Knife Attack Research Articles

Pedestrian evacuation dynamics considering terrorist attack on-site control action differences between police and security guards

In recent years, terrorist attacks all over the world caused many civilian casualties seriously. Under the knife and axe terrorist attack, there are usually four groups of event-related persons, that is, pedestrians, terrorists, police, and safety guards in the scene. The behavior of them is different, but they are rarely considered together in existing litterateurs, especially the police and safety guards. In this paper, we propose the FFPS (extended floor-field model combined with on-site control actions of police and safety guards) model to study pedestrian evacuation dynamics considering terrorist attack on-site control action differences between police and security guards. The FFPS model consists of three aspects. First, pedestrian evacuation dynamics in terrorist attack environment is modeled. Second, the behavior of terrorists, police and safety guards is studied. Third, the differences of on-site control actions between police and safety guards are studied. We set up the scenario for simulation. The influence of terrorists’ number and location, police and security guards’ different actions, police entering time, police shooting distance, police and safety guards’ spatial position, and police control strategy on evacuation dynamics are analyzed in detail. Those results provide valuable insights to quickly control terrorists, and sharply reduce casualties in terrorist attack environment.

Biomechanics of stabbing knife attack for trauma surgeons in Korea: a narrative review.

The aim of this paper was to review the biomechanics of knife injuries, including those that occur during stabbing rampages. In knife stab attacks, axial force and energy were found to be 1,885 N and 69 J, respectively. The mean velocity of a stabbing motion has been reported to range from 5 to 10 m/sec, with knife motions occurring between 0.62 and 1.07 seconds. This speed appears to surpass the defensive capabilities of unarmed, ordinarily trained law enforcement officers. Therefore, it is advisable to maintain a minimum distance of more than an arm's length from an individual visibly armed with a knife. In training for knife defense, particularly in preparation for close-quarter knife attacks, this timing should be kept in mind. Self-inflicted stab wounds exhibited a higher proportion of wounds to the neck and abdomen than assault wounds. Injuries from assault wounds presented a higher Injury Severity Score, but more procedures were performed on self-inflicted stab wounds. Wound characteristics are not different between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal self-wrist cutting injuries. Consequently, trauma surgeons cannot determine a patient's suicidal intent based solely on the characteristics of the wound. In Korea, percent of usage of lethal weapon is increasing. In violence as well as murders, the most frequently used weapon is knife. In the crimes using knife, 4.8% of victims are killed. Therefore, the provision of prehospital care by an emergency medical technician is crucial.

"It's Not Therapy, But It Feels Right": A Duoethnography on Trauma and Healing in the Student Affairs Profession

Abstract: In this duoethnography, the co-authors share their experiences and reactions to trauma as student affairs practitioners in the wake of a car and knife attack at Ohio State University. Our goal in sharing these stories is for readers to join us as collegiate educators in this journey of exploring trauma and the healing process. We want to continue normalizing conversations about trauma, acknowledge the differences in trauma healing due to existing systems of oppression, and encourage readers to consider how we can better support trauma survivors in higher education. We offer considerations for practice moving forward and hope that others can find support and affirmation through the conversations in this study.

The 21-foot principle: Effects of age and sex on knife attack characteristics

IntroductionKnives are commonly-used weapons in criminal activities and interpersonal assaults worldwide. Injury reports have identified the upper body as the most frequent location of knife injuries, and that stabbing attacks are more fatal than slashing attacks. The first two aims of the study explore whether the type of attack and attack location could be predicted from age and sex group. The following aims compared attack times between sex and age groups and evaluated the influence of subject characteristics on attack duration. The exploratory aim surveyed subjects on attack location during the scenario if the target was not wearing body armor. MethodsA total of 74 subjects (male: n = 40; female: n = 34) participated. Subjects were video recorded during a 21-foot (ft) attack and participated in follow-up questions and completed a push-up test to determine physical strength. Attack time (AT), concealment location, attack type, and demographic information were correlated to age group and sex. ResultsMean AT from 21 ft was 2.40 ± 0.47 s, with the fastest of 1.75 s. The most commonly observed concealment location, attack type, and attack location on the target included the right hip (n = 62), stab (n = 62), and the chest (n = 28), respectively. After controlling for push-up ability (p < 0.05), no differences were reported between any combination of sex and age group in AT from 21 ft. Push-up ability was the sole significant predictor of AT from 21 ft (p < 0.05). Twenty-eight subjects reported they purposely avoided the body armor vest during the 21 ft attack. ConclusionLaw enforcement officers are encouraged to train for quick defensive or offensive responses, such as hand-to-knife combat or rapid firearm skills that can be performed in under 1.75 s. Stronger people were predicted to complete the 21 ft attack faster.

