Knowledge Base Research Articles

Collaborative Preclinical/Clinical Efforts Aimed at Strengthening a Neurology Residency Program: Challenges, Activities and Outcomes

AbstractRecent trends in medical education have included efforts to better integrate traditionally preclinical content with subject matter included in the clinical years of the curriculum. The participation of clinical faculty in preclinical courses is well established; however, involvement of biomedical science faculty in resident education is less common. We describe here a project in which a basic science faculty member participated in a neurology residency program to address specific basic science knowledge weaknesses identified by the neurology department chair. We address issues and challenges associated with planning and implementation. Benefits to both the residents and the biomedical scientist are described.

An empirical study of developers’ challenges in implementing Workflows as Code: A case study on Apache Airflow

The Workflows as Code paradigm is becoming increasingly essential to streamline the design and management of complex processes within data-intensive software systems. These systems require robust capabilities to process, analyze, and extract insights from large datasets. Workflow orchestration platforms such as Apache Airflow are pivotal in meeting these needs, as they effectively support the implementation of the Workflows as Code paradigm. Nevertheless, despite its considerable advantages, developers still face challenges due to the specialized demands of workflow orchestration and the complexities of distributed execution environments. In this paper, we manually study 1000 sampled Stack Overflow posts derived from 9591 Airflow-related questions to understand developers’ challenges and root causes while implementing Workflows as Code. Our analysis results in a hierarchical taxonomy of Airflow-related challenges that contains 7 high-level categories and 14 sub-categories. We find that the most significant obstacles for developers arise when defining and executing their workflow. Our in-depth analysis identifies 10 root causes behind the challenges, including incorrect workflow configuration, complex environmental setup, and a lack of basic knowledge about Airflow and the external systems that it interacts with. Additionally, our analysis of references shared within the collected posts reveals that beyond the frequently cited Airflow documentation, documentation from external systems and third-party providers is also commonly referenced to address Airflow-related challenges.Editor’s note: Open Science material was validated by the Journal of Systems and Software Open Science Board.

EVALUATION OF STUDENTS' TRAINING LEVEL IN THE ELECTIVE DISCIPLINE "QUALITY SYSTEMS IN PHARMACY"

The pharmaceutical industry is rapidly developing and implementing new innovative approaches and legal regulation of the quality management system of medicinal products, which includes a set of methods, processes and resources that are necessary for quality management. Therefore, the study by students of the specialty 226 "Pharmacy, industrial pharmacy" of the elective discipline "Quality systems in pharmacy" is an important area of professional training of a qualified specialist who will master the methodology of quality management, normative-legislative and organizational-economic aspects of quality control of medicinal products at pharmaceutical enterprises. Training of domestic students in the field of drug technology is an important direction of pharmaceutical education today. The main tasks of studying the elective discipline "Quality Systems in Pharmacy" are: formation of students of higher education in general knowledge about the quality indicators of medicinal products according to the stage of their life cycle by fulfilling the requirements of proper pharmaceutical practices and developing documentation in accordance with their requirements; formation of practical skills; raising the level of general and scientific development of students of higher education, forming their outlook and perspective as modern qualified specialists in the field of pharmacy. The purpose of the work was to study the assessment of the level of training of domestic students in the elective discipline "Quality Systems in Pharmacy". Materials and methods. We used an empirical research method (questionnaire). Questionnaire was a key research method, as it allows to get answers from the student audience regarding the organization of the educational process. A survey was conducted to assess the level of preparation of domestic students of the 5th year of the Faculty of Pharmacy who completed the study of the selective discipline "Quality Systems in Pharmacy". 50 full-time students and 2 distance learning students took part in the survey. Out of all the respondents, only one studies on budget forms of education. Research results. According to the curriculum, the elective discipline "Quality Systems in Pharmacy" at the Faculty of Pharmacy of IFNMU is studied in the V course in the IX semester, at the stage when students have already acquired basic knowledge of pharmaceutical disciplines. The discipline is chosen by already formed specialists who possess a large stock of theoretical knowledge and practical skills and are motivated to study a new subject, so it remains for the teacher to systematize information for the proper conduct of the discipline study course. 3 ECTS credits are provided for the study of the discipline in the curriculum. The discipline includes 20 hours of lectures, 30 hours of practical classes, 40 hours of independent student work and ends with a module. Lecture and practical material taught at the level of modern scientific and practical data with the aim of forming students' program results. We conducted an analysis of problems in the organization of the educational process for students of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University during full-time education. The success of implementing the selective discipline "Quality Systems in Pharmacy" and ensuring a high level of training depends primarily on the quality of the work of scientific and pedagogical workers.

