Kinondoni Municipality Research Articles

Factors Affecting Consumers’ Choice in Consumption of Organic Vegetables and Methods Used to Avoid Consumption of Unhealthy Foods in Tanzania

In the previous decades, there has been an upsurge of use of pesticides on food produces. Many consumers now perceive or are knowledgeable that consumption of organic vegetables is healthier than consuming their corresponding items. A cross sectional study was done to assess the factors affecting consumers’ choice in consumption of organic vegetables and methods used to avoid consumption of unhealthy foods in Morogoro and Kinondoni municipalities. A total of 200 paticipants half from each segment were interviewed using a constructed and pretested structured questionnaire. However, the analysis was done to 192 residents, half from each study segment. Data analysis was done through SPSS version 20. Scale liability was tested with Cronbach alpha. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine factors that affected the consumers’ choice and identify as well as the approaches used by them to avoid the consumption of unhealthy foods. To avoid consumption of foods that were perceived perilous, physical appearance was a common method used by most (52%, β = 0.493) consumers compared to reading product labels (45.3%, β = 0.296), asking product information (38%, β = 0.434) and product tasting (26%, β = 0.146). The low purchasing and consumption rates of organic vegetables were significantly different (P< 0.05), affected by their perceived low shelf life (β = 0.108), lack of uniqueness (β = 0.071) and unavailability in the market (β = 0.032). Most organic food growers (97%) needed an external participatory guarantee system for liable market so that producers and investors cooperate with organic growers for business-oriented aspects.

Factors Influencing the Growth of Floriculture. A case study of Kinondoni Municipality, Dar es Salaam city in Tanzania

A study to evaluate the factors influencing the growth of floriculture and its contribution to the community livelihoods was conducted in Dar es Salaam city, using Kinondoni Municipality as a case study. Specifically, the study intended to (i) explore the influential factors for the growth of floriculture in the case study (ii) examine the socio-economic contribution of floriculture to the local community livelihoods (iii) identify the challenges facing the floriculture and (iv) suggest remedies towards the challenges. Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used to get a total of 60 respondents. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches to collect data. Data were collected through observations, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The results of the study show that income generation, availability of open spaces (road reserves), shortage of other employment opportunities, high demand, environmental conservation are the main factors for growth of the floriculture. Low markets, shortage of the water supply services, informality, the eruption of pests and diseases and a shortage of working tools were revealed as significant challenges facing the floricultural business. To improve this business, it suggested that the government must recognize floriculture as a business. It should provide more support in terms of the improvements of the water supply services, provision subsidy, aids and loans of the low conditionality to the smallholder farmers.

The value of formal titles to land in residential property transactions

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of title risks on property prices to establish the associated title risk-price premiums across property types and the moderating effect of occupation strategies for informal transactions.Design/methodology/approachBased on household survey data on transactions for 1,514 residential properties in Kinondoni Municipality, Tanzania, binomial logistic regression models were implemented to predict pre-purchase transaction risks. The results of which were used as inputs in mixed effect models to examine the effect of the predicted title risks on (2,010 constant) purchase price for three-bedrooms finished and unfinished housing units and 400 m2 plots.FindingsAlthough legal titles have positive overall title risk-price premiums, such premiums hardly accrue from transactions involving finished houses and marginally accrue from vacant plots transactions. On average, unfinished housing purchasers are title risk-averse, “vacant plots” purchasers are title risk-neutral, while “finished housing” purchasers are title risk-lovers.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample composition does not include developer-built housing units, the inclusion of which may sway results away from the observations of this study.Practical implicationsTitling alone can hardly be used as a property market stimuli (eliminate transaction risks) unless the market is dominated by unfinished houses.Originality/valueExisting studies consider neither traded housing products nor pre-purchase transaction risks or consider only one of the two, thus leaving a gap in the literature for which this study sought to bridge. Researchers must incorporate both to arrive at a well-informed conclusion on the potential risks as well as prices achievable in each transaction.

"Determinants of Individuals’ Willingness to use EconomicInstruments for Solid Waste Management in Dar es Salaam:The case of Mwananyamala and Mikocheni wards"

The existing systems of solid waste management (SWM) in the city of Dar es Salaam suffer from the lack of a good plan and appropriate approach for their sustainability. This empirical study explores the problem of solid waste (SW) in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It highlights the impacts of applying economic instruments (EIs) on SWM with much emphasis on the relationship between socio-economic characteristics of the communities and their willingness to use such instruments or pay for the service. The study involved 217 households whereby, questionnaires, key informants’ interview, focus group discussion and observation were used for data collection.

