher of the BLS materials and facilitate discussions between the speakers and the study’s samples. Data on knowledge retention and skills were recorded six months post-training. Results: The distance-learning method for BLS training effectively increased the participants' knowledge of BLS, indicated by a significantly higher final knowledge score than before the training (Z=-6.904, p <0.001). The method also provided sufficient BLS skills, indicated by most of the samples (93.7%) passing the skill observation test even though no participant had attended a similar training before. Moreover, the participant’s knowledge and skills scores were significantly lower six months after the training session than immediately after training (Z=-5.157, p <0.001; Z=-4.219, p <0.001). Conclusion: The distance-learning method for BLS training effectively increased the participant’s BLS knowledge and skills. However, their knowledge and skills decreased at six months post-training. Overall, the distance-learning method has been proven as a promising alternative to BLS training during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Knowledge and Competency of First Aids and Basic Life Support (BLS) Skills in Speech and Hearing Students

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to analyze speech and hearing students' knowledge, awareness, and attitude regarding first aid and basic life support (BLS). Methods A descriptive cross-sectional survey study was performed through a web-based questionnaire regarding knowledge of first aid and BLS skills, experience, and views about training on these skills among speech and hearing students. Results Four-hundred forty-two students from 26 different speech and hearing colleges participated in the study. About 88.23% of participants reported the necessity of knowledge about BLS skills and first aids. Fifty-five percent of participants encountered at least one emergency during their training. There is significant difference between awareness and confidence in performing these skills (Mann–Whitney U test= 76.5; /z/= −2.39; p = 0.019; effect size = 0.27). Most of the students (92.5%) reported not being trained to perform first aid and BLS skills and seek inclusion of these skills in their academic curriculum. Conclusions Overall confidence in first aid skills is less in the students of speech and hearing when compared with the awareness level. Hence, formal training of first aid and BLS should be introduced into the curriculum to provide students with sound knowledge and practical skills and help them boost their confidence.

Assessing the weak links – Necessity and impact of regional cardiac arrest awareness campaigns for laypersons

IntroductionPublic knowledge of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), and initiation of basic life support (BLS) is crucial to increase survival in OHCA. MethodsThe study analysed the knowledge and willingness to perform BLS of laypersons passing an AED at a public train station. Interviewees were recruited at two time points before and after a four year-long structured regional awareness campaign, which focused on call, compress, shock in a mid-size European city (270,000 inhabitants). Complete BLS was defined as multiple responses for call for help; initiation of chest compressions; and usage of an AED, without mentioning recovery position. Minimal BLS was defined as call for help and initiation of chest compressions. ResultsA total of 784 persons were interviewed, 257 at baseline and 527 post-campaign. Confronted with a fictional OHCA, at baseline 8.5% of the interviewees spontaneously mentioned actions for complete BLS and 17.9% post-campaign (p = 0.009). An even larger increase in knowledge was seen in minimal BLS (34.6% vs 60.6%, p < 0.001). ConclusionAfter a regional cardiac arrest awareness campaign, we found an increase in knowledge of BLS actions in the lay public. However, our investigation revealed severe gaps in BLS knowledge, possibly resulting in weak first links of the chain of survival.

Evaluation of knowledge, awareness, and attitude toward basic life support among the non-medical students: A cross-sectional study

Background: Basic life support (BLS) is crucial for ensuring that an individual can provide lifesaving care in an emergency. This can happen within 1 h. Either the heartbeat is insufficient to keep the person alive, or the heart stops functioning altogether. Knowledge of BLS is mandatory for medical professionals to save the lives of people around us. Aims and Objectives: The present study aimed evaluation of awareness toward BLS among the non-medical students such as engineering and master in business management students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Sri Sarathi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nuzvid, Krishna Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India. The total number of participants was 684 in number. A printed questionnaire containing 15 questions was distributed to the students willing to participate. The data were collected and analyzed. Results: Among the 684 participants, 672 answered all the questions. Among them, the female participants are 60.0877%, and male participants are 39.9122%. Conclusion: Even 93% of people are aware that BLS can save the lives of people, but because of a lack of training, they are not coming forward.

Basic Life Support (BLS) Knowledge Among General Population; a Multinational Study in Nine Arab Countries.

