Kings Bay Research Articles

The Analysis of Diversity in Archaeological Faunal Assemblages: Complexity and Subsistence Strategies in the Southeast during the Middle Woodland Period

Middle Woodland archaeological sites along the Gulf Coast of Florida exhibit greater cultural complexity earlier than contemporaneous sites along the Atlantic Coast of Georgia. This greater complexity is hypothesized to ultimately be the result of more advanced fishing technologies having been employed in the Apalachee Bay area of Florida than in the other study areas. Prey species diversity is one aspect of site faunal assemblages that is affected by such intensification of subsistence practices. Faunal data from Middle Woodland period sites in the Apalachee Bay area of Florida, the Pensacola Bay area of Florida, and the King's Bay area of Georgia were analyzed in this study. Data from a late prehistoric site in eastern North Carolina were included in the analysis for comparative purposes. It was predicted that faunal assemblages from Swift Creek sites in the Apalachee Bay area will reflect greater regularity in the number of species taken as well as a relatively even number of individuals per species. The method for measuring diversity proposed in this article estimated the population richness from which the samples of interest were drawn by fitting a limited growth model to the sample data and using the limit of the model as an estimate of the population richness. The goodness of fit of the model, interpreted as a measure of the regularity in subsistence practices, was evaluated with a χ 2test. Evenness was estimated graphically. Application of the methods to the faunal samples revealed that richness was equal for nearly all groups. The Georgia Atlantic coast group data indicated great irregularity in the number of species exploited and low evenness. Evenness was highest in the Apalachee Bay group and in the Late Woodland group. These results suggested that the shared sedentariness, higher population densities, and practice of food storage made possible by the advanced fishing technologies of both groups explains the higher evennesses of the vertebrate taxa in the samples.

Evaluation of the Effects of Nutrient Removal and the “Storm of the Century” on Submersed Vegetation in Kings Bay – Crystal River, Florida

ABSTRACT Municipal wastewater effluent was removed in 1992 from a cove (Cedar Cove) of Kings Bay in an attempt to reduce the bay's ambient total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations. Many citizens and professionals viewed nutrient removal as the solution to reducing the bay's nuisance growths of aquatic macrophytes and filamentous algae. Wastewater removal reduced average TP from 105 μg·L−1 to 27 μg·L−1 and average TN from 620 μg·L−1 to 220 μg·L−1 in Cedar Cove. TP (24 μg·L−1 to 28 μg·L−1) and TN (300 μg·L−1 to 260 μg·L−1), however, were not significantly reduced in southern Kings Bay. There were no significant changes in mean frequency of occurrence of vallisneria in Cedar Cove (0% to 1%) or southern Kings Bay (19% to 22%). Average hydrilla occurrence decreased significantly after wastewater removal in Cedar Cove (54% to 36%) and southern Kings Bay (61% to 35%). Eurasian watermilfoil occurrence significantly increased in Cedar Cove (6% to 24%) and southern Kings Bay (11 % to 32%). Filam...

Acoustic scattering by targets in porous ocean sediments

Biot theory appears to be a viable model for wave propagation in porous ocean sediments, but difficulties in accurately determining the required material parameters leave some interesting predictions based on this formalism in doubt. For example, parameters recently reported for sand sediments off Kings Bay, GA and Panama City, FL [N. P. Chotiros, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 199–214 (1995)] suggest that Biot’s slow wave can be excited in these sediments with a propagation speed high enough to significantly enhance sonar transmission of coherent acoustic wave energy into the bottom at shallow grazing angles. While buried hydrophone measurements confirm higher sound-pressure levels than expected from fluid sediment models, the interpretation of these measurements can be ambiguous. To remove some of these ambiguities, numerical modeling of the scattering by simple targets both in free-field and in buried configurations is suggested. By investigating the scattering by porous targets or elastic targets in a porous background, the dynamics unique to a coupling to Biot’s slow wave can act as a fingerprint of this wave’s generation. This will be demonstrated with examples calculated using an exact scattering solution of Biot’s equations. [Work supported by ONR.]

Case study: The observational approach and fast‐track remediation at NSB kings bay

AbstractRemediation of groundwater at NSB (Naval Submarine Base) Kings Bay proceeded from problem identification to groundwater treatment within a 22‐month period. This rapid implementation schedule resulted from application of observational approach methods to project management and technical decision making.Finding that groundwater containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as vinyl chloride and dichloroethene was migrating off base property, base authorities and ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (ABB‐ES) established a fast‐track investigation/remediation program embodying the ideals of the observational approach. The investigation/remediation program of NSB Kings Bay Site 11 has proceeded in three phases. The first stage of the investigation/remediation program was implemented to confirm the existence of the chlorinated VOCs in site groundwater. The second phase of the investigation/remediation program was initiated to halt further contamination migration and to further delineate groundwater contamination. The third stage of investigation/remediation, source reduction and final remediation selection, is currently under way.The uniqueness of the Kings Bay investigation/remediation program is in the approach to the problem. Compared to the traditional approach, which would have required a more comprehensive groundwater sampling and analysis program prior to remediation, the investigation/remediation approach applied at NSB Kings Bay allowed remediation to proceed on a more expeditious schedule, with an accepted amount of uncertainty derived from first‐stage groundwater data. It was also understood that modifications to the system would be made when deviations to the most probable conditions arose. As a result, contaminant migration has been effectively controlled, while further site investigation and source reduction evaluation have proceeded.