Spontaneous public response to a marauding knife attack on the London underground: Sociality, coordination and a repertoire of actions evidenced by CCTV footage.

Across a range of recent terrorist attacks in the United Kingdom, the question of how crowds behave in confined public space is an important concern. Classical theoretical assumptions are that human behaviour in such contexts is relatively uniform, self-interested and pathological. We contest these assumptions by reporting on a study of public response to a marauding knife attack that occurred on London's underground rail network in 2015. The analysis draws primarily upon footage from 27 CCTV cameras positioned across the station footprint supplemented by social media, news footage, radio logs and incident reports. Using an innovative methodology, we topographically and chronologically mapped behaviours during the incident. The analysis demonstrates that while rapid egressions occurred as the threat escalated, at every phase of the incident members of the public intervened spontaneously with coordinated, purposeful, socially oriented actions. This behavioural pattern contrasts with classical assumptions of a chaotic and apathetic crowd in emergencies. We highlight eight complementary categories of actions in the public response that appeared functional for the collective safety of the crowd during the short period before the police arrived. The policy implications for emergency planning, and the methodological innovations involving the use of video data are discussed.

Bravery award for nurse after knife attack

Bravery award for nurse after knife attack

The effects of exposure to refugees on crime: Evidence from the Greek islands

Recent political instability in the Middle East has triggered one of the largest influxes of refugees into Europe. The different departure points along the Turkish coast generate exogenous variation in refugee arrivals across Greek islands. We construct a new dataset on the number and nature of crime incidents and arrested offenders at island level using official police records and newspaper reports. Instrumental variables and difference-in-differences are employed to study the causal relationship between immigration and crime. We find that a 1-percentage-point increase in the share of refugees on destination islands increases crime incidents by 1.7–2.5 percentage points compared with neighboring unexposed islands. This is driven by crime incidents committed by refugees; there is no change in crimes committed by natives on those islands. We find a significant rise in property crime, knife attacks, and rape, but no increase in drug crimes. Results based on reported crimes exhibit a similar pattern. Our findings highlight the need for government provision in terms of infrastructure, social benefits, quicker evaluation for asylum, and social security.

Evaluation of Tactical Movement and Firearm Draw Performance During Charging Knife Attacks

ABSTRACT The study evaluated firearm draw performance (FDP), trigger cadence (TC), and survivability rate (SR) against charging knife attacks (KA) from different distances utilizing different movement tactics. Twenty active-duty law enforcement officers (age = 36.9 ± 10.6 y.) outfitted with wearable motion sensors and a practice pistol executed three randomized defensive tactics against an attacker charging from four distances armed with a rubber knife. FDP during the charging KA trials spanned between 0.87 and 1.19 s, compared to the baseline FDP (no duress) of 1.41 ± 0.3 s. TC was between 0.21 and 0.29 s to discharge two rounds. Using a firearm from 30 ft had 100% SR, 21 ft had 95% SR, 15 ft had 58.33% SR, and 10 ft had 15% SR. Backward (72.5%) was the safest movement response, followed by lateral (71.25%), then stationary (57.5%). Improving FDP around 1s, a lateral or backward movement in response to getting charged, and shortening the firearm draw, specifically at 21 ft and closer are recommended against KAs.

Battling to dominate the discursive terrain: how Marine Le Pen and Emmanuel Macron have framed terrorist incidents on Twitter

This article seeks to examine how the issue of terrorism has been framed by Marine Le Pen and Emmanuel Macron. Marine Le Pen has been eager to exploit these incidents since they fit neatly within her xenophobic and nationalist discourse. On the other hand, Emmanuel Macron seeks to transcend traditional political boundaries and foster unity. These different strategies in framing terrorism will be the focus of this article. In addition, the article will examine whether there are elements of populist contagion in Macron’s framing. The analysis is centred around two terrorist events that occurred in 2020: (1) Samuel Paty’s murder and (2) the Nice knife attack. The data were collected from the Twitter accounts of Le Pen and Macron and analysed via the latent Dirichlet allocation generative statistical model. The result is an in-depth analysis that showcases the different framing strategies of the two case studies regarding terrorism.

