Process Of Knowledge Accumulation Research Articles

Technology transfer for COVID-19 vaccine in the Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals (Bio-Manguinhos), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation.

Innovation is an essential element for development and growth, but it consists of a long process of knowledge accumulation, so technology transfer is used to accelerate this process. This study mapped the particularities of the technology transfer process for the COVID-19 vaccine between AstraZeneca and the Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals (Bio-Manguinhos), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, and identified enablers, obstacles, and gaps. Our analysis investigated the process from selection of the most suitable partner to incorporation of the new technology based on a comprehensive literature review on this topic, combined with a case study. The results showed that, although many actions still have to be performed to maximize technology capacity gains, the lessons learned from the technology transfer process will be used in future and ongoing agreements.

Artificial Intelligence Adoption: a Pluralistic Process of Knowledge Accumulation

Artificial Intelligence Adoption: a Pluralistic Process of Knowledge Accumulation

The emergence of affordances of artifacts as a process of knowledge accumulation (on the example of weapons)

Aim to determine the typology of weapons and to substantiate the need to assess the degree of destructive impact of the affordances of artifacts used as weapons on the surrounding objects and society as a whole. The Michael Cole's theory was used as the methodological basis of the study, which has a great applicative potential and allows you to give an object a comprehensive description. An "artifact" is a material man-made object produced in the process of creative transformation and intended for a specific purpose. The term "affordance", introduced by James Gibson, is interpreted as a "potential opportunity" for a detailed analysis of all possible options for the use of an artefact, depending on the person's current intentions. The author considers the process of active cognitive activity of the subject resulting in the invention of new functions of material objects from the standpoint of epistemological realism. The existing classification of weapons, from the point of view of the process of meaning formation, does not fully reveal all the features of its creation and functions laid down at the stages of design and production. The article presents the original typology of weapons based on the analysis of the stages of the evolution of mankind, the change in scientific representation of the world and the types of scientific rationality. The strict legislative regulation of the trade, production, acquisition, carrying and use of certain types of weapons pushes people, in cases of a threat to their life and health, to use ordinary household items as means of protection. Under these conditions, there is a need to revise existing approaches and methods for examination and evaluation of artefacts created by people that allow their use as a weapon.

Seeking anonymity on the Internet: The knowledge accumulation process and global usage of the Tor network

The Onion Router (Tor) network is one of the most prominent technologies for accessing online resources while preserving anonymity. Effectively employing the technology is not a trivial process and involves the following steps: (1) motivated by needs, (2) becoming aware of and learning the technology, and (3) realizing desired purposes by usage. Using country-level panel data, this study examines the knowledge accumulation process through which motivated users eventually employ Tor. The results suggest that Tor is often searched in less free countries for censorship circumvention, while it is employed for Dark Web activities in more free countries. There is also an indirect relationship between being aware of the technology and its usage through how-to knowledge accumulation. This study is the first attempt to understand the role of knowledge accumulation in the global usage of Tor. The findings provide insights into the worldwide concerns of online privacy and Dark Web regulation.

Информационно-коммуникационные технологии как ключевой фактор конкурентного преимущества Узбекистана

This article is devoted to the definition of the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) as a source of competitive advantage and a factor of increasing the competitiveness of the economies of developing countries in the framework of the proceedings of the scientific school of competitiveness. Where the results of the study show that ICTs can be a source of constant innovation, allow optimizing the processes of knowledge accumulation, while the production of goods and services in the field of ICT provides a significant increase in value in the production chain. The main goal should be the development of ICT in Uzbekistan, including affordable high-speed Internet.

Inner drives: Is the future of marketing communications more sustainable when using backcasting?

In 2018 a marketing communications firm decided to do a participatory backcasting project involving all their local members of staff to see what the future might bring in marketing communications. The exercise led to a unique knowledge accumulation process that has substantial research relevance. Unintentionally, this backcasting revolved around the role of marketing communications in transforming business to an ecologically sustainable and socially just modus operandi. While presenting the results of this action research, on the one hand this paper aims to provide inputs to reorienting marketing communications from its undignified status in sustainability efforts to something that supports sustainability transitions in society. On the other hand, it aims to contribute to the methodological discourses on backcasting. While it has been long established that backcasting is an adequate tool to address sustainability issues, this project suggests that participatory backcasting as a methodological framework has its own inner drives that lead to responsible and sustainable mind-sets even without such framings. These inner drives may have to do with the nature of utopian thinking, and the psychological safety and intellectual independence it provides.

