Kiwifruit Seeds Research Articles

Extraction and Purification of Kiwifruit Seed Oil Using Three-Phase Partitioning: An Efficient and Value-Adding Method for Agro-Industrial Residue Utilization

Kiwifruit seeds are usually discarded as waste in the kiwifruit processing industry. However, kiwifruit seeds are rich in oil, which implies their value as a potential resource. Therefore, three-phase partitioning (TPP) using ammonium sulfate and n-butanol has been developed to extract kiwifruit seed oil (KSO) from discarded kiwifruit seeds. The factors influencing the extraction process have been investigated. The highest extraction yield of 36.06% for KSO was obtained under the following conditions: an extraction time of 18 h, a liquid-solid ratio of 4:1, an amount of ammonium sulfate of 28.5 wt%, and a phase ratio (top phase/bottom phase) of 1/1. The composition of obtained KSO was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the results indicated the high content of α-linolenic acid. This simple and low-cost method can be used as an efficient approach for utilizing the value of kiwifruit seeds.

Unraveling the Diagnosis of Kiwifruit Allergy: Usefulness of Current Diagnostic Tests.

To determine the usefulness of the in vitro and in vivo methods used in the diagnosis of kiwifruit allergy and to specifically assess the impact of seed proteins on sensitivity. We performed skin prick tests (SPTs) using various commercial extracts, homemade pulp, and seed extracts and prick-prick tests with kiwifruit on 36 allergic patients. The presence of specific IgE (sIgE) was assessed using the ImmunoCAP (kiwifruit extract), ELISA (Act d 1, Act d 2), ISAC, and FABER assays. Immunoblotting of seed extract was carried out, and a single-blind oral food challenge was performed with whole seeds in seed-sensitized individuals. The prick prick test with kiwifruit demonstrated the highest diagnostic capacity (81.8% sensitivity and 94.1% specificity) among the in vivo tests. The sIgE levels measured using ImmunoCAP (kiwifruit extract) showed a similar sensitivity to that of global ISAC and FABER (63.9%, 59.5%, and 58.3%, respectively). Act d 1 was the major allergen. Sensitization to Act d 1 was associated with positive sIgE results to whole kiwifruit extract detected by ImmunoCAP (P<.000). A positive SPT result to kiwifruit seeds was associated with severe symptoms induced by kiwifruit (P=.019) as a marker of advanced disease, but not with clinically relevant sensitization. Challenge testing with kiwifruit seeds performed on 8 seed-sensitized patients yielded negative results. Sensitization to Act d 1 is associated with a positive result in conventional diagnostic techniques, whereas kiwifruit seed sensitization does not increase the sensitivity of the diagnostic techniques evaluated.

Effect of Gibberellic Acid and Germination Medium on Kiwifruit Seed Germination

In Bhutan, cultivation of exotic commercial Kiwifruit fruit is new though wild kiwifruit is found aplenty. There is a high scope for kiwifruit cultivation as it is suitable in a wide range of areas in the country. It can also be grown organically due to the lack of any known serious pest or disease. Fittingly, kiwifruit is counted among the most potential high-value fruit crops in the country. Its cultivation is gaining popularity in the current times and it would consequently increase the demand for kiwifruit seedlings. Kiwifruit seeds exhibit physiological seed dormancy which hampers kiwifruit seedling production. Hence, a study was conducted in 2019 and 2020 at ARDC, Wengkhar. In the study, the combined effect of GA3 and growth medium on kiwifruit seed germination was studied using eight treatments with three replications laid out in a Completely Randomized Design. The study aimed to find out the germination parameters like germination percentage, relativized percentage, mean germination time, time taken for 10% germination, and time taken for 25% germination. According to the study, Cocopeat + 1500 ppm GA3 gave the best germination percentage at 51% followed by Biochar + 1500 PPM at 39% while rice bran and compost exhibited a low germination percentage. Overall, the mean germination time was found to be 50 days. The highest relativized percentage of 63 % was observed in Cocopeat + 1500 ppm GA3. As for the time taken to achieve 10% and 20% germination, those treatments with 1500 GA3 application had an advantage of approximately eight days over the others. Overall, considering the average weighted effect of germination percentage and time, Cocopeat + GA3 1500 PPM gave the best result followed by Biochar + GA3 1500 PPM and Cocopeat + GA3 0 PPM. Hence, the study indicates that GA3 treatment in combination with an appropriate germination medium can significantly enhance seed germination in kiwifruit.