Crime, Disorder, and Territorial Stigmatization: Older Adults Living in Deprived Neighborhoods.

The existence of social problems, crime, and a diminishing sense of community are acknowledged challenges to residents of deprived neighborhoods. In research on deprived neighborhoods in Sweden, the perspectives of young residents and adults of working age dominate. This study explores how older adults in deprived neighborhoods in Sweden experience crime and disorder, and how they adapt and respond to these problems and the neighborhood's poor reputation. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 22 older adults who had lived 5 years or more in deprived areas of two cities in Sweden. Data were analyzed using Hirschman's theory of exit, voice, and loyalty with a thematic analysis. Most residents had positive things to say about their homes and neighborhoods, even if criminal acts such as shootings, drug dealing, arson, burglary, and knife attacks were part of everyday life. The residents attempted to manage these events with various strategies. Exit strategies included relocation and forms of adaptation and detachment. They used several voice strategies to actively try to solve the problems and engage with the community. Loyalty strategies-and relativizing-were used to defend their neighborhood reputation. The findings show we should move on from generalized notions of older adults as passive victims of their environment and highlight that some older adults are active agents in building communities in deprived neighborhoods. City improvement programs should extend support to older adults who wish to engage. Approaches are identified which may strengthen older adults' contributions in such neighborhoods.

The performance during four stationary knife attacks: Implications for tactical training

With over 72,000 offenses between 2010 and 2020 in the USA, knives were the third most commonly used weapon in all violent crimes between behind personal weapons and handguns. PurposeExamine the performance of different stab (Thrust and overhead) and slash (Figure 8 and Reverse) knife motions to determine how long it takes to execute each motion. In addition, examine the variability in executing each motion to inform future self-defense strategies. MethodsTwenty subjects (Females, n = 4; Males, n = 16; Height: 179.96 ± 8.66 cm; Weight: 94.99 ± 22.37 kg; Age: 36.95 ± 10.63 years) who were all active-duty law enforcement officers (LEOs) with 13.52 ± 11.23 years of LEO experience were recruited to participate in the study. Each subject completed two trials of the knife motions while wearing wearable motion sensors (ADPM) and recorded with a high-speed camera (GoPro) while using a training knife (Cold Steel). ResultsThe time to complete the motions were: Thrust, 0.61 ± 0.15 s; Overhead, 0.68 ± 0.14 s; Figure 8, 1.07 ± 0.21 s; and Reverse, 0.62 ± 0.11 s. The Figure 8 motion was significantly slower than the other three motions: F (3, 57) = 101.19, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.84. The reliability analysis reported trivial variability and a high level of agreement: Thrust, ICCα = 0.701, SEM = 0.09 s, CV% = 15.02; Overhead, ICCα = 0.878, SEM = 0.05 s, CV% = 6.93; Figure 8, ICCα = 0.906, SEM = 0.07 s, CV% = 6.25, Reverse, ICCα = 0.420, SEM = 0.10 s, CV% = 17.31. DiscussionMost LEOs or civilians within striking distance of someone with a knife may not be able to avoid contact from the knife attacks based on the speed knife attacks could occur. ConclusionThe reference data provides pertinent information to update evidence-based training approaches to knife attack preparation and defense.