Knowing new managerial directions: the role of AIS

Purpose This paper aims to better understand how an accounting information system (AIS), working as a multidimensional knowledge object, engages users in a new round of knowledge development which allows them to explore new managerial directions. Drawing on the concept of the knowledge object and the knowing in practice perspective, this study considers the relationships between subjects and objects in the explication of accounting practice, underlining how AIS could become a knowledge object that can assume a variety of forms, starting from such contradictions emerging from practice. Design/methodology/approach Theoretical argumentations are applied to a case study at a global logistics provider in the South of Italy, which manages the supply chain from origin to destination, offering a multitude of services in the transport and distribution sector. Findings The case study shows that the process of knowledge accumulation promotes the mutation of AIS into a knowledge object that, in its variety of forms, allows managers to explore new managerial directions such as the reorganization of warehouse activities. Originality/value The paper seeks to enrich the interpretation of AIS as a multidimensional knowledge object becoming a catalyst of new managerial directions through knowing. That helps to understand the role of accounting tools as a social practice supporting decision-making and how accounting systems’ openness and questioning nature makes them objects of enquiry able to support the identification of new managerial directions and lead the AIS to continually explode and mutate into something else.

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ЗМІН У СЕКТОРАЛЬНІЙ СТРУКТУРІ ЕКОНОМІКИ УКРАЇНИ

Theoretical and practical aspects of structural changes in the economy are the subject of scientific research by a large number of both foreign and domestic scientists. The theory of three sectors became a new methodological approach to the analysis of the structure of the economy. The process of modeling changes in the sectoral structure of the economy makes it possible to create such conditions that would facilitate Ukraine’s transition to an innovative model of development. The article simulates changes in the sectoral structure of the economy on the basis of the Cobb-Douglas production function. It is emphasized that changes in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of Ukraine’s economy should ensure the formation of an innovative model of its development. The evolution of the interpretation of the concept of «Solow balance» is highlighted. It is substantiated that the «Solow balance» contains an innovative component, so it is advisable to take it into account in the process of modeling changes in the sectoral structure. The «Solow balance» is calculated on the basis of initial data on the value of fixed assets, the number of employed population and the amount of value added in terms of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the Ukrainian economy. The relationship between the level of the indicator in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy is considered. It has been proven that the primary sector of the economy is the starting point for sustainable economic growth, as it is the basis of the supply chain for the secondary sector, and also acts as an intermediate consumer of services in the tertiary sector. At the same time, changes in the «Solow balance» in one sector of the economy will provide a gradual change in the relevant indicators for other sectors not simultaneously, but over a period of time. Given that the «Solow balance» contains an innovative component, its increase involves the use of drivers of innovative development, which launch and intensify the processes of knowledge accumulation, innovation and their commercialization. Based on the developed model, it is substantiated that the increase of the «Solow balance» in the target sector is possible due to the increase in the share of intermediate consumption of services-drivers of innovative development.

How to Accumulate Empirical Engineering Knowledge in the Complex Problem-Solving Process for Novice Engineers

Complex problem solving is recognized as an important resource of empirical knowledge accumulation. Learners can acquire and consolidate their empirical knowledge based on practical experience in the complex problem solving. Although many studies on complex problem solving have documented the effects of problem solving on knowledge accumulation, few have addressed the detailed process of empirical knowledge accumulation in the complex problem solving. The purpose of this study is to explore the process of novices' empirical knowledge accumulation in solving complex problem. A multi-stage experiment based on a real-world engineering problem is presented in the study. By means of analysis of the difference between novice and experts, a novel concept of “inflection point” and a novel “four period novices' empirical knowledge accumulation curve” are presented, which can be used to explain the novices' empirical knowledge accumulation process in solving complex problem.

Understanding the process of knowledge accumulation and entrepreneurial learning in startups

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the process of how entrepreneurs learn. The study uses longitudinal data on about 5,000 startups and presents evidence that entrepreneurial learning happens rapidly in the initial years of setting up a business, before settling down to a steady-state phase. The data show that entrepreneurs assign a higher weight, around 30%, to market signals in early years and with time this weight declines to about 16% in the sixth year, when prior information gains more bearing in decision-making. Specifically, the study substantiates the claim of existing theories and argues that over time, entrepreneurs learn to maintain the delicate balance between prior learning and new information from the market. Furthermore, results also indicate the presence of learning heterogeneity across entrepreneurs, possibly explaining the need for diversity in assistance programmes to meet the requirements of startups.