IMPROVING GERMINATION AND STAND ESTABLISHMENT OF KIWIFRUIT (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward) SEED THROUGH MEDIA SELECTION AND HORMONAL USE IN DOLAKHA, NEPAL

This study was conducted at Boach, Bhimeshwor-8, Dolakha, Nepal from February to April, 2020 to analyze the effect of varied concentrations of gibberellic acid and growing media on germination of kiwifruit seeds. The experiment was done by using Factorial combination of four different concentrations: 0 ppm, 2000 ppm, 4000 ppm and 6000 ppm of gibberellic acid and different growing media: Peat moss, Cocopeat, Vermicompost and Normal Soil laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD); each treatment were replicated four times. Germination percentage, mean germination time, germination rate, mean germination rate, germination index, coefficient of velocity of germination and germination rate index were the parameters measured. The germination of kiwifruit seeds was significantly affected by gibberellic acid and growing media. The highest germination percentage (48.25%), germination rate (87.73%), germination index (0.88) and germination rate index (11.82) was recorded from seeds treated with 6000 ppm gibberellic acid and sown at peat moss whereas, the minimum germination percentage (13%), germination rate (23.64%) and germination index (0.24) was observed in seeds treated with 4000 ppm gibberellic acid and sown at vermicompost. The maximum time taken (46 days) to germinate was shown by seeds treated with 6000 ppm gibberellic acid and sown at normal soil whereas, the minimum time taken (35 days) to germinate was recorded in seeds treated with 6000 ppm gibberellic acid and sown at cocopeat. The highest mean germination rate (0.028 day-1) and coefficient of velocity of germination (2.79%) was observed in seeds treated with 6000 ppm gibberellic acid and sown at cocopeat whereas the least mean germination rate (0.022 day-1) and coefficient of velocity of germination (2.18%) was recorded in seeds treated with 6000 ppm gibberellic acid and sown at normal soil. From the findings of this experiment, it is revealed that the seeds treated with 6000 ppm gibberellic acid and sown at peat moss could be the most effective and appropriate to improve the germination and stand establishment of kiwifruit seeds.

Effect of Melatonin on the Breaking Dormancy of Kiwifruit Seeds

In order to study the effect of exogenous melatonin (MT) on breaking the dormancy of kiwifruit seeds, in this experiment, the kiwi fruit seeds were kept at 4°Cfor 15 days. At the same time, we used different concentration gibberellin (GA) and MT solution to treat the seeds, and calculated germination rate (GR) and germination potential (GP) of seeds. Compared with the control treated with water with no any germination (CK), MT treatments promoted the GR to 10%-16%, and the GP increased to 4%-7%. And 50μmol/L MT treatment had the best results, with 16% GR and 7% GP respectively. GA treatments promoted the GR to 15%-30%, and the GP increased to 8%-12%. And 50μmol/L MT treatment had the best results, with 30% GR and 12% GP respectively. The results showed that MT and GA may have some effects on breaking kiwi seed dormancy, and GA had better effect.

Effect of PEG-6000 Treatments and Growth Media on Emergence and Seedling Development of Kiwifruit Seeds

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different PEG-6000 (Polyethylene Glycol-6000) treatment doses and growth media on emergence and seedling development of the seeds of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit cultivar. Effects of 3 different growth media (Peat + perlite, peat + perlite + soil, soil + river sand + peat) and 4 different PEG-6000 doses (0 g L−1, 200 g L−1, 300 g L−1, 400 g L−1) were investigated. Seed were sown after a viability test (TTC Test). Seed viability ratios were varied between 88–100%. Higher emergence ratios were observed in 300 g L−1 PEG-6000 treatment (61%) than the other treatments. With regard to growth media, the best emergence (90.5%) were observed in peat + perlite growth media. Seedling development were recommended based on current findings that 300 g L−1 PEG-6000 dose and peat + perlite (height 15.11 mm, hypocotyl diameter 1.78 mm) or 0 g L−1 PEG-6000 dose and soil + river sand + peat growth media (height 16.20 mm, hypocotyl diameter 1.78 mm) should be used for the best emergence ratios and seedling development of kiwifruit seeds.

PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF DEEP CLEANSING EXFOLIATOR

Objectives: The objective of the present study is to formulate an exfoliant using natural ingredients along with diatoms. Skin care products are important factor to improve confidence in individuals. Health of an individual is mainly represented by skin which is the major part of the body. Skin can be affected by several environmental factors such as ultraviolet rays, pollution, dust, and climatic changes that can intensify issues related to skin. Environmental causes can be prevented from skin damage by treating with topical application of synthetic or herbal cosmetics.Methods: In this preparation, diatoms are used, derived from marine phytoplankton which may contain a small quantity of muddy sludge, sand, and debris. Other natural ingredients are kiwi fruit, almond, and coffee seeds. Esthetic ingredients used in this preparation include pH modifiers, viscolysers, and surfactants. Among these ingredients, diatoms and coffee seeds attribute to the exfoliating activity of the preparation.Results: The prepared gel was evaluated for various parameters such as color, odor, consistency, pH, viscosity, spreadability, washability, grittiness, foamability, irritability, and extrudability. The results were found to be satisfactory.Conclusion: The present work was attempted to make a herbal exfoliant using suitable base to form a gel. Since diatoms are natural exfoliating agent, they are incorporated into the formulation which increases the efficiency of the product. Various parameters have been evaluated providing satisfactory result and improve the appearance of the skin without any side effects.

Effects of Different Treatment Methods on Seed Germination of Kiwifruit

In order to break the dormancy of kiwifruit seed, accelerate the process of seed germination, to understan the effects of different treatment methods on the germination of kiwifruit seeds. Different treatment methods were set up in this study. The results showed that GA3 soaked for 18h can make seeds break the dormancy; when only the filter paper is placed on the petri dish, the germination rate is the highest: the most suitable disinfection time is 10min. After dark conditions, the seed germination rate was 73.3%, which was much higher than that under non-dark conditions. In certain range, the higher the concentration of GA3, the higher the germination rate of kiwifruit seeds.

ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM KIWIFRUIT (Actinidia Deliciosa) SEEDS

This study reports experimental kinetic data and modeling for the extraction of oil from kiwifruit seeds by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with ethanol. The fatty acid profile, tocopherol and total lipids content in the oil obtained were determined. The variables temperature and ultrasonic power were investigated based on the oil extraction yields using a central composite experimental design. The overall yields obtained were compared to conventional Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane and with ethanol. The extractions presented high extraction rates with overall yield ranged between 19 and 33%, and the extraction yields increased with the temperature. The fatty acid profile showed a high content of omega-3 fatty acids (63.20%) and the Vitamin E content was 14.97 ± 0.38 mg/100 g oil, with ɤ-tocopherol constituting 49% of the total tocopherol. A second-order kinetic model was applied to describe the ultrasound extraction process under different conditions. The numerical results were compared with the experimental extraction yields and presented a good correlation. The extraction technique investigated was found to be suitable for extraction of oil from kiwifruit seeds, in which the great potential of kiwifruit oil obtained from UAE was demonstrated

Preparation of Microcapsules and Half Life of the Kiwi Fruit Seed Oil by Complex Coacervation

The experiment adopts complex coacervation to prepare microcapsules. Through the experimental comparison, soybean protein isolated-maltodextrin is determined as the wall material for the experimental preparation of the microcapsules of kiwi fruit seed oil. This paper researched the effects of wall material concentration, core wall ratio and other factors on complex coacervation of kiwi fruit seed oil microcapsules embedding rate, determining that the best wall material concentration is 1%, core wall ratio is 1:1, and the optimum pH ratio is 3.0, temperature is 40°C, and the optimum curing time is 6 hours. The experiment carried out half life research on the microcapsules prepared by the complex coacervation of kiwi fruit seed oil microcapsule. By calculation: the degradation rate constant of kiwi fruit seed oil microcapsules prepared by complex coacervation is 2.793. According to the regression equation it can calculate the half life of kiwi fruit seed oil microcapsules is 18.58 months, about a year and a half.