On Effective Campus Attack Response: Insights from Agent-Based Simulation for Improving Emergency Information Sharing System Design and Response Strategy

Information sharing systems are a critical component of emergency response—especially in campus attack situations that unfold very rapidly. The design of effective information sharing systems is often difficult, however, due to a lack of data on these assault events. This work takes an agent-based approach to simulate three campus emergency information sharing system design alternatives in the context of a college campus knife attack, and incorporates data from on-campus student surveys and parameter tuning experiments. Alternatives are evaluated according to: (1) improved student attack response outcomes; and (2) effective institutional response to the attack. The results confirm that increased awareness supports rapid emergency reporting, but an important gap exists between students’ awareness and their ability to respond effectively, which depends on a number of campus-specific factors. A strong positive impact is seen from safe and efficient information sharing with authorities. This impact depends largely on reporting system implementation qualities, as opposed to campus-specific factors. On a campus in China, WeChat was used as a basis for messaging models. The simulation results show a 9% drop in casualties and a 22% faster police response time from a text-based reporting system using “base” WeChat features instead of traditional phone reporting. Our results also project a 30% drop in casualties and 52% faster police response time using a system designed around a WeChat Mini Program or stand-alone campus emergency reporting app. These outcomes suggest a number of recommendations for improving outdated campus emergency information-sharing systems and response strategies.

Balinese Calonarang in Performance

Balinese <i>Calonarang</i> in Performance

Impact resistance of pre-deformed stab of multi-ply three-dimensional interlock polymeric fabrics

The high-performance fibres are employed largely as reinforced polymer fabrics and composites in the flexible and stiff stab-resistant personal protection equipment. To simulate the knife attack on the human body, a new methodology named pre-deformed stabbing is developed to characterise the stab performance taking into account the fabric’s deformations. Three-dimensional warp interlock fabrics (3DWIFs) were manufactured using high-molecular-weight polyethylene (HMWPE) yarns. The forming was performed on the tested 3DWIFs before the stabbing. The stabbing results are influenced by the different mode deformations created during the forming. Based on the in-plane shearing map, three different stabbing locations were chosen. The effect of locations on the stab resistance of 3DWIFs was explored with the same impact energy level. The effect of stabbing localization on the deformed fabric is significant. The shear-locking angle in the location area is critical for the stab resistance of both [0°/90°]8 and [0°/90°, −45°/45°]4 deformed fabrics in the studied cases.

Securing Democracy: My Fight for Press Freedom and Justice in Bolsonaro's Brazil by Glenn Greenwald

Reviewed by: Securing Democracy: My Fight for Press Freedom and Justice in Bolsonaro's Brazil by Glenn Greenwald José de Arimatéia da Cruz Greenwald, Glenn. Securing Democracy: My Fight for Press Freedom and Justice in Bolsonaro's Brazil. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2021. Glenn Greenwald is a journalist, constitutional lawyer, and the award-winning author of No Place to Hide (2014). He is no stranger to controversy and investigative reporting. In 2013 he had a front seat in the controversial WikiLeaks scandal, which exposed the National Security Agency's covert operation to access emails and phone conversations of world leaders, including [End Page 228] former Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff. In Securing Democracy: My Fight for Press Freedom and Justice in Bolsonaro's Brazil, Greenwald chronicles the slow death of democracy in Brazil under the leadership of Jair Bolsonaro and his attempts to transform Brazil's feckless democracy into his personal fiefdom to advance a right-wing neoliberal economic and political agenda while undermining thirty years of democratic consolidation and participatory citizenship. While Brazil has had thirty years of democratic experience, the political system is still unstable, rough, driven by systematic corruption, and plagued by violence and nostalgia for authoritarian rule (12). It is under this guise of democracy that authoritarianism was offered as the solution to Brazil's endemic corruption, thereby providing an environment conducive to the rise of Bolsonaro—who is also known in Latin America as the "Trump of the Tropics." The Operation Car Wash (Operação Lava Jato) and the Big Monthly Payment (Mensalão) scandals, in which the Workers' Party (PT) and other parties were caught buying and selling votes in Congress, was portrayed by Bolsonaro and his right-wing political associates as evidence of the corruption plaguing Brazil perpetrated by the PT. The only solution, according to the right-wing movement, was the ousting of the democratically elected government of Dilma Rousseff and the end of the PT's rule. According to Greenwald, Bolsonaro shocked the country, the continent, and the world by winning the 2018 presidential election in the second round, beating the PT's candidate, Fernando Haddad, a former mayor of São Paulo (17). Greenwald goes on to argue that by winning that election, Bolsonaro became one of "the most fanatical and unstable far-right extremists to govern any large democracy in quite some time" (17). Despite Bolsonaro's claim to be a political outsider, he has been a constant player in Brazil's political arena. He was an Army captain during the years of the dictatorship, only to be expelled in 1988 for planning to detonate small bombs on military installations in protest of what he regarded as unjustly low soldier salaries (19). Despite his expulsion from the barracks, Bolsonaro continued to be an ardent supporter of the regime, calling the 1964 coup d'état a "democratic and popular revolution" (19). He had two complaints against the military regime in power from 1964 to 1989. One was the low salary soldiers received. The other was that the military did not go far enough, meaning the military in power did not kill enough communist sympathizers. Bolsonaro is a chameleonic politician. He can be charismatic on one hand while on the other he is a talented demagogue, misogynist, homophobe, and religious fanatic. [End Page 229] While running for president, members of the LGBT community were his favorite political target. As Greenwald points out, "anti-LBGT hatred was a key driver of Bolsonaro's popularity, and with the 2018 elections, we had to accept that he, his family, and his party had just become the most powerful players in all of Brazil" (108). During his campaign for the presidency, Bolsonaro was victim of a knife attack, which not only put the presidential election in limbo but also raised his status. Operation Car Wash and the Mensalão were also two political crises that led to the fall of the PT from grace. However, neither political crisis contributed to the fall of Rousseff. Rousseff was impeached in 2016 on the ground that she had committed "crimes of fiscal responsibility." The trumped-up charges were that Rousseff was involved in "an obscure and highly technical budgetary...