Parental Involvement in the Care of Hospitalized Children: A Qualitative Study in the Tamale Metropolis

Introduction There is a growing appreciation that parents play a critical part in promoting the health outcomes of their hospitalized sick children. This is because parents want to be involved in the care of their children to allay parental anxiety and promote cooperation from children. After all, children feel insecure in an unfamiliar environment. Objective The main objective of the study was to gain a deeper understanding of parental involvement and experiences in the care of hospitalized sick children in Tamale Metropolis. Methods A descriptive exploratory design with a qualitative approach was used for the study. Thirteen parents of sick children on admission at the children’s unit of the Tamale Metropolis were interviewed for the study. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis (TA). Results The study revealed that participants in the study demonstrated basic knowledge and understanding of parental involvement in the care of hospitalized sick children and shared some of the benefits of parental involvement as improved interaction with health workers, healthier and happier children as well as promoting the early detection of the signs and symptoms of illnesses in children on admission. Some of the barriers to parental involvement include language barriers, poor communication between healthcare providers and parents, financial challenges and institutional challenges. Many participants also reported that sources of parental involvement were the media and healthcare workers. Conclusions Findings from the study indicate that the majority of participants have a fundamental idea about parental involvement. To improve parental involvement in the care of sick children, stakeholders must engender a collective approach that sensitizes the general public and health workers toward acceptance and incorporation into healthcare delivery.

Rainwater harvesting suitability of ground tanks located on stock watering places across Western NSW

ABSTRACT A stock watering place (SWP) is a type of travelling stock reserve, and Western Local Land Services (WLLS) is the controlling authority of SWPs in the semi-arid Western region of New South Wales, Australia. Over half SWPs have ground tanks that were installed in the 1800s to provide water for travelling stock. The location of many SWP ground tanks is thought to have been influenced by traditional Aboriginal knowledge, however, their position for capturing contemporary surface flows has not previously been assessed. This study aims to use multicriteria analysis within a Geographic Information System (GIS) to investigate whether SWP ground tanks are at the most suitable rainwater harvesting (RWH) location. ArcGIS was used to analyse data to identify RWH suitability based on slope, soil group, and drainage density. These layers were then weighted and combined to produce a final RWH suitability map. Results show that most (50.7%) ground tanks are in high RWH suitability locations, 47.9% are in medium RWH suitability, 1.4% are in low suitability, and none are in unsuitable locations. These results indicate that 1800s RWH suitability selection methods were highly effective. The findings of this study will contribute to the WLLS SWP knowledge base and will assist in prioritising SWPs for works to improve RWH efficiency, thereby ensuring reliable stock water on SWPs.

PET Imaging of Breast Cancer: Current Applications and Future Directions.

As molecular imaging use expands for patients with breast cancer, it is important for breast radiologists to have a basic understanding of molecular imaging, including PET. Although breast radiologists may not directly interpret such studies, basic knowledge of molecular imaging will enable the radiologist to better direct diagnostic workup of patients as well as discuss diagnostic imaging with the patient and other treating physicians. Several new tracers are now available to complement imaging glucose metabolism with FDG. Because it provides a noninvasive assessment of disease status across the whole body, PET offers specific advantages over tissue-based assays. Paired with targeted therapy, molecular imaging has the potential to guide personalized treatment of breast cancer, including guiding dosing during drug trials as well as predicting and assessing clinical response. This review discusses the current established applications of FDG, which remains the most widely used PET radiotracer for malignancy, including breast cancer, and highlights potential areas for expanded use based on recent research. It also summarizes research to date on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved PET tracer 16α-18F-fluoro-17β-estradiol (FES), which targets ER, including the current guidelines from the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging on the appropriate use of FES-PET/CT for breast cancer as well as areas of active investigation for other potential applications. Finally, the review highlights several of the most promising novel PET tracers that are poised for clinical translation in the near future.

Application and interpretation of linear-regression analysis.

