Knowledge-based Society Research Articles

A Comparative Study of Higher Education Governance in Greater China

During 1980, many Western countries launched public administration reforms. These reform waves also blew over to many Asian countries. With the advent of globalization and the rise of knowledgebased society, education and innovation are regarded as the driving forces behind social and economic growth and development. To enhance the national capacity, education reforms have also become common agendas among nation states since the 1980s. This paper aims at critically reviewing and comparing majorpolicies and strategies of the higher education reform adopted by the respective government in Greater China, including mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan and Singapore. The key research questions are why these countries attempted to reform their higher education and if these countries achieve the desired results and comply with good governance. In this paper, four areas, "Rule of Law," "Transparency," "Effectiveness," and "Accountability" are evaluated to examine how these selected cases’ governance in higher education have been implemented in the past 30 years.

Knowledge-based society and emerging disciplines: a correlation of academic performance

Purpose Digital libraries promote and accelerate scientific research in academic institutions. The subscribed database resources of digital libraries have become an increasingly valuable asset for researchers. Database resources help generate new ideas, determine research directions and promote productive academic interaction between teachers and students in the information age. The purpose of this study is to examine the use of electronic resources by students in various databases, the research productivity of the faculty in the science network and the number of students who graduate each year. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a quantitative method to collect secondary data from the central database of the Higher Education Commission (HEC) for the population of 26 universities for 2 years (2015–2016). In addition to the HEC digital library, data was also collected from the Web of Science to determine the quality academic performance of faculty and researchers. Moreover, in the study, the total strength of teaching staff and doctoral faculty was extracted from the HEC website for investigation. The authors applied the Spearman’s correlation test to the secondary data using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25. Findings The correlation results of the enrolled students and the downloaded papers from various databases were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). However, the result showed a positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the use of selected/known databases from a number of databases accessed by the HEC. More importantly, it turns out that the faculty’s productivity in the scientific network and the number of students who graduated from public and private universities are found to be insignificant (p > 0.05). However, the authors found a positive correlation (p < 0.05) between doctoral and non-doctoral faculties, which show that a significant number of non-doctoral faculties are still actively involved in teaching and research. Originality/value Research based on academic activities by faculties and students, performed for the first time on the basis of secondary data, will help the HEC and university management to determine the right direction and develop plans to improve academic performance and research quality.

THEORIES AND ANTECEDENTS OF KNOWLEDGE SHARING BEHAVIOUR IN VIRTUAL COMMUNITY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Virtual Community (VC) is regarded as the best platform for professionals in various fields to share their expertise and knowledge. Since the escalation of web 2.0 and the internet within the last decade and the booming interest in big data and expansion of industry 4.0, VC is deemed as an ideal proxy for practitioners to share and earned instant knowledge that can be implemented within business activities and day to day application. Despite this emerging interest, there has been no comprehensive study on the overall antecedents of KS in VC. Applying for a systematic review, a total of 68 relevant articles that discusses knowledge sharing (KS) via VC are evaluated. Several central themes of theories applied in this field within the literature are discussed on its importance and relevance. Important antecedents are also reviewed on its practicality and implementation in understanding the role of KS in VC. The implication of this review would benefit stakeholders in maintaining the sustainability of VC as the platform for a knowledge-based society.

Theorizing the Triple Helix model: Past, present, and future

The Triple Helix of university-industry-government interactions, highlighting the enhanced role of the university in the transition from industrial to knowledge-based society, has become widespread in innovation and entrepreneurship studies. We analyze classic literature and recent research, shedding light on the theoretical development of a model that has engendered controversy for being simultaneously analytical and normative, theoretical, practical and policy-relevant. We identify lacunae and suggest future analytical trajectories for theoretical development of the Triple Helix model. The explanatory power of Triple Helix has been strengthened by integrating various social science concepts, e.g. Simmel’s triad, Schumpeter’s organizational entrepreneur, institutional logics and social networks, into its framework. As scholars and practitioners from various disciplinary and inter-disciplinary research fields, e.g. artificial intelligence, political theory, sociology, professional ethics, higher education, regional geography and organizational behavior join Triple Helix studies or find their perspectives integrated, new directions appear for Triple Helix research.