A structured MPA approach to explore technological core competence, knowledge flow, and technology development through social network patentometrics

Purpose This study aims to propose a methodology by integrating three approaches, namely, internal core technology, external knowledge flow and industrial technology development to help companies improve their decision-making quality for technology planning and enhance their research and development (R&D) portfolio efficiency. Design/methodology/approach The primary focus of this study is thin-film solar technology and patent data is retrieved from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) database. This study presents a methodology based on the proposed integrated analysis method, constructed with patent indicators, centrality analysis of social networks and main path analysis. Findings The results of this study can be itemized as – the core technological competency: companies involved in two specific technology fields have lower strength in R&D portfolio than leading companies with single-core technology. Knowledge flow: most companies in a network are knowledge producers/absorbers and technological development: diverse source and sink nodes were identified in the global main path during 1997-2003, 2004-2010 and 2011-2017. Research limitations/implications Latecomer companies can emulate leaders’ innovation and enhance their technological competence to seek niche technology. Using the global main path, companies monitor outdated technologies that can be replaced by new technologies and aid to plan R&D strategy and implement appropriate strategic decisions avoiding path dependency. Originality/value The knowledge accumulation process helps in identifying the change of position and the role of companies; understanding the trend of industrial technology knowledge helps companies to develop new technology and direct strategic decisions. The novelty of this research lies in the integrated approach of three methods aiding industries to find their internal core technical competencies and identify the external position in the competitive market.

How long does it take to discover a species?

The description of a new species is a key step in cataloguing the World’s flora. However, this is only a preliminary stage in a long process of understanding what that species represents. We investigated how long the species discovery process takes by focusing on three key stages: 1, the collection of the first specimen; 2, the publication of the species name; and 3, the date when a minimum number of 15 accurately named specimens are available. We quantified the time lags associated with these stages for several groups of plants with different numbers of species and from different regions, including the 20 most species-rich Angiosperm families. Our analyses reveal that it takes decades to accumulate a minimum number of specimens to allow subsequent studies of any kind. The time lag between stages 1 and 3 is consistently over 70 years with groups such as the tropical genus Aframomum reflecting an average time lag of over 100 years. In light of our results, we suggest that species discovery is most accurately characterized as a lengthy process of knowledge accumulation, often spanning decades, rather than a one-off event.

ПОГЛЯДИ НА ІСТОРИЧНІ ПРОЦЕСИ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ НАУКОВОЇ ПАРАДИГМИ

The article examines the historical development of the processes of knowledge accumulation, which eventually led to the formation of the current scientific paradigm, which is the information basis of modern human life. The article is based on the scientific-critical use of previous achievements in the field of history of science. The scientific novelty of the article is a comprehensive presentation of the historical development of the scientific paradigm as a result of a natural dialectical change of its specific stages with appropriate systematization of knowledge (mythology, philosophy, science), caused by the growth of knowledge and development of research methods. contemplation, experiment with the subsequent formation of a theoretical model). Materials, research in the article allow us to say that current trends in the role of science in modern society are forcing us to return to the processes of formation of the scientific paradigm. The latter were complex and nonlinear, and the formation of scientific principles of cognition was their natural result. Throughout human history, the acquisition and use of knowledge about the objective world has been carried out in various, historically necessary forms - both in the methodology of cognition and in the method of systematization, which was determined by the level of their accumulation. The authors note that the accumulation of knowledge in society took place in the process of direct practical activity, on the basis of alleged "external" contemplation and as a result of conscious influence on the object of study (experiment) with their different "specific weight" at different historical stages. Thus, today the scientific paradigm is a natural result of the historical development of forms of knowledge and its highest achievement, and the reduction of its role objectively leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of social development.

Accumulation of knowledge in para-scientific areas: the case of analytic philosophy

This study analyzes how the accumulation of knowledge takes place in para-scientific areas, focusing on the case of Analytic Philosophy. The theoretical framework chosen for the analysis is Kuhn’s theory of normal science. The methodology employed is qualitative citation context analysis. A sample of 60 papers published in leading Analytic Philosophy journals between 1950 and 2009 is analyzed, and a specific classificatory scheme is developed to classify citations according to their epistemological function. Compared to previous studies of citation context, this is the first paper that includes the temporal dimension into the analysis of citation context, in order to gain insights into the process of knowledge accumulation. Interestingly, the results show that Analytic Philosophy started accumulating after Second World War, but in a peculiar way. The accumulation was not matched by a corresponding rising consensus. This can be explained by the hypothesis that AP underwent a process of fragmentation in sub-fields during the second half of the century.

Colliding ideals \u2013 an interview study of how intervention researchers address adherence and adaptations in replication studies