Basic Life Support (BLS) is a medical treatment used in life-threatening emergencies until the sufferer can be properly cared for by a team of paramedics or in a hospital. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding BLS and the contributing factors among the Arab non-medical population. An online survey-based cross-sectional study was conducted among non-medical populations in nine Arab countries between April 13, 2022, and June 30, 2022. The utilized questionnaire consisted of two parts: part one included socio-demographic characteristics and part two measured knowledge of BLS through an online survey. The research included a total of 4465 participants. 2540 (56.89%) of the participants were knowledgeable about BLS. The mean basic life support knowledge scores of participants who received training were higher than those who had not (20.11 ± 4.20 vs. 16.96 ± 5.27; p< 0.01). According to the nations, Yemen scored the highest, while Morocco had the lowest levels of BLS knowledge (19.86 ± 4.71 vs. 14.15 ± 5.10, respectively; p< 0.01). Additionally, individuals who resided in urban areas scored on average higher than those who did in rural areas (17.86 ± 5.19 vs. 17.13 ± 5.24, p= 0.032) in understanding basic life support. Age, information sources, and previous training with theoretical and practical classes were significant predictors of BLS knowledge. The level of BLS knowledge among non-medical people in Arab nations is moderate but insufficient to handle the urgent crises that we face everywhere. In addition to physicians being required to learn the BLS principles, non-medical people should also be knowledgeable of the necessary actions to take in emergency events.

Teaching basic life support for medical students: Assessment of learning and knowledge retention.

Education mediated by simulation is a widely used method for teaching basic life support (BLS). The American Heart Association recommends protocols based on scientific evidence to reduce sequelae and mortality. We aimed to assess learning and retention of knowledge of BLS in students of the first semester of the medical course using teaching methods of dialogic expository class (group 1), expository and demonstrative class (group 2), and the two previous methodologies associated with simulated practice (group 3), and after 3 months, memory retention. This was an experimental, prospective, randomized study. Participants were assessed in terms of performance in theoretical and simulated practical tests, satisfaction with training (Likert scale), and knowledge retention. The practical test results were analyzed by two experienced observers. Students had 20% progression in knowledge and 80% retention of knowledge after 3 months of exposure comparing the theoretical pre- and posttest. The students in group 3 performed better than the others (P = 0.007) in the posttest. With the simulated practice, the knowledge acquired was maintained after 3 months with a mean performance of 90%, but in the test of the infant age group, there was a loss of learning retention by 10%. There was no difference of the results between the two evaluators (P < 0.001). The training was positively assessed by the participants. The use of different methodologies promoted knowledge progression, with emphasis on simulated practice. Learning retention was maintained after 3 months. In order to teach BLS to infants, it may be necessary to improve teaching techniques.

Self-Perceived Comfort in Performing Basic Life Support Among Medical Students in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: High quality and immediate initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can contribute to improve the survival rates and outcomes of cardiac arrests. As for medical students, it is of great importance that they are fully qualified to appropriately apply Basic Life Support (BLS). This study aimed to assess the level of theoretical knowledge and self-perceived comfort of medical students in Saudi Arabia in performing lifesaving CPR. Methodology: cross-sectional study which included medical students from 3rd to 6th academic years from the five main regions of Saudi Arabia. The selection of participants was through the non-probability convenience sampling. Data was collected using a questionnaire that consisted of sections of BLS knowledge and self-perceived confidence/comfort. Results: A total of 1372 participants were included in the study, of which 745 (54.3%) were female. The majority were not BLS license holders n=771 (56.2%). Male students reported a higher self-perceived comfort 2.99(CI 2.89 to 3.10). The relationship between the self-perceived comfort score and gender was statistically significant (P=0.004). The northern region had the highest self-perceived comfort mean 3.14(CI 2.98 to 3.30) with a significant p-value (P

Knowledge of Basic Life support in Post Graduate Residents in two Teaching Hospitals

Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) knowledge and training among junior doctors is very important as the junior doctor is mostly the first one to attend the patients in emergency room. Unfortunately, they don’t have enough knowledge. Healthcare professionals need to have hands-on practice regularly in order to retain the BLS skills. Aim: To determine the frequency of adequate knowledge of basic life support among Post graduate residents. Method:A Descriptive, Cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2017 to May 2018 in the Children’s Hospital Lahoreand from June 2022to August 2022 in Government Kot Khawaja Saeed Teaching Hospital, Lahore. A total of 96doctors of all 4 years of postgraduate training program of either genderwere included. A questionnaire was prepared. It included demographic data and BLS knowledge assessment. It was distributed to participants who met the inclusion criteria. It did not contain the name of the participant and confidentiality was maintained. Questionnaire was collected back after the completion and knowledge score was noted as described in questionnaire. Score &gt;8 was taken as adequate knowledge. Results: Mean age was 28.76 ± 2.29 years. Out of 96 participants, 70 were from Children Hospital and 26 from Govt. Kot Khawaja Saeed Teaching Hospital KEMU, 50(52.08%) were males and 46(47.92%) were females. The male to female ratio is 1.1:1. Mean time duration since BLS course attended was 9.12±4.54 months. Mean score was 11.78±3.98. This study has shown frequency of adequate knowledge of basic life support among pediatric residents in 57(59.38%) participants and remaining 39(40.62%) participants showed no adequate knowledge. Conclusion: It is concluded that frequency of adequate knowledge of basic life support among postgraduate residents is good. Keywords: Basic life support (BLS), Pediatric Advanced Life Support, residents, adequate knowledge.

To Assess Knowledge of Basic Life Support among Dental Graduates in Terms of Handling Medical Emergencies

Aims and objective: Dentists being part of health care providers often encounter with medical emergencies in their dental office, some are trained to cope with, but a large number of dentists lack knowledge and proper training to handle such emergencies results in serious consequences and medicolegal actions. This study will reflect and encourage knowledge and confidence of dental graduates to deal with such situations. Study design: It was a cross sectional study to asses knowledge and management skills of dental graduates, gained during their study in dental college. Place and duration of study: Study comprised of three months’ time (March 2022 to May 2022) in which data was collected from de’Montmorency college of dentistry and Fatima memorial dental college, Lahore. Materials and methods: A self-designed questionnaire was distributed among 98 dental graduates in Lahore. Questionnaire comprised of eleven questions inquiring about medical emergency encountered in their dental clinic/hospital, Basic Life support(BLS), cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR), emergency drugs, and equipment and their proper administration and if they want to attend a BLS course in future. Analyzing of data done by statistical package for social sciences SPSS 20.0. Conclusion: Majority of participants were short of confidence regarding executing the chain of BLS. Some participants were having not enough knowledge of location of chest compressions during CPR. Though a good fraction of participants were aware of emergency drugs and equipment but were not enough confident to use them. Majority were agreeing to attend a proper BLS course to strengthen their knowledge and skills to deal medical emergencies. Keywords: Basic Life Support, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Emergency Drugs, Dental Graduates

Relationship Between Basic Life Support Knowledge Level And Basic Life Support Work Skills For Medical Support Employees Royal Progress Hospital

Background: Cardiac arrest is the sudden cessation of heart function in a person who has or has not been diagnosed with heart disease. A sudden cessation of cardiac activity which results in cessation of circulation, is an emergency case, and requires proper assistance, in this case Basic Life Support. Purpose: This study was to determine the relationship between the level of basic life support knowledge and the performance skills of medical support employees of Royal Progress Hospital. Research Methods: This study uses a descriptive method with a cross sectional approach. Meanwhile, to analyze the bivariate data to test the relationship between independent and dependent variables with the Chi Square statistical test. Research respondents were medical support employees who had worked for 1 year, both those who had attended basic life support training and those who had never attended basic life support training as many as 85 respondents. Conclusion:Based on the analysis of the Chi Square test, it shows that there is a significant relationship between the variables of basic life support knowledge and the basic life support performance skills of medical support employees of Rs Royal Progress. The results of this study are in accordance with the analysis of the knowledge level of BHD that is sufficient for 36 respondents (42.3%), while the BHD performance skills which are sufficient from 85 respondents are 34 respondents (40.0%) with a p value of 0.009 less than 0.05.