Linear-regression analysis is a well-known statistical technique that serves as a basis for understanding the relationships between variables. Its simplicity and interpretability render it the preferred choice in healthcare research, including vision science, as it enables researchers and practitioners to model and predict outcomes effectively. This article presents the fundamentals of linear-regression modeling and reviews the applications and interpretations of the main linear-regression analysis. The primary objective of linear regression is to fit a linear equation to observed data, thus allowing one to predict and interpret the effects of predictor variables. A simple linear regression involves a single independent variable, whereas multiple linear regression includes multiple predictors. A linear-regression model is used to identify the general underlying pattern connecting independent and dependent variables, prove the relationship between these variables, and predict the dependent variables for a specified value of the independent variables. This review demonstrates the appropriate interpretation of linear-regression results using examples from publications in the field of vision science. Simple and multiple linear regressions are performed, with emphasis on the correct interpretation of standardized and unstandardized regression coefficients, the coefficient of determination, the method for variable selection, assumptions in linear regression, dummy variables, and sample size, along with common mistakes in reporting linear-regression analysis. Finally, a checklist is presented to the editors and peer reviewers for a systematic assessment of submissions that used linear-regression models. Medical practitioners and researchers should acquire basic knowledge of linear-regression such that they can contribute meaningfully to the development of technology by accurately interpreting research outcomes. Incorrect use or interpretation of appropriate linear-regression models may result in inaccurate results. Appointing an expert statistician in an interdisciplinary research team may offer added value to the study design by preventing overstated results.

A comprehensive review of the ecology and conservation status of spot-tailed earless lizards (Holbrookia lacerata and Holbrookia subcaudalis)

Spot-tailed Earless Lizards (STEL; Plateau STEL, Holbrookia lacerata; and Tamaulipan STEL, Holbrookia subcaudalis) are lizard species that are in decline both in number and distribution. As a result, this species has been considered for federal threatened status and a 90-day finding by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service stated that federal protection may be warranted. To date, a decision for Endangered Species Act listing for the Plateau STEL has been denied, but a judgement for the Tamaulipan STEL has not yet been decided. The requests to list STEL as a threatened species initiated numerous studies to investigate the status of both species and to add to the knowledge base of STEL. Though many studies have been conducted, much of the resulting information exists in gray literature (e.g., governmental reports, project summaries, etc.) that are not readily available or peer-reviewed. Herein, we consolidate the research results from scientific literature, governmental reports, and petitions to assist future researchers of STEL. We describe the natural history of STEL, their current taxonomy, conservation status, and discuss potential causes for their decline. Our goal is to provide the needed background knowledge for future researchers and policy makers.

Ontology construction of traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment for myopia

Objective: To keep up with the progress of treatment for myopia in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) through literature research, so as to determine data source of TCM diagnosis and treatment for myopia, from which entities are extracted for integration of relevant knowledge, and further formal expression and visualization of knowledge. Methods: Literature research and comparative analysis were used to determine the data source, and the seven-step method of constructing ontology was referred to for extraction of TCM diagnosis and treatment entities, which then was terminalized for development of classes and class hierarchy, and class properties, as well as creation of instances before consistency test of the ontology. Results: The ontology of TCM diagnosis and treatment for myopia includes 26 classes and 124 instances, 9 object properties and 1 data property. Conclusion: The combination of ontology technology and TCM diagnosis and treatment knowledge of myopia contributes to the construction of knowledge base of TCM diagnosis and treatment ontology for myopia, which realizes formal expression and visualization of relevant TCM knowledge, lays a foundation for the construction of TCM top-level ontology and ophthalmology ontology, and facilitates knowledge reusing and sharing.

Impact of an enhanced recovery after surgery program integrating cardiopulmonary rehabilitation on post-operative prognosis of patients treated with CABG: protocol of the ERAS-CaRe randomized controlled trial

