Knitted Fabrics Research Articles

Computed tomography cross-sections for an objective evaluation of the textile fabric’s inner structure and its thickness

The thickness and inner structure of porous fibrous structures - textiles is an important parameter, especially regarding comfort, noise, heat insulation, and permeability. The standard and probably the fastest thickness measuring method is with a thickness gauge, which uses a certain slight pressure, as well as other known methodologies. The paper presents an original methodology for evaluating the thickness of non-pressure-controlled porosity structures using their transversal packing density distribution. It also determines the maximum packing density value of the evaluated structure and the packing density level at which the thickness gauge approximately measures the thickness. The ratio of pressure-controlled and non-pressure-controlled thicknesses is used to define the proportion of the “incompressible” core of the fabric to its “compressible” surface. The packing density is evaluated in transverse virtual cross-sections of the structures using an image analysis tool. The standard soft cross-sections that are used could again cause some deformation of the studied structures, so the cross-sections were performed using Rigaku’s nano3DX computed tomography equipment. The methodology was tested on a set of seven diverse textile structures in terms of material and manufacturing technology. Each test specimen was evaluated for its internal structure through the transverse packing density process, the corresponding mentioned packing density levels were found, the non-pressure controlled thickness was determined, and the core and outlying fibers ratio was defined. The maximum packing density in the fabric core decreased as expected from the woven fabric through the weft and warp knitted fabric to the non-woven fabric. The maximum transverse packing density is independent of the thickness and the material used and, therefore, depends only on the structure. So is the packing density level at which the thickness gauge measures the thickness. This level has been set at 0.028 for knitted fabrics.

Unsupervised Dual Transformer Learning for 3-D Textured Surface Segmentation.

Analysis of the 3-D texture is indispensable for various tasks, such as retrieval, segmentation, classification, and inspection of sculptures, knit fabrics, and biological tissues. A 3-D texture represents a locally repeated surface variation (SV) that is independent of the overall shape of the surface and can be determined using the local neighborhood and its characteristics. Existing methods mostly employ computer vision techniques that analyze a 3-D mesh globally, derive features, and then utilize them for classification or retrieval tasks. While several traditional and learning-based methods have been proposed in the literature, only a few have addressed 3-D texture analysis, and none have considered unsupervised schemes so far. This article proposes an original framework for the unsupervised segmentation of 3-D texture on the mesh manifold. The problem is approached as a binary surface segmentation task, where the mesh surface is partitioned into textured and nontextured regions without prior annotation. The proposed method comprises a mutual transformer-based system consisting of a label generator (LG) and a label cleaner (LC). Both models take geometric image representations of the surface mesh facets and label them as texture or nontexture using an iterative mutual learning scheme. Extensive experiments on three publicly available datasets with diverse texture patterns demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms standard and state-of-the-art unsupervised techniques and performs reasonably well compared to supervised methods.

Economic efficiency of production of knitted fabrics per unit of time

Economic efficiency of production of knitted fabrics per unit of time

Properties of knit fabrics made from recycled cotton/ r-PET blended yarns

Properties of knit fabrics made from recycled cotton/ r-PET blended yarns

Effect of twist factor of yarn on sensorial comfort of single jersey knitted fabrics

Effect of twist factor of yarn on sensorial comfort of single jersey knitted fabrics

Development of sustainable comfortable socks from recycled leno waste

Society’s growing concern for the environment has led to an increased emphasis on greener products and processes. While societies are becoming more accepting of this change, there are still significant challenges regarding the esthetic aspect of environmentally friendly products. Textiles, which are essential for providing cover and esthetics, contribute to environmental pollution through waste production. Currently, the production of hard waste yarn, a textile intermediate product, utilizes the OE (open-end) spinning method to make use of textile waste. However, this approach has limitations in terms of quality, as it results in yarn with low abrasion resistance, higher pilling, and poor physical appearance of garments. Consequently, consumers are less satisfied with these sustainable yarns, hindering their widespread use. This study focused on preparing ring-spun yarn from recovered fibers of leno waste and subsequently producing knitted fabrics from these yarns. The properties of these fabrics were analyzed and compared with fabrics made from 100% virgin ring spun yarn. The results revealed that the fiber reclaimed from leno waste had a higher content of short fibers. The yarn produced from these fibers exhibited higher imperfections, unevenness, and reduced strength as the percentage of reclaimed fibers increased. Socks made with an increasing percentage of leno waste showed higher thermal resistance. However, as the yarn became finer, the thermal resistance of the socks decreased. On the other hand, the air permeability of the socks increased with a finer yarn count. Overall, the moisture management of all samples was good, with coarser yarns exhibiting better moisture management in socks. An ANOVA approach was used to statistically evaluate the properties of the yarn and fabric. The conclusion drawn from the study was that these recycled yarns can be effectively utilized in the socks and denim industry without compromising quality.