REPAIR OF EYE LID AND CANALICULAR LACERATION: CASE REPORT

The canalicular laceration of the lacrimal tract is a pathology of young adults with male predominance in 59% of the cases. The main etiologies found are aggressions, public road accidents, falls and dog bites. The most common lacerations are those of the lower lacrimal canaliculus (56% of cases). Diagnosis is made by slit lamp examination. Tear trauma is a deferred emergency. Tear repair should be done by an experienced surgeon. We present the clinical case of a 30 year-old young man, with no notable pathological history. He is a victim of a knife attack with the right eye point of impact. Following the aggression, a 5mm long lower eyelid laceration was observed in the inner corner of the right eye, with injury to the inferior canaliculus. A Mini-Monoka® monocanalicular intubation stent was inserted on the seventh day with anastomosis of the proximal and distal ends of the canaliculus laceration. The skin was then sutured with a polyglactin 8/0 suture. The postoperative treatment consisted of tobramycin and dexamethasone eye drops four times per day for a duration of 10 days. A good progression was observed: the position of the inferior lacrimal punctumwas adequate, and syringation was normal. The Mini-Monoka® was removed after 14 weeks. We obtained good anatomical, esthetic and functional results in this patient.

EVALUATION AND TYPES OF ATTACKS WITH STABBING WEAPONS FOR THE DESIGN OF PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Knife attacks have become a global problem in recent years, especially in countries where access to firearms is limited. However, the current situation is that the method of selection and characteristics of protective equipment about the physical attributes of stabbing attacks is not systematically determined. Attacks with stab weapons can be divided according to the weapon's grip, the angle of the attack, and its execution into six different attacks (e.g., underarm action stab, overarm action stab, etc.). Our work presents a survey of methods for capturing and then evaluating the physical parameters of point attacks in specific motion capture and analysis programs. In this work, kinematic analysis was used to analyze motion during a stabbing attack and to obtain data on the kinetic energy of the stab. The measurements were performed with the MoCap system - Vicon Nexus 2.70. The results of the study show that the average value for the straight stab and the underarm stab is almost the same (66.5–67.1 J), while the overarm stab reaches a much higher value (92.8 J). The study aims to determine the kinetic energy of types of attacks, for standards state the level of protection based on energy levels. The results could provide new insights into the current state of protective equipment and energy values ​​in national/international standards.