Dormancy and germination responses of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) seeds to environmental cues

AbstractSeed germination of the kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosaA. Chev. C.F. Liang and A.R. Ferguson), a deciduous, perennial vine, is low because of seed dormancy. The main purpose of this study was to characterize kiwifruit seed dormancy and germination in response to environmental factors such as temperature and light. Dormancy of hydrated seeds is alleviated by the perception of a period at low temperatures (stratification) of at least 3 weeks at 2 or 5°C. Alleviation of dormancy is accomplished by incubation at fluctuating temperatures (20/30°C). A red light pulse did not affect germination, whereas a far-red light pulse strongly inhibited germination. This inhibition was readily reverted by a second pulse of red light, indicating that phytochromes are also involved in dormancy alleviation. Although seed germination was inhibited by the fruit pulp, the latter prevented neither perception of low temperature nor changes in the light sensitivity of the seeds. Therefore, it can be advanced that kiwifruit seeds will only germinate after dispersal if the time–temperature requirement for dormancy alleviation and fluctuating temperatures for dormancy termination are fulfilled. Perception of a closed canopy might interfere with dormancy termination.

Extraction Optimization of Polyphenols from Waste Kiwi Fruit Seeds (Actinidia chinensis Planch.) and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties.

Kiwi fruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.) seeds, present as a by-product in the food and pharmaceutical industries, remain underutilized. In this study the extraction conditions for the maximum recovery of total phenolic content (TPC) with high DPPH scavenging capacities (DPPHsc) were analyzed for kiwi fruit seed polyphenols (KSP) by response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for the highest yield of TPC (53.73 mg GAE/g DW) with 63.25% DPPHsc was found by using an extraction time of 79.65 min with an eluent containing 59.45% acetone at 38.35 °C and a 1:11.52 (w/v) solid/liquid ratio. Compared with butyl hydroxy toluene (BHT), a synthetic antioxidant, the extracted KSP showed higher DPPHsc and ferric reducing antioxidant power, but was less efficient than grape seed polyphenols extracted under the same optimum conditions. We also showed that the extracted KSP exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activities by suppressing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. High performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD) analysis of the extracted KSP under optimized conditions revealed that the extract was mainly composed of five polyphenolic compounds. Our work showed the development of an optimal extraction process of the KSP, which presented excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, indicating that kiwi fruit seeds may further be utilized as a potential source of natural biological active compounds.

Technology of Extracting Kiwi Fruit Seed Oil with Ultrasonic-Assisted Enzyme and Response Surface Method

Taken kiwi fruit as raw material, this paper extracted kiwi fruit seed oil with ultrasonic-assisted enzyme, researched the influence of factors such as liquid-to-solid ratio, granularity, type of enzyme, ultrasonic power, treating time, enzymolysis temperature, enzymolysis time, pH and enzyme additive on oil extraction, and optimized the extracting technology of kiwi fruit seed oil with response surface method. The result shows that the best technical parameter is: material granularity: 60, liquid-to-solid ratio: 1:10 (g/mL), ultrasonic power: 400 W, treating time: 30 min, enzyme amount: 2.50%, pH: 9.2, enzymolysis temperature: 53°C, enzymolysis time: 2.80 h; and the extracting ratio under such condition is 92.57%.