Method of assessment of structural properties of knitted fabrics based on image analysis

Method of assessment of structural properties of knitted fabrics based on image analysis

Development of a multi-layered waterproof breathable fabric for full-weather apparel

In this research, a laminate was produced by assembling five textile layers. These layers were a coated double-sided knitted structure, a non-woven fabric, a hydrophilic membrane that was thermally assembled to a surface veil, and an open-work knitted fabric. The laminated textile's breathability, windproofness, and waterproofness were evaluated. The multi-layered fabric was windproof, and its water vapor permeability was 347.297 g?m-2?s-1 (CV= 8.902%). Its resistance to water penetration was equal to 117.68 Schmerber (CV = 7.81%). The assembled fabric's mechanical properties were also evaluated. Young?s modulus values were equal to 2 MPa (CV= 8.613%) and 1.6 MPa (CV= 8.349%) for both fabric directions. Its flexural rigidity was 5056.659 mg?cm and its surface total deformation was lower than 450 ?m when measured under 20, 40, 60, and 80 mN loads. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the developed multi-layered fabric could be used to produce raincoats and jackets to protect the wearer from light rain and drizzle.

Effects of yarn count and twist multiplier on the properties of knitted fabrics made from naturally colored sustainable cotton

This study explores the integration of sustainable practices in the textile industry through the use of naturally colored cotton, which offers significant environmental advantages by eliminating the need for chemical bleaching and dyeing, thereby conserving water, chemicals, and energy. We examined the impact of yarn count and twist multiplier (TM) on the quality parameters of knitted fabrics tailored for winter cotton sweaters, utilizing a flatbed knitting machine to create a rib-cum-interlock structure. Our analysis aimed at optimizing thermal resistance, pilling resistance, and bursting strength, while reducing air permeability and fabric shrinkage. The findings indicated that thermal resistance peaked at 2.33 × 10−3 m2K/W for yarns with a 20/2 Ne count and a 4.5 TM. Furthermore, coarser yarns demonstrated enhanced bursting strength, with the highest at 276.8 kPa for a 16/2 Ne count and 4.25 TM, and an increase in yarn count improved pilling resistance. Air permeability was lowest at 103 mm/s for 16/2 Ne yarns. Interestingly, a rise in yarn count led to negative lengthwise shrinkage but positive widthwise shrinkage. The 20/2 Ne yarn count with a 4.50 twist multiplier emerged as optimal across considered properties, underscoring the potential of naturally colored cotton as a sustainable alternative in textile manufacturing. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of naturally colored sustainable cotton as a viable alternative to conventional cotton in the textile industry.

Predicting the Stitch Density of Finished Fabrics Using Weft Blended Grey Knit Fabrics

Predicting the Stitch Density of Finished Fabrics Using Weft Blended Grey Knit Fabrics

Designing out microplastic pollution released from textiles and apparel during laundering

Abstract The washing of synthetic materials has been named as the largest contributor of microplastic pollution to our oceans. With the consumption of petrochemical-based synthetic materials expected to grow, due to an increased demand, the release of microplastic fibres to our environments is expected to also accelerate. To combat microplastic fibre release, this study explores source-directed interventions within the design and manufacturing process of textiles to reduce the amount of pollution released from the surface and the edges of the fabric structure. Using standardised wash tests and polyester fabric swatches that were created in-house with systematic structural adjustments, single jersey knit fabrics were shown to release over three times more microplastic pollution than twill woven fabric. This illustrates that increasing the tightness of a fabric could be implemented within the design of fabrics for environmental benefits. Additionally, the laser cutting technique reduced microplastic fibres released by over a third compared to scissor cutting and overlock serging, showing that the edge of the fabric is a significant source of microplastic pollution released during laundering. This research highlights the adaptable and innovative eco-design approaches to clothing production which is necessary to help the sector reach international sustainability targets and regulations.