Investigation of Stab Protection Properties of Aramid Fibre-Reinforced 3D Printed Elements

A stab resistant vest is a reinforced piece of body armour designed to resist knife or needle attacks of different energy levels specifically to the upper part of the body (chest and abdomen) to save lives. The majority of armours limit several comfort parameters, such as free locomotion, respiration, flexibility and light weight, which determine efficient use by wearers and their willingness to wear. Currently available armours are usually made of a single plate, and although often segmentation is used with just a few but still quite large pieces, the materials are compact and bulky to wear. In this study, stab protective armor elements (scale-like elements) of 3 mm thickness and 50 mm diameter were designed, produced (3D printed) and tested for performance. Aramid fibre was used for its strength, durability and process ability to develop protection elements at unidirectional and multidirectional filling angles during 3D printing. The specimens were tested according to VPAM KDIW 2004. The specimens designed and developed with multidirectional filling angles of aramid resist the puncturing energy level K1 (25 J) with a penetration depth less than the maximum allowed for the K1 energy level by VPAM. These specimens showed a high protection level of relative small thickness (3 mm) and light weight (6.57 grams for the estimated area A ≈ 1963.5 mm2) as compared to the currently certified armors for K1 (for example, the aluminum mass is 13.33 grams for 2 mm thickness and 50 mm diameter).

ASSESSING CONGREGANTS PERCEPTION OF VULNERABILITY OF CHURCH BUILDINGS TO SECURITY THREATS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA

This paper uses data collected for an MA Thesis on Assessing Congregants’ perception of Vulnerability of Church Buildings to security threats in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study has been necessitated by increased cases of targeted criminal attacks on congregants and church buildings in addition to increased perceptions of congregants as soft targets of insecurity, more pertinently in Nairobi County. The study will be guided by the following objectives; to investigate the nature of perceived vulnerability against church buildings; to explore congregant’s perceptions of what constitutes church buildings security and safety; to establish congregant’s perceptions of their level of preparedness in case of a criminal attack while in church buildings service; and to determine the congregant’s perceptions of what they think should be done to secure church buildings in Nairobi County Kenya. This study was grounded by two theories; Defensive Space Concept and Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). This study adopted a cross-sectional survey design while Stratified random sampling technique was used to pick all the main respondents. Questionnaires were used to collect data from 182 members of each church (main respondents). In addition, Key Informants (K.I) guide was used to collect qualitative data from 8 K.I who include 4 Priests (1 from each church), and 4 security guards (one from each church). Data was analyzed with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and results presented using tables, bar and pie charts. The study results revealed that violent attacks against the churches in Nairobi county are on the increase (72%) and that the violent attacks against the churches in Nairobi county have inspired fear among church attendants (68.1%). Further, results showed the gun attacks were the most prevalent in church buildings (29.7%) closely followed by knife attacks (29.1%), explosive attacks (20.3%), suicide bombs (13.2%). Further, the results have revealed that some churches had employed various measures to counter violent attacks that included amongst other measures employed full time trained security staff to manage such incidents. Congregant’s perceptions on violent attacks against churches include; Knife and explosive attacks during services, but which have prompted fears of future gun or other terror attacks as is the case in other countries. According to the study; main measure of church security and safety included the Perimeter Walls, use of Surveillance cameras, use of Metal Detectors in church entrances, and heavy barriers in church entrance amongst other measures. As a policy measure, the study recommended formulation of standard security and safety measures applicable to all places of worship in Kenya that include; permanent security staff and armed security in all places of worship.

A Review on the Performance and Comfort of Stab Protection Armor

AbstractStab-protective clothing is the most important component of safety equipment and it helps to save the lives of its wearers; therefore, it is designed to resist knife, nail, or needle attacks, especially to the upper body. In this paper, the essential requirements for stab-resistant armor are investigated based on an in-depth review of previous research and prototype test results. The combination of protection and comfort in armor vests is a particularly challenging task. Review of the state of the art technology responsible for the manufacture of stab-resistant clothes has revealed that their design and development should encompass the elements of comfort, freedom of movement, permeability, absorption, evaporation, and weight reductions to ensure excellent ergonomics and high wear comfort. The design as well as the production, weight, thickness, material types and properties, and the arrangement of scales determine the level of protection and comfort offered by stab-resistant vests. Currently, the production of stab-proof gear-based 3D printing technology is evaluated, using lightweight materials (aramid) in the form of segmented scales inspired by nature. As the protection performance and wear comfort of stab-proof gear is enhanced, the willingness of security, control, transport, custom, and correction officers to wear them can be significantly increased in an endeavor to ensure that fatal injuries will decrease significantly.