Extraction of Kiwifruit Seed (Actinidia Deliciosa) Oil Using Compressed Propane

AbstractThis study reports the extraction of kiwifruit seed oil using compressed propane as solvent and its modeling based on the Brunauer–ETmmett–Teller theory of adsorption. Temperature and pressure were the variables investigated on the kinetics of extraction. The overall extraction yields were compared with the Soxhlet extraction with n‐hexane. Most of extraction conditions using compressed propane have presented high extraction rates and overall extraction yield of 31.7 ± 1.4%. The kinetic model used showed to be able and very reliable to correlate the different conditions of extraction with compressed propane. Furthermore, the alternative extraction technique investigated in this work was found to be suitable for the oil extraction from kiwifruit seeds after short times of extraction.Practical ApplicationsCompressed propane extraction is an environment‐friendly technology that can be efficiently used in oilseed extractions. A product that is free of residual solvent and without degradation of thermolabile compounds highlights the use of compressed propane as solvent for applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The kiwifruit seed oil, which is predominately constituted by α‐linolenic acid (ALA), was efficiently extracted using compressed propane with a maximum extraction yield in a short time of extraction. The mathematical model applied to represent the kinetics of extraction is based on three parameters with physical meaning and it may be easily and reliably used in modeling, design, simulation and optimization, as well as in the scale‐up of this extraction process.

Act d 12 and Act d 13: Two novel, masked, relevant allergens in kiwifruit seeds

Act d 12 and Act d 13: Two novel, masked, relevant allergens in kiwifruit seeds

Variation in carbon content and size in developing fruit of Actinidia deliciosa genotypes

This study identifies the developmental processes contributing to variation in green-fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson var. deliciosa) fruit dry matter content (DM) and fresh weight (FW) by comparing genotypes with either high or low final DM. Results are compared with the model for fruit development, the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Differences in final composition were attributable to a higher rate of starch accumulation from 70 days after anthesis in high DM genotypes, with no other consistent differences in accumulation of soluble sugars or organic acids. High DM genotypes had 70% higher starch content and differed from low DM genotypes in the allocation of carbon between storage and other components. DM was negatively correlated with final fruit FW only in high DM genotypes, whereas starch was a constant proportion of dry weight (DW), suggesting a dilution effect rather than an interaction between fruit size and carbohydrate metabolism. Compared with tomato, the organic acids, particularly quinic acid, contributed more to estimated osmotic pressure during growth in FW than the soluble sugars, regardless of final composition or size. Seed mass per unit FW was highest in high DM genotypes, suggesting a previously unrecognised role for kiwifruit seeds in accumulation of carbohydrate by the pericarp. Anatomical comparisons also identified a role for differences in the packing of the two principal cell types, with an increased frequency of the larger cell type correlated with reduced DM. These genotypes demonstrate that kiwifruit differs from tomato in the role of starch as the principal stored carbohydrate, the reduced importance of dilution by growth in FW and the more minor role of the sugars compared with the organic acids during fruit development.

Suppressive Effect of Defatted Kiwi Fruit Seed Extract on Acute Inflammation and Skin Pigmentation

While kiwi fruit seeds are ingested with sarcocarps, biological activities associated with these seeds have not been examined. We evaluated the effects of the extract of defatted kiwi fruit seeds (KSE) on inflammation and melanin production. In a mouse writhing model stimulated by acetic acid, KSE (100-400mg/kg) suppressed the increase in abdominal capillary permeability in a dose-dependent manner. KSE inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin (PG) E2 production, but not nitric oxide (NO) production from RAW264 cells. Quercitrin and kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside, flavonol glycosides isolated from KSE, suppressed PG E2 and NO production only at high concentrations (100μg/mL). Hence, contribution of these compounds to the inhibitory activity of KSE appeared to be low. KSE, quercitrin, and kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside showed inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16 melanoma cells. However, daily oral administration of KSE (200-800mg/kg) for 24 days did not affect melanin production induced by ultraviolet ray (UV)-B irradiation ; instead, it enhanced the disappearance of pigmentation in the guinea pig skin. Consequently, KSE was found to suppress acute inflammation and enhance melanin disappearance. Although flavonol glycosides suppressed melanin production in vitro, their involvement in anti-inflammatory activity and melanin disappearance of KSE was not clarified.