BackgroundFor an intervention to be considered evidence-based, findings need to be replicated. When this is done in new contexts (e.g., a new country), adaptations may be needed. Yet, we know little about how researchers approach this. This study aims to explore how researchers reason about adaptations and adherence when conducting replication studies, describe what adaptations they make and how these are reported in scientific journals.MethodsThis was an interview study conducted in 2014 with principal investigators of Swedish replication studies reporting adaptations to an intervention from another country. Studies (n = 36) were identified through a database of 139 Swedish psychosocial and psychological intervention studies. Twenty of the 21 principal investigators agreed to participate in semi-structured telephone interviews, covering 33 interventions. Manifest content analysis was used to identify types of adaptations, and qualitative content analysis was used to explore reasoning and reporting of adaptations and adherence.ResultsThe most common adaptation was adding components and modifying the content to the target population and setting. When reasoning about adaptations and adherence, the researchers were influenced by four main factors: whether their implicit aim was to replicate or improve an intervention; the nature of evidence outlying the intervention such as manuals, theories and core components; the nature of the context, including approaches to cultural adaptations and constraints in delivering the intervention; and the needs of clients and professionals. Reporting of adaptations in scientific journals involved a conflict between transparency and practical concerns such as word count.ConclusionsResearchers responsible for replicating interventions in a new country face colliding ideals when trying to protect the internal validity of the study while considering adaptations to ensure that the intervention fits into the context. Implicit assumptions about the role of replication seemed to influence how this conflict was resolved. Some emphasised direct replications as central in the knowledge accumulation process (stressing adherence). Others assumed that interventions generally need to be improved, giving room for adaptations and reflecting an incremental approach to knowledge accumulation. This has implications for design and reporting of intervention studies as well as for how findings across studies are synthesised.

Spotlights on certification and farmers’ welfare: crossing boundaries in social scientific research

ABSTRACTSocial scientists have the freedom to adopt different methodological approaches when researching development. This article illustrates how four common social scientific methodologies (positivism, social constructivism, action research, and normative political theory) differently conceptualise the effects of sustainability certification on Indonesian smallholder farmers. It shows that each approach results in different insights, offering a web of information to practitioners. Better understanding the different methodologies may help practitioners to take position in dilemmas, not in a linear process of knowledge accumulation, but in an iterative process of research consultation and practices.

A Model of Knowledge Accumulation in the Scientific School as a Result of Self-Organization of Information Exchange Process

A nonlinear multivariable multi-agent model of knowledge accumulation in the scientific school as a result of self-organization of scientific information exchange process is first proposed in the paper. Three groups of agents (researchers) as knowledge carriers interacting nonlinearly with each other paper and monitoring their activity on the knowledge accumulation are distinguished. Two modes of agents’ scientific information exchange are considered: free mode (in the form of discussion) and business mode (in the form of joint project implementation). The proposed models have the abstract-generalizing character. They represent a system of nonlinear differential equations describing processes of knowledge accumulation as a result of scientific information exchange in compliance with existing structural relations between the agents of the scientific school. The aim of this paper is to disclose the complex mechanism of knowledge accumulation in the scientific school through various forms of active interaction of the scientific school agents representing the unity of the man-computer-knowledge base.

Local knowledge about palms (Arecaceae) among children in Bolivia

Palms are one of the most important plant families to rural communities, contributing to subsistence and daily livelihoods. Several studies have investigated the usefulness of palms among adult populations. However, data concerning local knowledge of children are rare or lacking. The objective of this study was to document knowledge about palms among children in Bolivia and to improve understanding of the process of knowledge accumulation. Nine communities inhabited by three different ethnic groups in two different areas were studied. Overall, 290 children 6–13 years old were interviewed. Data gathering was divided into: semi-structured interviews; informal walks in the forest; and drawing sessions. Statistical analyses were performed in R. In total, 521 different palm uses were reported for 27 palm species in nine distinct categories. The highest number of uses was reported for Attalea princeps, Bactris gasipaes, Oenocarpus bataua and Euterpe precatoria. The most common use categories were Human food, Construction, Utensils and tools, and Cultural uses. Our results show that the process of learning started early in childhood. Future ethnobotanical studies should focus on even younger children to understand better the process of knowledge accumulation.

Theoretical Framework of Researcher Knowledge Development in Mathematics Education

The goal of this paper is to present a framework of researcher knowledge development in conducting a study in mathematics education. The key components of the framework are: knowledge germane to conducting a particular study, processes of knowledge accumulation, and catalyzing filters that influence a researcher decision making. The components of the framework originated from a confluence between constructs and theories in Mathematics Education, Higher Education and Sociology. Previously published interviews with professor Jeremy Kilpatrick and professor Michele Artigue are used for illustrating how the framework can be utilized in data analysis. Criteria for framework evaluation are discussed.

Policy feedback and self-reinforcing and self-undermining processes in EU biofuels policy

ABSTRACTThis article traces European Union (EU) biofuels policy development from the late 1990s through to 2015, demonstrating the effects of the early multiple rationales for biofuels in generating both self-reinforcing processes of policy continuity as well as self-undermining processes of policy discontinuity. It argues that features of the EU political and institutional context – most importantly, institutional imperatives for a consensus across multiple EU decision-making bodies and the provision of institutionalised opportunities for policy reviews – are deeply implicated in both self-reinforcing and self-undermining feedback processes. The shift in the balance away from self-reinforcing feedback processes to self-undermining processes after 2009 is explained by the interaction of biofuel interpretive feedbacks with contextual changes, including processes of knowledge accumulation regarding the negative environmental impacts of food-based biofuels.