Roadmap to digitalisation of an emerging economy: a viewpoint

PurposeThis paper posits a critical analysis of digitalisation initiatives of emerging economies with a focus on India. It suggests granular policy measures towards realising the dream of a competitive, empowered and knowledge-based society. To this extent, the paper juxtaposes and compares policy measures undertaken by several governments to facilitate digitalisation in their country. The policy measures embarked upon have been critically analysed in terms of their relevance, challenges for their implementation and adoption at the back of the prevailing social and economic fabric of the country. At the same time, attempts have been made to benchmark it against the best practice standards weighed in by the industry studies. The paper has also laid down a robust agenda for future research that can be replicated for any country.Design/methodology/approachThis is a viewpoint study based upon public data and documentary sources within India as well as publications of several countries and international agencies. Research projects of numerous multinational companies working in the area of digitalisation has been accessed and analysed as well in the study.FindingsThe findings of this study have policy implications for governments in several emerging economies who have embarked on the path of digitising their economy with the larger objectives of reaping its larger benefits but have to deal with the challenges of inadequate resources to create an effective ecosystem to facilitate such a transition.Originality/valueThe study highlights the implications of challenges of gaps of physical and socioeconomic infrastructure in driving digitalisation, highlighting granular policy measures for public managers and policy makers to address them.

University IT infrastructure in the context of evolutionary transformations of the digital economy

Education faces a new barrier - digital, which needs to be taken that to continue its evolutionary path of qualitative changes in the system and the entire educational environment. Universities solve problems of IT infrastructure renewal, educational technologies, integration of all components of infrastructure. For a knowledge-based society, motivation of students and employees of companies, employees of organizations to professional self-development is important. There is a need to build the evolutionary capacity of universities, teachers and students. Self-development of the future specialist is the base, the way of its self-regulation in the future professional community, the possibility to reveal the personal and creative potential, both in team and autonomous work. The information and educational infrastructure of the university forms competences, personal qualities of the student. It's necessary to carry out a systematic analysis of the goals, opportunities, ways of updating the information and educational environment as an innovative environment, combining resources, tools, methodologies of solving problems, in particular, and the management of the educational process. The trained, creative, creative and competent experts who will be able to realize the personal adaptive strategy of creative activity are needed. The article contains a systematic analysis, describes system-synergistic goals and approaches for the development of university infrastructure, strategic and tactical goals of universities, one of the main participants of digital transformations of the modern economy. Most attention is paid to scientific-methodological, information-logical support of the training process, situational modeling and decision-making.

How to Retain Global Talent? Economic and Social Integration of Chinese Students in Finland

Global talent is the key resource for today’s knowledge-based society and sustainable economic development, and an increasing number of countries are aiming to not only train but also to retain international students as a potential supply of highly skilled labor in innovative fields. This article explores ways to retain international students as global talent through an empirical study on mainland Chinese students’ integration into Finland as an example. Based on data obtained through semi-structured interviews with 30 Chinese students, this research identified a number of individual and societal factors that contribute to their difficulties with economic and social integration. The findings demonstrate the complexities of the language barrier faced by Chinese students in non-Anglophone country contexts, and the important interplay between students’ social and economic integration. The host environment (nation-states and organizations) also plays a vital role in creating a more open and multicultural environment to enhance the capacity of such young people to integrate and innovate. This paper concludes with a number of proposals for individuals, organizations (including higher education institutions (HEIs), and nation-states to consider for innovating their policies and measures to better integrate global talent.