BackgroundCoronary artery bypass grafting is associated with a high occurrence of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications. Preliminary evidence suggested that enhanced recovery after surgery can effectively reduce the occurrence of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications. However, enhanced recovery after surgery with systematic integration of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation (ERAS-CaRe) into for Coronary artery bypass grafting has not been evaluated so far. We thus design the ERAS-CaRe randomized-controlled trial to evaluate possible superiority of embedding cardiopulmonary rehabilitation in ERAS over ERAS alone as well as to investigate effects of differential timing of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation within enhanced recovery after surgery (pre-, post-, perio-operative) on post-operative cardiopulmonary complications following Coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.MethodsERAS-CaRe is a pragmatic, randomized-controlled, parallel four-arm, clinical trial. Three hundred sixty patients scheduled for Coronary artery bypass grafting in two Chinese hospitals will be grouped randomly into (i) Standard enhanced recovery after surgery or (ii) pre-operative ERAS-CaRe or (iii) post-operative ERAS-CaRe or (iv) perio-operative ERAS-CaRe. Primary outcome is the occurrence of cardiopulmonary complications at 10 days after Coronary artery bypass grafting. Secondary outcomes include the occurrence of other individual complications including cardiac, pulmonary, stroke, acute kidney injury, gastrointestinal event, ICU delirium rate, reintubation rate, early drainage tube removal rate, unplanned revascularization rate, all-cause mortality, ICU readmission rate, plasma concentration of myocardial infarction-related key biomarkers etc.DiscussionThe trial is designed to evaluate the hypothesis that a cardiopulmonary rehabilitation based enhanced recovery after surgery program reduces the occurrence of cardiopulmonary complications following Coronary artery bypass grafting and to determine optimal timing of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation within enhanced recovery after surgery. The project will contribute to increasing the currently limited knowledge base in the field as well as devising clinical recommendations.Trial registrationThe trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry on 25 August 2023 (ChiCTR2300075125; date recorded: 25/8/2023, https://www.chictr.org.cn/).

The Evolution of Educating for Sustainable Development in East Asia: A Bibliometric Review, 1991–2023

This systematic review addressed the need for documentation and analysis of the scope and topical foci of research on education for sustainable development (ESD) in East Asia. The review used descriptive, content, and keyword co-occurrence analyses to synthesize features of 1915 Scopus-indexed journal articles published between 1991 and 2023. The authors found that research interest in ESD in East Asia has grown rapidly, accelerated by the pronouncement of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development in 2005 and the Sustainability Agenda 2030 in 2015. Researchers in China, Malaysia, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, and Thailand have been the leading contributors to this regional knowledge base. Consistent with global ESD reviews, content analysis revealed that this literature emerged from studies of environmental education and gradually expanded to include sociocultural, economic, and integrated perspectives on sustainability. Keyword co-occurrence analysis revealed three thematic clusters: Environmental Sustainability in Education, Social Sustainability in Education, and Teaching and Learning for Sustainability. Temporal co-word analysis highlighted the research front, which includes environmental research focusing on carbon/energy issues, technology-enhanced learning for sustainability, empirical research methods for studying ESD, and, to a lesser degree, studies of the economic pillar of sustainability in education. Recommendations are offered for future research.

Exploring the Impact of ChatGPT on Scientific Research: Assessing Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats

ChatGPT’s adaptability spans various fields, notably scientific research. This research investigates the transformative possibilities of incorporating ChatGPT into scientific enquiry, employing a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis to examine its merits and drawbacks. The analysis highlights the model’s strengths, encompassing an extensive knowledge base, linguistic proficiency, information-retrieval capabilities, and continuous learning capacity. Conversely, it uncovers weaknesses such as a lack of contextual comprehension, potential dependence on training data, limitations in information verification, and constrained critical thinking abilities. Amidst these considerations, opportunities emerge, including support for literature reviews, fostering collaborative ideation, facilitating seamless language translation, interpretation, and enhancing knowledge dissemination. However, a range of threats looms, encompassing concerns about plagiarism, ethical dilemmas, the dissemination of misinformation, and the potential erosion of higher-order cognitive skills. These multifaceted elements warrant comprehensive examination. Recommendations for researchers incorporating ChatGPT advocate for a balanced approach that harmonises artificial intelligence with human creativity to maintain research integrity. The potential of ChatGPT to reshape scientific exploration hinges on judicious use and ongoing oversight.