The interaction of the 11S globulin-like protein of kiwifruit seeds with pepsin

In a search for aspartic proteinase inhibitors (APIs) in kiwifruit seeds, we observed pepsin inhibitory activity (PIA) in an abundant globulin fraction extracted in high salt buffer with a Mr of ∼148 kDa by gel-filtration. On a SDS-polyacrylamide gel, a major protein band of 54 kDa was observed under non-reducing conditions. This band was largely replaced by two subunits of Mr 33.5 and 20 kDa under reducing conditions. N-terminal sequencing of the smaller subunit, which had associated PIA, revealed a β-subunit of the 11S globulin-like protein (11S-GLP), legumin. After trypsin, chymotrypsin or papain digestion, the α-subunit of the kiwifruit legumin (11S-GLP) was degraded to varying degrees but there was no effect on the β-subunit, or on the PIA. This 11S-GLP also appeared to inhibit bovine spleen cathepsin D, Candida albicans secreted aspartic proteinases (SAPs) 1, 2 and 4, the plant fungus Glomerella cingulata SAP as well as apple seed aspartic proteinase, but to a much lesser extent kiwifruit seed aspartic proteinase. Through kinetic analysis of pepsin inhibition, the 11S-GLP and the purified β-subunit were found to fit a Michaelis–Menten model for competitive inhibition rather than a tight-binding model characteristic for typical proteinase inhibitors. Extrapolated complete inhibition was only obtained at an 11S-GLP concentration ∼900 times that of the pepsin. Further investigation revealed that the 11S-GLP and the β-subunit acted as weak alternative substrates for pepsin. As the 11S-GLP or the β-subunit were degraded, the PIA activity declined in parallel. We discuss these results in terms of the substrate recognition site of pepsin compared with other proteinases.

Enhancing germination of kiwifruit seeds with temperature, medium and gibberellic acid

Germination responses to temperature, medium and gibberellic acid (GA3) treatments were studied in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosaChev. cv. Hayward) seeds. The seeds treated with four GA3concentrations (0, 2,000, 4,000 and 6,000 ppm) were sown in trays with peat moss, perlite + heater humus and soil mixture and subjected to the temperatures of 20&amp;deg;C, 25&amp;deg;C, 30&amp;deg;C and 35&amp;deg;C with bottom heating, under controlled conditions. All the treatments significantly affected the kiwifruit seeds germination. Seeds sown in peat moss and subjected to the temperature of 35&amp;deg;C with bottom heating reached the maximum germination percentage (99.17%). Peat moss and 6,000 ppm GA3 treatment also had a high germination rate (79%). Moreover, peat moss caused an earlier start of germination than the other mediums and shortened the germination period. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;

Food-elicited vocalizations in golden lion tamarins: design features for representational communication

Abstract. These studies were performed to determine whether, and what type of, information is contained in the vocalizations uttered by golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia, to 12 different foods. Information encoded may be of two general types: (1) affective: when the signal contains emotional and/or individually identifying information, or (2) representational: when the signal contains information about events external to the sender in addition to any affective information. Six tamarins were presented with all possible pairs of 12 foods. Data were collected on the food chosen and on the latency to choose. Preference hierarchies were constructed for each tamarin, and a general preference hierarchy was constructed for all the tamarins. A within-groups ANOVA indicated that the tamarins had significant preference differences. The tamarins seem to divide their food into two preference categories: preferred foods (mealworms, grapes, raisins, dried pineapple, crickets) and non-preferred foods (cooked chicken, raspberries, kiwi fruit, dried apricot, walnuts, peanuts, and sunflower seeds). The vocalization rate to the 12 foods in this study were significantly correlated with food preference scores for those foods, and there were significant differences between the vocalization rate given to preferred foods versus non-preferred foods. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) conducted on the five preferred foods revealed significant differences between the vocalizations uttered in the presence of different foods, and discriminant function analysis revealed that there was enough information in the vocalizations to correctly predict the elicitor 52% of the time, when the foods were grouped as protein, dried fruit and grape.