Land Injustices: Tracing the Impact of Land Development Projects on Farmers Land Justice in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

The objective of Hawa Suleiman Mkwela's thesis is to explore the impact of land development projects on farmers' land justice in Mbweni Mpiji village in Kinondoni Municipality in Dar es Salaam. The...

Urinary schistosomiasis among preschool-age children in an endemic area of Kinondoni municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 2016

Urinary schistosomiasis among preschool-age children in an endemic area of Kinondoni municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 2016

Implementation of co-trimoxazole preventive therapy policy for malaria in HIV-infected pregnant women in the public health facilities in Tanzania.

BackgroundIn 2011, Tanzania adopted a policy for provision of daily co-trimoxazole prophylaxis to HIV-infected pregnant women for prevention of malaria and other opportunistic infections. As per the policy, HIV-infected pregnant women should not be given sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) for intermittent preventive therapy. The challenges associated with this policy change and the extent to which the new policy for prevention of malaria in pregnant women coinfected with HIV was implemented need to be assessed.AimTo assess the implementation of malaria-preventive therapy policy among HIV-infected pregnant women in the public health facilities in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.MethodologyThe study was conducted in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, from January 2015 to July 2015. Three hundred and fifty-three HIV-infected pregnant women who were attending antenatal clinics (ANCs) and using co-trimoxazole for prevention of malaria were interviewed. Twenty-six health care workers working at the ANCs were also interviewed regarding provision of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis to pregnant women. A knowledge scale was used to grade the level of knowledge of health care providers. Focus group discussions were also conducted with 18 health care workers to assess the level of implementation of the policy and the challenges encountered.ResultsTwenty-three (6.5%) pregnant women with known HIV serostatus were using co-trimoxazole for prevention of opportunistic infections even before they became pregnant. Out of the 353 HIV-infected pregnant women, eight (2.5%) were coadministered with both SP and co-trimoxazole. Sixty (16.7%) pregnant women had poor adherence to co-trimoxazole prophylaxis. Out of the 26 interviewed health care providers, 20 had high level of knowledge regarding malaria-preventive therapy in HIV-infected pregnant women. Lack of adequate supply of co-trimoxazole in health facilities and inadequate training of health care providers were among the factors causing poor implementation of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis for prevention of malaria in HIV-infected pregnant women.ConclusionThere is a need to continue sensitization of pregnant women and communities about the importance of early attendance to the ANCs for testing of HIV and provision of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis. Availability of co-trimoxazole in the health facilities, regular training, and sensitization of health care providers are necessary for effective implementation of this policy.

Analysis of institutional arrangement for greywater management in unplanned settlements of Kinondoni municipality Tanzania

Greywater (GW) may contain pathogens and organics thereby calling for its management. Institutional arrangement (IA) is the heart of planning, coordination and management of initiatives. Analysis of IA is key for determination of what could be rectified within organisations based on the existing structure, resources, strategies, data and information, stakeholder participation and involvement, policy and by-laws. Kinondoni municipality has the largest population of the three municipalities in Dar es Salaam city. In this study, the IA for GW management in Kinondoni municipality was analysed using weighted strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT). The weights for the SWOT criteria were obtained from field interviews with households and key informants, and then integrated using expert judgement. Overall, from the analysis matrix, the SWOT was towards weaknesses (73%) and opportunities (60%). Weaknesses were largely due to internal factors, others were lack of horizontal and vertical coordination, accountability, and stakeholder participation. With respect to GW management, these results revealed that there is inadequacy in the existing institutional structure, which accelerates poor performance in GW management practices in Kinondoni municipality. Accordingly, this study proposed an IA that induces stakeholder involvement and participation, accountability mechanisms and collaboration between departments in GW management.

Intra-urban residential mobility and tenants' workplace choices in Kinondoni municipality

In Tanzania like many developing countries, the private rental housing caters for the housing needs of the majority of low-income households where residential choices of tenants are associated with both risks and opportunities. One of the opportunities is proximity to workplaces which provide a means to save in terms of lower commuting costs and the ease with which domestic obligations can be attended. However, it is not clear whether workplaces are of prime consideration in residential mobility decision of tenants. This paper uses discriminant function analyses to predict tenants' preferences for workplace-residential proximity based on tenants' own attributes, housing and neighbourhood characteristics based on data which were collected in Kinondoni municipality in Dar es Salaam Tanzania in 2014. The results suggest that tenant mobility tend to relocate tenants away from their workplaces. The majority of tenants who are residentially detached from their workplaces tend to relocate towards wards which are located in-between the outskirt and the CBD, while those relocating to peripheral wards end-up working within their ward of residency. This pattern is explained by at least two factors; the first is the incremental nature of housing construction, which pushes tenants closer to areas of their intended housing construction (outskirt wards) and the second is tenure insecurity which motivate early tenant move-out towards outskirt wards so that they can either physically protect their acquired rights or be in a good position to purchase secure plots. Workplace-residential proximity in wards that are relatively closer to the CBD for non-mover tenants is significantly associated with low-income and lower rent which reflects the relatively lower quality housing and environmental amenities in those wards.