Nursing Interventions in A Diabetic Patient with Urinary Tract Infection and Renal Complication

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common condition caused by the entry of bacteria or other infectious agents into the urinary system. If not properly treated, it can lead to serious renal complications, such as pyelonephritis, a bacterial infection of the kidneys that can cause permanent damage and even kidney failure. This case study focused on the careful application of nursing interventions used to successfully manage the care of a geriatric female patient with diabetes mellitus and urinary tract infections. Through thorough research and analysis of the data collected, an effective treatment approach to address UTIs was developed. During the initial phase of this study, specific patient-related data were collected, taking into account the unique risk factors that affect older women, such as menopause, and hormonal changes that may predispose to UTI. These data were used as the basis for designing evidence-based personalized care interventions. Patient-centered care proved to be highly beneficial; significant improvements in her overall health and well-being were observed. Preventive measures to reduce recurrence of UTIs were implemented through a multidisciplinary approach involving physicians, nurses, and nutritionists. It is critical to emphasize that this experience provided a valuable knowledge base that can be extrapolated to the care of other older women who will face similar problems. The integration of personalized, evidence-based strategies in the care of geriatric patients with diabetes and urinary tract infection problems is essential to improve their quality of life and reduce long-term complications.

Teaching linguistics through language construction: A case study

For many students, introductory courses in linguistics prove somewhat disappointing. They often enroll in such courses because of a love of language – what some have called the “magic of language” – and instead are faced with the (perceived) dull and dry scientific study of language. There is, as a result, a need to explore more effective ways of “teaching linguistics to non-linguists.” In this article, a case study of one pedagogical approach to accomplish this will be presented: the use of language construction as a means of introducing students to basic linguistic knowledge and understanding. We begin with an overview of the nature and history of interlinguistics (the study of planned languages), and then turn to recent examples of the creation of constructed languages (conlangs) in popular culture before discussing the use of language construction activities to introduce students to the study of linguistics.

A Summarized and Complete Review on Hypertension: Focusing the Audience of Diploma Pharmacy for Basic Understanding

Hypertension (HTN) commonly known as high blood pressure has become one of the most detrimental and life-threatening condition for public health. High blood pressure does not merely affect the heart muscles, but it is also a root cause of multiple dysfunctions of other systems. Untreated blood pressure can cause cardiac problems, ischemic conditions, stroke, renal difficulties, and optic nerve damage. One of the most problematic cause is “silent killer” which means high blood pressure demolishes and worsens the health of the affected person without showing any symptoms till the blood pressure reaches too high. HTN is a life-threatening problem that can be controlled and managed by medicinal or herbal products. This review contains the background, etiology, pathophysiology, and current treatments for high blood pressure. This review aims to deliver basic knowledge or understanding of HTN and management by using drug products with their mechanism of action.

Approach Based on the Ordered Fuzzy Decision Making System Dedicated to Supplier Evaluation in Supply Chain Management.

The selection of suppliers represents a pivotal aspect of supply chain management and has a considerable impact on the success and competitiveness of the organization in question. The selection of a suitable supplier is a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problem based on a number of qualitative, quantitative, and even conflicting criteria. The aim of this paper is to propose a novel MCDM approach dedicated to the supplier evaluation problem using an ordered fuzzy decision making system. This study uses a fuzzy inference system based on IF-THEN rules with ordered fuzzy numbers (OFNs). The approach employs the concept of OFNs to account for potential uncertainty and subjectivity in the decision making process, and it also takes into account the trends of changes in assessment values and entropy in the final supplier evaluation. This paper's principal contribution is the development of a knowledge base and the demonstration of its application in an ordered fuzzy expert system for multi-criteria supplier evaluation in a dynamic and uncertain environment. The proposed system takes into account the dynamic changes in the value of assessment parameters in the overall supplier assessment, allowing for the differentiation of suppliers based on current and historical data. The utilization of OFNs in a fuzzy model then allows for a reduction in the complexity of the knowledge base in comparison to a classical fuzzy system and makes it more accessible to users, as it requires only basic arithmetic operations in the inference process. This paper presents a comprehensive framework for the assessment of suppliers against a range of criteria, including local hiring, completeness, and defect factors. Furthermore, the potential to integrate sustainability and ESG (environmental, social, and corporate governance) criteria in the assessment process adds value to the decision making framework by adapting to current trends in supply chain management.