A study on GCCM (geosynthetic cementitious composite mat) performance improvement by structural composition of woven geotextiles

By applying ‘yarn inlay’ technology using reinforcing fibers, a double raschel GCCM that improved the structural elongation control and reinforcement ability of knitted fabrics was manufactured. In order to improve the cross-sectional reduction of GCCM due to curing shrinkage of concrete, the effects of blowing agent content and concrete filling rate were analysed as a result of the bending strength test, Double raschel GCCM showed the improved brittleness compared to that of general concrete. In addition, it was confirmed that the durability of Double Cell GCCM did not decrease significantly even after 10 days of concrete curing. Finally, the bending strength in special environments such as seawater, freeze-thaw, acidic and alkaline solutions was analysed, and the durability of double raschel GCCM in application environments was confirmed.

Functional Analysis of psychological healing based on 3D omni-directional scanning method to simulate the design of natural textured fabrics

Abstract This paper is centered on applying 3D omnidirectional scanning technology to design natural textured fabrics to explore its functionality in psychological healing. The therapeutic potential of fabric art has been widely recognized due to the prevalence of psychological stress in modern society. This study uses 3D omnidirectional scanning technology to scan knitted textures, optimize fabric texture models, and conduct experimental research and material development using elevation and lighting angles. The size, Angle, color, and other factors that affect the experiment of knitted materials were tested, and eight convenient materials were selected for psychological experiments. A two-week experiment was conducted to record and analyze changes in the psychological state of 30 subjects (15 men and 15 women). It was obtained that the intervention group using simulated fabrics decreased from an average of 38.14 to 27.25 in the level of mental awareness, which was significantly higher than the control group (p<0.01). In terms of mental health indicators, the intervention group showed significant improvement in depression, anxiety, and other dimensions. Using 3D omnidirectional scanning technology to simulate natural texture fabric design positively enhances mental awareness and improves mental health, which has a promising potential for psychological healing.

Comprehensive performance evaluation based on electromagnetic shielding properties of the weft-knitted fabrics made by stainless steel/cotton blended yarn

Abstract Electromagnetic shielding (EMS) fabric is an effective way to prevent electromagnetic (EM) radiation. However, the research about mechanism analysis of the fabrics’ structure, EM wave (EMW) incident direction, and EMW frequency on the EMS properties of knitted fabrics is discordant at present. Meanwhile, researchers are focused on improving the EMS efficiency of the fabric but rarely discussed the thermal-wet comfort of the fabric. Therefore, in this study a series of weft-knitted fabrics within stainless steel/cotton (30/70) blended yarns were knitted, and the effects of EMW incident direction, stitches, loop lengths, and frequency on EMS effectiveness (EMSE) were analyzed. Meanwhile, the EMS property, warmth retention property, air permeability, moisture permeability, and bursting strength were selected as the evaluation index to evaluate the comprehensive properties of the fabrics by fuzzy mathematics. The results showed that all factors had different degrees of influence on EMSE, and the weft inlay stitch had both the functionality and thermal-wet comfort, which was excellent EMSE in knitted fabric. These results are expected to provide a reference to the design of EMS weft-knitted fabrics.

Analysing the Effect of Flax Fiber Content on Knitted Garments

This study focused on the performance properties of flax blended knitted fabrics. Firstly, fabrics were knitted using flax/recycled polyester/polyester yarns developed in different blend ratios. Physical tests such as dimensional properties, fastness tests and bursting strength of the obtained fabrics were carried out. Then, comfort properties were examined in terms of drying rate and air permeability. In conclusion, while the best fabric performance was obtained in single jersey and pique quality, it was determined that flax-containing yarns were not suitable for rib quality. Increasing the flax ratio has a negative impact on fabric performance, and the optimum flax ratio to be used has been determined as 20%.