Impacts of Entrepreneurial Leadership Style on Business Performance of Female owned SMEs in Dar es salaam, Tanzania

This study attempts to determine the relationship between Entrepreneurial Leadership style and business performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) owned or led by female CEOs in Dar es salaam, Tanzania. The research is based on secondary data from One World Action and Financial Sector Development Trust (FSDT) baseline survey databases, covering Kinondoni, Ilala and Temeke municipalities. Data cleaning was conducted using Roy (2010)s seven step methodology and analyzed quantitatively using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and simple regression by SPSS. The findings show that there is a significantly strong positive correlation between Entrepreneurial Leadership style and business performance of SMEs in Dar es salaam, Tanzania.

Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis C and depression among people who inject drugs in the Kinondoni Municipality In Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

C. Nyandindi3, J. Mbwambo3, S. McCurdy4, B. Lambdin2, Michael Copenhaver5, Robert Bruce1,2 1 Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States 2 Pangaea Global AIDS Foundation, Oakland, CA, United States 3 Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania 4 University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States 5 University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States

English

This paper used the perceptions of local leaders at a ward level to assess the governance of urban agriculture (UA) in Kinondoni Municipality-Dar Es Salaam City in Tanzania. Unstructured interviews were conducted with 24 local leaders involved in the day to day governance of UA in the Municipality. During the interviews, the local leaders were requested to narrate their perceptions on the governance of UA in the Municipality based on three criteria namely leadership quality, infrastructure provision and farmers’ land right. In general, the leaders had the opinion that in the current settings there were limited efforts and plans to support UA in Kinondoni Municipality as assessed using the three criteria mentioned above. Key words: Governance, urban agriculture, local leaders, ward agricultural officers, Tanzania.

Prevalence of malaria and anaemia among HIV infected pregnant women receiving co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in Tanzania: a cross sectional study in Kinondoni Municipality.

BackgroundHIV-infected pregnant women are particularly more susceptible to the deleterious effects of malaria infection particularly anaemia. In order to prevent opportunistic infections and malaria, a policy of daily co-trimoxazole prophylaxis without the standard Suphadoxine-Pyrimethamine intermittent preventive treatment (SP-IPT) was introduced to all HIV infected pregnant women in the year 2011. However, there is limited information about the effectiveness of this policy.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study conducted among HIV-infected pregnant women receiving co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in eight public health facilities in Kinondoni Municipality from February to April 2013. Blood was tested for malaria infection and anaemia (haemoglobin <11 g/dl). Data were collected on the adherence to co-trimoxazole prophylaxis and other risk factors for malaria infection and anaemia. Pearson chi-square test, Fischer’s exact test and multivariate logistic regression were used in the statistical analysis.ResultsThis study enrolled 420 HIV infected pregnant women. The prevalence of malaria infection was 4.5%, while that of anaemia was 54%. The proportion of subjects with poor adherence to co-trimoxazole was 50.5%. As compared to HIV infected pregnant women with good adherence to co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, the poor adherents were more likely to have a malaria infection (Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR = 6.81, 95% CI = 1.35-34.43, P = 0.02) or anaemia (AOR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.03-2.98, P = 0.039). Other risk factors associated with anaemia were advanced WHO clinical stages, current malaria infection and history of episodes of malaria illness during the index pregnancy.ConclusionThe prevalence of malaria was low; however, a significant proportion of subjects had anaemia. Good adherence to co-trimoxazole prophylaxis was associated with reduction of both malaria infection and anaemia among HIV infected pregnant women.