PELATIHAN PENGENALAN BANTUAN HIDUP DASAR PADA KOMUNITAS GOWES BIKELAH

Today, cardiovascular disease is the second biggest cause of mortality worldwide, after cancer. In urban communities, bicycle communities are also activated by an awareness of the significance of staying fit through exercise, particularly cycling. Nonetheless, sports can also trigger health issues, such as heart attacks or cardiac arrest due to fatigue or exhaustion. Numerous common individuals are unfamiliar with the terms basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and hence lack the confidence to assist victims. Method. On 19 June 2021, 30 members of the Bikelah community attended a presentation and video screening regarding Basic Life Support. Result: Following an explanation of the Basic Life Support material, the respondents' perception and knowledge of the adoption of BHD increased from 60% to 93%, and their willingness to assist an unconscious victim similarly increased from 53% to 90%. Respondents also had a better understanding of the significance of assisting an unconscious victim prior to the arrival of medical personnel. Conclusion. Because the period of chance to avoid brain cell damage is brief, victims might benefit from basic knowledge and abilities in Basic Life Support. The goal for the future is to deliver mannequin-based training to the broader population.

Application of the Modified Basic Life Support Training Model in Improving Community Residents' Rescue Willingness in Nantong City in China.

This study explores the application and effect of the modified basic life support training in improving the first-aid level and rescue willingness of community residents in China. A total of 94 residents of a community in Nantong city were selected as the subjects by cluster sampling to receive the modified basic life support (BLS) training. The BLS knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of all recruited subjects were evaluated by a questionnaire before and after training. A skill operation assessment was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the modified BLS training. There were statistically significant differences in the BLS rescue willingness, theory, and skill scores before and after the training (P < 0.01). A total of 93.62% of the residents considered the modified BLS training model easier to learn and acceptable than the traditional model, and 92.55% of them thought the training content and teaching arrangement were reasonable. The modified BLS training model could improve the community residents' rescue willingness and skill mastery rates, enhance their first-aid skills and awareness, reduce the risk of disease transmission to a certain extent, and improve the success rate of prehospital first aid to ensure the safety of rescuers and patients.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Basic Life Support among Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study in Malakand Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

OBJECTIVES To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding basic life support among nurses of three selected District Headquarter Hospitals of Malakand Division Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional study was conducted using 210 nursing staff working in these three hospitals. Data were collected using questionnaire, adopted from American Heart Association guidelines 2015. Permission granted by the concerned university and hospital. Consent was taken from the study participants before collecting the data. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24 for descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS More than half (52.9%) of the participants had moderately adequate knowledge regarding basic life support (BLS). Majority (60%) of the participants were not performing BLS voluntarily, 30% participants performed BLS but not voluntarily. Majority (82.4%) nursing staff had poor practices regarding basic life support. No significant association was found between the level of knowledge regarding basic life support, socio-demographic variables and participant’s practices regarding basic life support. CONCLUSION Overall, nurses had moderately adequate knowledge and poor practices regarding basic life support. Very less number of nursing staff performed basic life support throughout their working career. Majority of the nursing staff were not basic life support certified. Majority of the nursing staff were not able to handle any emergency situation due to their lack of knowledge related to proper skills of basic life support. Nurses’ needs to be properly trained and certified BLS.

EFEKTIFITAS METODE KONVENSIONAL DAN EXPLICIT INSTRUCTION TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN BASIC LIFE SUPPORT PADA ANGGOTA PMR

Basic Life Support (BLS) is an action to save lives when cardiac arrest occurs. Cardiac arrest is the number one cause of death in the world. In Indonesia BLS knowledge is still lacking. This study aims to determine the differences in the effectiveness of conventional methods and explicit instruction on the knowledge of Basic Life Support for Youth Red Cross members at SMAN 1 Ngimbang. Using pre-experimental methods (two group pre-test and post-test design). The sampling technique uses simple random sampling with 80 respondents, which are divided into intervention and control groups. Data collection using questionnaire sheets. The results of data collection were tested using the Wilcoxon Test and the Mann Whitney Test with the SPSS Version 16 program. There was an increase in knowledge after being given the conventional method with a knowledge base of 81.62 and an increase in knowledge after being given the explicit instruction method with a mean of 88 knowledge. Significant differences between conventional methods and explicit instruction on knowledge of basic life support with a p value (0.002 &lt;0.05). Conventional and Explicit Instruction Methods can increase the knowledge of adolescent red cross members about basic life support.