Fostering Sustainable Development through Shifting Toward Rural Areas and Digitalization—The Case of Romanian Universities

Educational institutions, especially universities, have been major pillars in societal transformation throughout society’s history. They have been leading change through their discoveries, research results, and foremost, their example. Nowadays, universities have once again taken the role of leading change in a world that is profoundly determined to have a sustainable approach to life, paying attention to the long-term effects of their actions. In this sense, under the impact of deep digitalization, this paper advocates for the sustainable development of universities regarding campuses’ expansion to rural areas. Moreover, it was demonstrated that sustainable development can be achieved by embracing the potential of digitalization. Based on a multicriteria analysis of the Romanian development regions, the research results showed that the rural area might be a welcoming environment for campuses of sustainable universities, based on digitalization at the level of the rural area in all activity fields, which is an initiative that would generate positive outcomes on many levels for different types of stakeholders, such as universities, students, staff, rural area population, and the nearby business environment. Future research aims to approach and explain the compounded effects of such an approach in depth and establish an even clearer picture of how beneficial such an expansion could prove to all factors considered under a knowledge-based society with digitized information as a vital pillar.

Quality higher education is the foundation of a knowledge society: where does the UAE stand?

ABSTRACT Since 1997, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has invested in higher education and its expansion as part of its commitment to building a knowledge-based society. Though the UAE has prioritised quality higher education, it still faces challenges in producing graduates who are capable of actively participating in building its knowledge base. The literature reveals a clear mismatch between the qualities of university graduates and continually changing labour market needs. Along with demographic challenges, cultural and institutional factors impede progress. This paper discusses these challenges and offers policy recommendations designed to support the UAE in its goal of Emiratisising its workforce and creating a knowledge-based society.

Dissolved oxygen dynamics in Ria Formosa Lagoon (South Portugal) - A real time monitoring station observatory

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is considered one of the most important environmental variables of water quality. This work aimed to provide, for the first time, insights regarding DO dynamics on a representative site of the productive Ria Formosa coastal lagoon, south Europe, using a real time monitoring station observatory (acquiring data every 15 min) deployed for a period of two and a half years. This comprehensive data set represents an added value contributing to a better understanding of the DO variability throughout analyzing semidiurnal, daily, fortnightly tidal cycles (spring tide vs. neap tide), seasonal and interannual periods. This observational station was able to capture distinct temporal signatures, including episodic upwelling and meteorological events advancing the knowledge about the functioning of Ria Formosa. DO was highly variable presenting an evident seasonal distribution with the maximum concentration in spring and the minimum in summer night periods. Critical values <5 mg/L were recorded only in 3% of the global data set with negligible hypoxia events, showing infrequent DO stressful conditions in the study area. In addition, the disclosure of its diel dynamics over long periods, provided by this data set, allows to determine the impact of biological activity upon the DO variability and related ecosystem metabolism behavior (autotrophic vs. heterotrophic), through the metric estimation of Net Ecosystem Metabolism (NEM). NEM in the study area revealed to be slightly heterotrophic along one year of observation, reflecting the median percentage of DO saturation (93%). The acquired data set is highly valuable and can contribute to Ria Formosa management and protection, which is imperative for building knowledge-based societies.

MOTIVATIONAL MECHANISMS ON TEACHERS’ INNOVATIVE BEHAVIOUR - A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW APPROACH

Individual innovative behaviour is needed for the creation and implementation of new ideas to benefit role performance. The current expectations of the knowledge-based society underlie the demand for innovative workforce, and undoubtedly for teachers. However, research on teachers’ innovative behaviour and which motivational mechanisms influence this behaviour, especially in the education sphere, has not been adequately studied. Thus, in this systematic literature review, through the use of various search engines, 44 relevant works of literature published from 2009 to 2019 were extracted. Three main motivational mechanisms have been identified to play a significant role in triggering individual innovative behaviour in an educational system. The motivational mechanisms are intrinsic motivation, creative self-efficacy, and prosocial motivation. Based on this literature review, we recommend more empirical studies to support the findings of this study.

LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

All the organizations of the contemporary society require professional management. Special challenges are to be faced by public organizations which – because of their public mission – are obliged to take care of the common good. Proper management of public sector organizations by leaders with leadership qualities determine the level of public value attained by the very organizations. In the era of knowledge-based society, the rudimentary role of leadership is to achieve high standards by the organizations in the area of knowledge acquisition, knowledge sharing, implementation of innovative solutions and the ability to adapt to fast changing environment. Leadership is also about creating corporate cultural identity – a significant link between corporate mission and its human resources so as to develop the best possible standards of providing public services to inhabitants of the set community.

Education and Ignorance: Between the Noun of Knowledge and the Verb of Thinking

In this paper we look at the relations between knowledge and thinking through the lens of ignorance. In relation to knowledge, ignorance becomes its “constitutive outside,” and as such it may be politically organised in order to delimit the borders of the right to knowledge [the “ignorance economy,” see Roberts and Armitage (Prometheus 26 (4): 335–354, 2008)]. In this light, the notion of a knowledge-based society should be understood as a society structured along the lines of knowledge distribution: the rights of possession of and access to knowledge demand that ignorance is planned and executed as the condition of their establishment. In relation to thinking, ignorance appears differently. According to Rancière, the teacher's ignorance conditions the student's appearance as Anthropos, a being who can be asked: what do you think about it? Hence, we are dealing with the ambiguity of ignorance which seems to be both the criterion of social exclusion, and the condition of emancipation. Following this thread with reference to Heidegger's discourse on thinking, we would like to explore the possibility of comprehending knowledge and education beyond the relations of ownership and demands of productivity. Following Rancière, we may say that thinking—as displacing the notion of ignorance—stands in the position of “politics” and questions the ways knowledge societies are structured as “police orders” along the lines of knowledge possession and exclusion.

Innovation as an Initiator of Economic Development

Science and technology are the main drivers and key factors of economic and social development. There is increasing talk of a knowledge-based society and economy based on creativity and innovation. Therefore, technology transfer is seen as the development, transfer and acquisition of new knowledge, techniques, technologies and the basis for technological advancement. In the innovation literature, one can most often find that innovations create something new in order to meet certain needs for which there is market demand. However, I think this needs to change, especially in young people's views. Namely, it has long been known in marketing theory that it is defined that people's needs are created, not that the needs of consumers are addressed, so that the market meets their needs. Kotler made it clear that it was best to create and impose the product on consumers as a need on the first level of Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs. Authors Montonen and Erikson presented a new way of teaching and learning about innovation, through work that was prepared as a case study for six years, with a focus on the product-oriented industry. From this perspective, the main task of teaching and learning about innovation is to provide hands-on competence, based on understanding how and with whom it should be done, what types of activities, tasks and routines to perform, what are the bold moves, emotions, knowledge , competencies, norms and values ​​embraced by innovation. This paper will outline the theoretical bases on innovation, will outline basic typologies of innovation, sources of ideas as potential drivers of change, and the importance of innovation in the economic development of a country. Innovation is the basis of advancement and the driving force behind the development of every economic area in one country. When looking at the typologies listed above, it can be concluded that the basis of innovation and sources of innovation can be all aspects of the business of one company, and that innovation is "born" not only in the RiD department but also in other organizational units. Certainly it is necessary to distinguish creativity from innovation, though new innovations are born through the process of idea creation. Ideas sources can be customers, distribution channels, and existing products and services. Innovation learning needs to be changed, from a theoretical point of view, to focus on practical competencies, which are based on an understanding of how innovation should be put into practice. Of course, the theoretical and scientific basis must not be neglected, but it is imperative that the emphasis of the study be shifted from the theoretical point of view to the involvement of young people in practical examples that frame the required knowledge of innovative endeavors.

Is Emotional Intelligence an essential element in global learning environment to become socially responsible innovators?