BİSİKLET SPORU GİYSİLERİNDE KULLANILAN ÖRME KUMAŞLARIN GİYİM KONFORU ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ - INVESTIGATING THE CLOTHING COMFORT PROPERTIES OF KNITTED FABRICS USED IN CYCLING SPORTSWEAR

In this research, it was aim to investigate the clothing comfort properties of knitted fabrics intended for summer cycling sportswear. Five different fiber types and five different knitted structures commonly used in cycling sportwear were selected and totally 25 fabrics were manufactured by using a seamless circular knitting machine namely Santoni SM8-TOP2V in a controlled manner. To assess the impact of material type and knitted structures on clothing comfort properties, mass per unit area, thickness, air permeability, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, overall moisture management capability and relative vapour permeability tests were conducted. The statistical significance of variations in the obtained results was evaluated using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. In conclusion, the most suitable material and knitted structure have been recommended for summer upper body cycling clothing.

Analysing the Effect of Flax Fiber Content on Knitted Garments

This study focused on the performance properties of flax blended knitted fabrics. Firstly, fabrics were knitted using flax/recycled polyester/polyester yarns developed in different blend ratios. Physical tests such as dimensional properties, fastness tests and bursting strength of the obtained fabrics were carried out. Then, comfort properties were examined in terms of drying rate and air permeability. In conclusion, while the best fabric performance was obtained in single jersey and pique quality, it was determined that flax-containing yarns were not suitable for rib quality. Increasing the flax ratio has a negative impact on fabric performance, and the optimum flax ratio to be used has been determined as 20%.

Classification of Circular Knitting Fabric Defects Using MobileNetV2 Model

Fabric defects cause both labor and raw material losses and energy costs. These undesirable situations negatively affect the competitiveness of companies in the textile sector. Traditionally, human-oriented quality control also has important limitations such as lack of attention and fatigue. Robust and efficient defect detection systems can be developed with image processing and artificial intelligence methods. This study proposes a deep learning-based method to detect and classify common fabric defects in circular knitting fabrics. The proposed method adds a fine-tuned mechanism to the MobileNetV2 deep learning model. The added fine-tuned mechanism is optimized to classify fabric defects. The proposed model has been tested on a fabric dataset containing circular knitting fabric defects. Obtained results showed that the proposed method produced desired results in fabric defect detection and classification.

Evaluation of the comfort properties of functional knitted fabrics for people with special needs

In this study, several comfort properties of knitted fabrics were investigated. Seven types of knitted fabrics made of combinations of natural fibres (e.g., cotton, wool, and bamboo), artificial fibres (e.g., modal) and synthetic fibres (e.g., polyester and acrylic) were produced. The knitted samples were subjected to several comfort tests, including air permeability, thermal resistance and water vapour resistance assessments. To determine the correlations among the comfort properties of the fabric, fabric structural properties, such as fabric weight and fabric thickness, were considered. Moreover, statistically significant differences were found in terms of dry thermal resistance, water vapour resistance and air permeability depending on the structural parameters of the fabric.

Hybrid knitted fabric for electromagnetic radiation shielding: thermo-physical properties

Textile materials for protection against electromagnetic radiation are used now not only for special purposes but in everyday clothing too. In this regard, the thermo-physical properties of such materials are very important. In this study, the hybrid knitted fabrics with electromagnetic shielding properties manufactured on 8E flat-bed machine from 0.12 mm stainless steel wire and 30 × 2 tex cotton yarn have been tested. Fabric samples differ by variant of stainless steel wire incorporation (separately or along with cotton yarn) and their positioning in the structures (loop and/or tuck). Hybrid fabric formed by the alternation of two courses of rib 1 × 1 from cotton yarn and two courses from steel wire has higher porosity and therefore higher relative water vapor permeability and lower thermal conductivity compared with fabric formed from cotton yarn and a steel wire simultaneously. The research results showed that the introduction of stainless steel wire along with cotton yarn into the knitted structure leads to changes in stitch density and therefore in the area of porosity compared with cotton fabric. The thermal conductivity coefficient and evaporative resistance of these fabrics are similar to cotton 1 + 1 rib fabric. Thus, the studied hybrid knitted fabrics with shielding properties against electromagnetic radiation can be recommended for clothing manufacturing. The half-Milano rib fabric knitted from cotton yarn and a steel wire with the greatest electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness has a good level of comfort similar to cotton fabric.