Characterization of Household Waste in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar Es Salaam

This study was carried out in Kinondoni municipality to determine the per capita daily waste generation rate and waste composition, and correlate these variables with socioeconomic factors of the householders. Questionnaires, interviews, waste characterization, and observation were used in data collection. A sample of 75 respondents residing in middle and low-income settlements were selected for the study. The results showed that the generation rate of household wastes was 0.44 kg/persons/day. On average household solid waste consisted of kitchen/food waste, paper, plastics, glass, metals, aluminium and other wastes, the proportion of each waste was approximately 74.10%, 8.30%, 9%, 0.75%, 0.60%, 0% and 7.25%, respectively An evaluation of the relationship between daily per capita generation of household waste and socio-economic factors indicated a weak positive correlation with household size (r = 0.219, and r = 0.138 for middle and low-income households respectively). While, the obtained value of the Pearson coefficient (r) indicated very weak negative correlation (r = -0. 108 and r= -0.096 for middle and low-income households respectively) between the per capita daily waste generation and the household income. These findings suggest that there is a need to examine other factors that underlie the generation of household wastes. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n13p35

Tree Species Preferences on Urban Area’s Residential Plots of Morogoro and Kinondoni Municipalities, Tanzania

The study was conducted in Morogoro and Kinondoni municipalities to identify tree species planted in urban area on residential plots and investigate reasons compelled urban dwellers to plant trees on their homesteads. The study was a cross-sectional and data were collected from 120 plots. Structured questionnaires’ survey, focused group discussion coupled with researcher’s observations was the methods for data collection. Multistage sampling technique was employed in this study and household-heads were interviewed. Data were analysed using SPSS computer programme. Cross tabulations and Chi-square test were employed to demonstrate the presence or absence of relationships among variables (P&lt; 0.05). Study show that there were 51 tree species on residential plots of the two municipalities. The identified species were listed in ascending order of preferences for overall and for each municipality. In overall Azadirachta indica, Senna siamea, Mangifera indica, Polyalthia longifolia, Cocos nucifera, Citrus aurantium, Terminalia spp, Annona reticulate, Dovyalis caffra and Psidium guajava were the top 10 most preferred species in the municipalities while Pterocarpus tinctorius and Dracaena spp, were some of least preferred species. Reasons underlying people’s choices on type of trees to establish on their homesteads were also reported by the study. More than half 63 (52.5%) of plots were planted with Azadirachta indica and there was a significant difference at p&lt;0.05 on planting this tree in the two municipalities. Main reasons compelled urban dwellers to plant trees on their residential plots were identified as shade provision (30.8%); supply of food or fruits to people (25.3%); area beautification (17.8%) and wind breaks (10.6%). The study recommended amendment of National Forest Policy (1998) and National Forest Programme (2001-2010) to rationalize urban forestry and urban greening issues. The study recommended for development of master plans and guidelines for tree planting in Morogoro municipality and Dar es Salaam City.

Prevalence of obesity and associated risk factors among adults in Kinondoni municipal district, Dar es Salaam Tanzania.

BackgroundObesity is on the rise worldwide, not sparing developing countries. Both demographic and socio-economic factors play parts in obesity causation. Few surveys have been conducted in Tanzania to determine the magnitude of obesity and its association with these risk factors. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of obesity and its associated risk factors among adults aged 18 - 65 years in Kinondoni municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania from April 2007 to April 2008.MethodsRandom sampling of households was performed. Interviews and anthropometric measurement were carried out to eligible and consenting members of the selected households. Obesity was defined using Body Mass Index (BMI).ResultsOut of 1249 subjects recruited, 814 (65.2%) were females. The overall prevalence of obesity was 19.2% (240/1249). However, obesity was significantly more prevalent in women (24.7%) than men (9%), p < 0.001, among respondents with high socio-economic status (29.2%) as compared to those with medium (14.3%) and low socio-economic status (11.3%), p value for trend < 0.001, and among respondents with light intensity activities (26.0%), p value for trend < 0.001.ConclusionThis study revealed a higher prevalence of obesity among Kinondoni residents than previously reported in other parts of the country. Independent predictors of obesity in the population studied were increasing age, marriage and cohabitation, high SES, female sex and less vigorous physical activities.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children aged 6-12 years in Dodoma and Kinondoni Municipalities, Tanzania

A cross-sectional comparison study was conducted to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among schoolchildren 428 children aged 6 -12 years in Dodoma and Kinondoni municipalities in Tanzania. Anthropometric and body composition measurements were taken for all respondents. A total of 428 children were involved in the study. The prevalence of obesity among children aged 6 - 9 years in Dodoma and Kinondoni were 5.6% (n = 118) and 6.3% (n = 87), respectively. Likewise, 4.2% (n = 118) of children aged 6-9 years in Dodoma were overweight while 8.6% (n = 87) of their counterparts in Kinondoni municipality were overweight. For children aged 10-12 years, 3.9% (n= 118) in Dodoma were obese compared to 5.8% (n = 87) of their peers in Kinondoni. Some 4.9% of the children aged 10-12 years in Dodoma were overweight compared to 5.8% of their counterparts in Kinondoni. The average body fat mass of children aged 6 - 9 years in Dodoma ranged from 21.42-21.81%, while that of their peers in Kinondoni ranged from 21.66-21.98%. The average body fat mass of children aged 10-12 years ranged between 23.95-24.10% in Dodoma and 23.65-24.95% in Kinondoni. There were gender and age differences in body fat mass distribution, with girls and the older children having significantly (P < 0.05) higher proportion of body fat mass. In conclusion, although the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children in this study were lower than those reported elsewhere, there is an imminent danger because the trend of the conditions is rising swiftly with urbanization, changes in lifestyles and socio-economic transition. It is recommended that, children should be educated on good nutrition practices and trained to develop healthy eating behaviours. Parents should encourage lifestyle behaviours that promote high level of physical activities. Physical education and organized sports at schools should be revived.