Emotional intelligence in its basic sense is defined as the term representing the ability of an individual to understand his/her own emotions as well as others. 21st century is considered globally as knowledge-based society by eminent scholars, policy makers, stake holders etc, the question still remains unanswered is 1. Have we achieved 100% literacy rate globally? 2. Is there a sustainable development in global Economy? 3. Is there an Economic and Social narrow down between developed and developing nations of the world in terms of Education, Health, Industrialization? The inventions in 20th century contributed to a large extent providing material comfort to both developed and developing nations without addressing the emotional well-being of its citizens the core constituents of human capital. Therefore, the present-day global learning environment is expected to refine the emotional intelligence trait of teachers, the key players in shaping the society to a well-equipped emotionally successful global innovator.

Structural Equation Modeling of Factors Affecting Rural Knowledge-Based Realization (Case Study: Dekhkoda Village of Hamidieh County)

Purpose: Today, many scholars believe that accelerating the exchange of knowledge and information with emphasis on the central role of knowledge and science is crucial to achieve comprehensive development. In fact, a knowledge-based society is recognized as a paradigm for development. Investing in knowledge-based foundations in the rural areas can also lead the rural community towards the future and play a role in national and international arenas. The purpose of this study is to model structural equations affecting knowledge-based realization in Dehkhoda Village in Hamidieh County. Design/methodology/approach: The design of this study is of applied-theoretical type and adopts a descriptive-analytical research method. Research data were also extracted from library resources and field surveys. For this purpose, by visiting statistical centers and exploring through statistics, a comprehensive dataset was compiled for the research along with a self-administered questionnaire. The population of this study were the residents of Dehkhoda Village inhabiting permanently in this village in 2018 (n=1980). Of this statistical population, a sample size of n=321 was selected using Cochran formula for rural community. Pearson correlation coefficient, single sample T, multivariate regression and path analysis were used to analyze the data and test hypotheses. These tests were performed using SPSS.22 and Amos software. Findings: The results suggested that information and communication technology (ICT), education, management, government agencies and NGOs (as independent variables) were positively and directly related to knowledge-based realization (as dependent variable) in Dehkhoda Village. SEM indicators also exhibited that the model developed in this study is backed up by the research data, with all indicators confirming the utility of the SEM. According to the results of research, it can be argued that public satisfaction with management indicators, government and non-governmental organizations is higher than average, whereas satisfaction with ICT and education is lower than average. Practical implications: Rural knowledge-centeredness requires decentralization, reduction in government tenure, the reinforcement of voluntary and non-voluntary public institutions in villages, the modification of rural management laws and regulations to create and integrate rural management system, the assignment of a large portion of the government's executive duties and responsibilities to rural sheriffdom, and the transfer of facilities and financial resources to it.

Slavistika na Univerzi v Gradcu in slovenski doktorji filozofije 1870–1919

From the establishment of the first professorship in Slavic philology in 1870 and the second (with a special emphasis on Slovenian language and literature) in 1896, to the vacating of these positions after the First World War, the following Slovenian professors taught at the University of Graz: Gregor Krek (1867–1902), Vatroslav Oblak (1892–1896), Karel Štrekelj (1896–1912), Matija Murko (1902–1917) and Rajko Nahtigal (1913–1919). However, after specialising in Slavic philology, only three Slovenians earned a doctorate with a dissertation in linguistics: Jakob Sket, Anton Breznik and Fran Ramovš. Among the younger PhD holders, only Ramovš pursued an academic career, while the professional and research activity of Sket and Breznik evolved in parallel with their careers as high school teachers. Even though they lived at different times and in different social and cultural conditions, they shared an awareness of the exceptional importance of education and the development of science in one’s own language for the individual’s cultural growth and the cultural advancement of the entire community. The Slovenians who had earned their doctorates in Graz and elsewhere around 1900 matured professionally to such an extent that after the establishment of Yugoslavia in 1918, they were able to vigorously advocate the establishment of the first Slovenian university. In the long term, this university irreversibly improved the Slovenian educational landscape, opening a path to a modern knowledge-based society.