Strategies for Enhancing Legal Application Skills among College Students

In modern society, improving legal application abilities is crucial to college students' personal development and career planning. With the progress of society and the continuous changes in the country's legal application environment, college students, as the main force leading social changes, need to improve their legal application capabilities to solve many legal problems that arise in social development and promote the country's legal environment and rule of law. Capacity building. Improving the legal application ability of college students is an urgent requirement for building a socialist society ruled by law and an inevitable requirement for implementing the basic strategy of governing the country according to law. The current actual situation is that college students have low legal application ability and there are some problems, mainly lack of legal knowledge, weak legal awareness, and lack of legal practical experience. In today's era, except for professional law students, the legal studies of ordinary college students are mainly concentrated in the political field, and they only learn some simple basic legal knowledge. In the learning process, they pay too much attention to theoretical knowledge, lack practical application capabilities, and lack of practical experience, which makes them Insufficient ability to understand and apply legal knowledge. This article mainly discusses the legal application ability of ordinary college students other than law students. By analyzing the reasons for the problems in college students' legal application ability, it proposes corresponding strategies: First, improve classroom teaching links and optimize legal education content. The second is to establish scientific training concepts and strengthen the cultivation of practical experience. The third is to create a three-dimensional training environment and enhance the cultivation of legal awareness. The fourth is to construct effective practice links and cultivate college students’ legal application abilities. Through the above-mentioned strategies, we can improve the legal application ability of college students, so that they will pay more and more attention to and become accustomed to resolving disputes through legitimate legal channels and protect their legitimate rights and interests. At the same time, they can also contribute to the progress of society and the construction of the rule of law in the country. Make a contribution.

Mutation of a highly conserved isoleucine residue in loop 2 of several β-coronavirus macrodomains indicates that enhanced ADP-ribose binding is detrimental for replication.

The conserved coronavirus (CoV) macrodomain (Mac1) counters the activity of host ADP-ribosyltransferases and is critical for CoV replication and pathogenesis. As such, Mac1 is a potential therapeutic target for CoV-induced disease. However, we lack a basic knowledge of how several residues in its ADP-ribose binding pocket contribute to its biochemical and virological functions. We engineered mutations into two highly conserved residues in the ADP-ribose binding pocket of Mac1, both as recombinant proteins and viruses for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Interestingly, a Mac1 isoleucine-to-alanine mutant protein had enhanced ADP-ribose binding which proved to be detrimental for virus replication, indicating that this isoleucine controls ADP-ribose binding and is beneficial for virus replication and pathogenesis. These results provide unique insight into how macrodomains control ADP-ribose binding and will be critical for the development of novel inhibitors targeting Mac1 that could be used to treat CoV-induced disease.

SEAs for seas: Strategic environmental assessment for more strategic and environmentally-oriented marine spatial planning processes

The foreseen, and already ongoing, substantial increase in offshore renewable energy and corresponding infrastructures urges policymakers and scholars to carefully consider corresponding long-term environmental effects on the marine environment. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is becoming a standard tool for Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) processes for enabling planners to develop more sustainable marine spatial plans. To explore how SEA can contribute to a more strategic and environmentally-oriented MSP practice, four SEA processes from four North Sea countries are examined, building on available SEA documents and semi-structured interviews. The results show that SEAs for MSP can take an exploratory or appraisal-oriented approach. Adopting an exploratory approach can open up comparatively more opportunities for SEA to contribute to MSP than an adopting an appraisal-oriented approach, but it requires an early initiation of the SEA within the larger planning process. Still, it does not imply that there is one single best method. Rather, the institutional context establishes the conditions for SEA processes to contribute to MSP practice. Particularly, the political pressures and prior sectoral policymaking for offshore renewable energy restrict what can be included in the scope of an SEA. Also, the limited knowledge on the larger dynamics of the marine environment complicate the assessment of transboundary and cumulative effects. Therefore, as future research continues working towards a robust scientific knowledge base on the marine environment, it is crucial that scholars and policymakers collaborate on a structural basis to bridge the gap between science and policy implementation.

Exploring prompt pattern for generative artificial intelligence in automatic question generation

ABSTRACT The construction of questions is an essential component in educational assessment and student learning processes. However, manually constructing questions is a complex task that requires not only professional training, substantial experience, and extensive resources from teachers but is also time-consuming. This article introduces an Automatic Question Generation (AQG) technology based on a prompt pattern to alleviate this burden and address the ongoing need for new questions in education. The essence of this method lies in constructing a prompt pattern grounded on a collective knowledge base derived from teachers, thereby enhancing the quality of the questions produced. Practical applications and expert evaluations demonstrate that integrating a prompt pattern with a collective knowledge base into Large Language Models (LLMs) results in high-quality questions with statistically significant results. These questions not only meet educational standards but also approach the quality of manually constructed questions by teachers in certain aspects. Our research further emphasizes the feasibility of AI-teacher collaboration in education.