Factors affecting medical waste management in low- level health facilities in Tanzania

A study on evaluation of medical waste management systems was conducted in the low-level health facilities (LLHFs) in Dar es Salaam by comparing Ilala and Kinondoni municipalities. Questionnaires, interviews, visits and observation were used in data collection. The study has revealed that; most of the facilities have no specific disposal sites. In Ilala, 70% of the health facilities burn wastes in poorly designed incinerators, open pit burning or on the ground while in Kinondoni, 83% of the facilities bury wastes in the pits. More than 50% of the disposal sites surveyed are not fenced and were in close proximity to human settlements. About 60 and 70% of incinerators in the surveyed facilities in Ilala and Kinondoni municipalities, respectively, are not in good working conditions, 50% of them being of low capacity with some parts missing, e.g., chimneys, ash pits, covers for waste loading and ash removing doors. Also, 9 and 47% of the healthcare facilities in Ilala and Kinondoni, respectively, do not have the Standard Operating Procedures. Medical waste transportation is a serious problem, as 71% of the facilities in Kinondoni carry the wastes on hands to the disposal sites while in Ilala, 40% of LLHFs use wheelbarrows. Waste segregation and colour coding are poorly adhered to while most of the storage areas are too small. It was concluded that, the medical waste management in LLHFs is still poor. Awareness should be raised among LLHFs workers on proper management of the medical wastes.

People’s awareness on effects of open burning of household waste in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar-es-Salaam

INTRODUCTION Open burning is the burning of any matter in such a manner that its products are emitted directly into the ambient air without passing through an adequate stack, duct or chimney. The materials burnt include paper, trees, trash, brush, leaves, cans, leather, plastics, grass, and other debris where smoke and other emissions are released directly into the air the contents of which results into health and environmental effects such as bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, immune system repression, reproductive system disorders, birth defects and others. OBJECTIVE To assess people’s knowledge on the health and environmental effects associated with open burning of household wastes at Kinondoni Municipality in Dar es Salaam City. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross sectional descriptive study that involved 300 respondents. Structured closed and open ended questionnaire were used in data collection and the study was carried in between February to May, 2007. Data coding was done during data collection & quantitative data analysis was done through SPSS Version 12, a computer package programme, whereas qualitative data sociological/anthropological methods in data analysis were used. RESULTS Health and environmental awareness of people on effects of open burning practice was high (61.7%). However, out of 300 respondents, 213(71.0%) reported to continue using open burning as their final disposal mechanism due to poor existing infrastructure (76.0%), cost implication ( 94.8%). Low frequency of waste collection (94.3%) and as normal practice habit (46%). CONCLUSION The results from this study showed that people are aware of the health and environmental effects associated with open burning of household wastes. However the existing infrastructure, low frequency of waste collection and refuse collection fee becomes the major barrier hence need thorough considerations

Knowledge, attitude and practices towards risk factors for hypertension in Kinondoni municipality, Dar es Salaam

Objective: To assess the people’s knowledge, attitudes and practices towards risk factors for hypertension in Kinondoni Municipality. Study design: Cross sectional descriptive study. Settings: Kimara and Mbezi Luisi wards in Kinondoni Municipality. Subjects: Adults aged 18 years and above, residents of Kinondoni Municipality at Kimara or Mbezi Luisi. Results: The number of people included in the study was 318. More than half of the study population (66.80%) had knowledge on hypertension but only 19.75% had knowledge on risk factors for hypertension. The common risk factors known were consumption of fatty food and stress. People who reported to be doing physical exercises were 52.35%, smoking 9.54% and drinking alcohol 29.56%. Conclusion: Many people have heard about hypertension but only a few know its risk factors. It is necessary to provide education to people so that they can avoid the risk factors hence reduce the prevalence of hypertension.