Tuatara

Since the era dominated by industrial production to the knowledge-based society, the traditional way of choosing leaders has been to change the development of non-traditional leadership skills. In addition to the traditional leadership virtues, taking into account the previously unconventional skills have become extremely important in selecting leaders in a modern army. Future challenges can only be tackled by adaptive organizations in which individuals have to make much more autonomous decisions, to adapt to the ever-changing environment that management needs to take into account and support. The generals of the future have to form a strategy in a complex environment, they have to learn how to apply a comprehensive approach, when they have to cooperate with different types of professionals and participants in the possession of visionary, operative and bridge building skills – and this is not easy because different roles require different waysof thinking.&#x0D; In history, we find examples of such leaders, which in our time are becoming alive, because if organizations are not ready to find rapid answers to the challenges, if their decision-making processes are overwhelmed, no hopeful success is expected. Deeply embedded, centralized command and control in the armed forces is not an appropriate response to extremely complex asymmetric situations, especially when facing critical challenges that require immediate decisions.&#x0D; Leadership is not the same as power. Non-traditional leaders need to have followers, associates who support their idea and achieve a degree of freedom. A good example of acquiring the necessary learning and adaptation skills in this worldis the convincing example of the success of tuatara, a real living fossil, of evolutionary survival.

The Third Mission of Universities: The Entrepreneurial University

This article aims to analyze the productions in scientific journals of international bases, in English, Portuguese or Spanish, about entrepreneurial university and third mission, focusing on the productions of Brazilian authors, through a systematic search of the literature. For that, we use the SSF - Systematic Search Flow method, which is applied in systematic and integrative reviews. An enterprising university, committed to the development of its region, is the key factor in achieving regional innovation, a key institution in knowledge-based societies. In the age of knowledge, the university is as important as industry and government; fundamental for the development of knowledge and innovation. As a result, we identified research challenges and opportunities, contributing to the construction of a panorama of Brazilian scientific production in international journals on the themes entrepreneurial university and third mission.

ТРАНСВЕРСАЛЬНОСТЬ: ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ТЕРМИНА ЧЕРЕЗ ПРИЗМУ КОРПУСОВ И ДРУГИХ КОНТЕКСТОВ

The problem of expanding research vocabulary in a particular area is related to the emergence and development of concepts and terms that receive precise explication for transmitting new knowledge through definitions. The paper attempts to trace the evolution of the term ‘transversality’ from the limited mathematical contexts of the 19th century, when the term was solely associated with spatial intersections, to its recent extension to other types of human activity; accordingly, the research focus is upon the changes in connotations. The paper shows how the lexical phenomenon has acquired its particular popularity and became frequently used in the educational space, including in the multi-layered market of educational services, where the last decade introduced the terms ‘transversal skills’ and ‘transversal competence’, both referring to qualitative characteristics of individual skills that are in demand in today’s knowledge-based society: leadership, confidence, time-management, problem-solving ability, flexibility, adaptability, strategic and innovative thinking, etc. To clarify the meaning of the term ‘transversal skills’ and for the subsequent interpretation of the data obtained, the author uses two relevant sources: firstly, these are the contexts and instruments of modern corpus linguistics (the Wikipedia Corpus, the 14 Billion Word iWeb Corpus); secondly, a number of relevant contexts taken from European educational documents and EU project reports. Taken together, these sources allow us to give a broad picture of the new terminological phenomenon in today’s educational environment. In this connection, the linguistic corpora are used both as a language resource and as a research instrument and method. The study of the term, its emergence and development leads us to a conclusion that the boundaries of the request for the new terminological phenomenon have expanded. The received data, on the one hand, help to develop a uniform understanding, i. e. adequate perception and use of the term ‘transversal skills’, for the concerned parties the field of modern education, educational policy and the labor market. On the other hand, the study reveals the need for further discussion on standardization in terminological lexicography, which would provide effective communication and conscious collaboration of educators with many parties interested worldwide.