Factors influencing the distribution, abundance and growth of Lyngbya wollei in central Florida

Fifteen sites in the Kings Bay/Crystal River estuarine system, Florida, were sampled over 1 year to determine the spatial and temporal distribution and abundance of the filamentous blue-green alga, Lyngbya wollei (Farlow ex Gomont) Speziale and Dyck. Monthly biomass (dry weight) of benthic Lyngbya mats was constant at approximately 1 kg m −2 during most of the year, but it decreased from April to July when large mats were observed floating on the water surface. Multiple regression analyses showed that Lyngbya biomass was correlated negatively with conductivity and alkalinity; this is consistent with L. wollei being primarily a freshwater species. In regions of the bay with higher salinities, the vascular macrophyte, Hydrilla verticallata (L.f.) Royle, prevailed. Nutrient influences appeared to be small even though the northeast portion of Kings Bay/Crystal River has high concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium. Controlled laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of pH, salinity, and nutrients on growth of L. wollei. Optimal growth occurred at a pH of 8.0 and a salinity of 0 ppt (g 1 −1); salinities in excess of 5.25 ppt killed more than 99% of the cells within 2 weeks. Growth of Lyngbya from five Kings Bay stations in six nutrients sources (spring water, NO 3N, NH 4N, PO 4P, NO 3N + PO 4P, and NH 4N, + PO 4P) did not differ among stations, and nutrients additions produced no increases over spring water. Addition of Ca 2+ increased growth of L. wollei at low and intermediate concentrations of nitrogen and/or phosphorus; this partially explains why spring water, derived from the limestone aquifer, produces such good growth of Lyngbya.

ComSubLant Pump and Valve Repair System

ABSTRACTFlexible Computer Integrated Manufacturing (FCIM) technology existing today in industry, combined with modern repair processes, can be used to address erosion and corrosion inherent in submarine and surface ship fluid systems. Commander Submarine Force Atlantic Fleet (ComSubLant) will implement in the near future a pump and valve repair system in the Trident Refit Facility (TRF), Submarine Base, Kings Bay, Ga. The system will support the repair of submarine and surface ship components such as valve bodies, valve tailpieces, and pump casings. It will replace metal lost by erosion and corrosion using repair processes such as automated welding and epoxy spray and reliably return these components to original specification with computer numeric controlled (CNC) machining.

Estimation of sediment volume scattering cross section and absorption loss coefficient

A simple theoretical model for estimating the sediment volume scattering cross section and the absorption loss coefficient from the reverberation tail of an acoustic pulse observed by a point receiver within the ocean sediment is described. This model assumes an infinite plane wave entering the sediment at normal incidence and scattering isotropically from a uniform field of random point scatterers. The model predicts the magnitude and decay rate of the volume scattering at a point receiver in terms of the volume scattering cross section and the absorption coefficient of the medium. Experimental data were obtained from an array of in-sediment acoustic probes deployed at a site near Jacksonville, Florida, and Kings Bay, Georgia. By fitting the predictions of the model to experimentally observed volume scattering data, the volume scattering cross sections and absorption coefficients of real sediments were inferred. The absorption coefficient and volume scattering cross-section results were compared with attenuation measurements from core samples and with theoretical and experimental data from Hamilton [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 68, 1313 (1980)], Nolle [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 35, 1394–1408 (1963)], Turgut and Yamamoto [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 2376 (1990)], and Jackson et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 79, 1410 (1986)].

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A TOTAL HAZARD CONTROL PLAN FOR AN LNG SITE

Australia's North West Shelf Project is based on the development of major gas reserves discovered in the early 1970s in deep water some 130 km off the coast from Dampier, Western Australia.The project was developed in two phases. The Domestic Gas Phase, completed in 1984, supplies pipeline gas to the State Energy Commission of Western Australia for distribution in the south-west of the State. The Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Phase involves the export of LNG to eight Japanese power and gas utilities under 20-year Sale and Purchase Agreements. The production and export of LNG commenced in 1989.A Total Hazard Control Plan (THCP) has been developed for the project's onshore and offshore facilities to ensure that all hazards which could affect public safety outside the plant boundary are identified and controlled for the life of the site.The THCP applies to all sites, including the trunkline, onshore gas treatment plant, King Bay supply base and North Rankin A offshore platform. The objectives of the THCP are: to identify the hazards that exist together with their potential consequences; to list the policies and procedures which control the hazards and assign responsibility within the organisation to ensure that those policies and procedures are implemented; to provide verifiable assurance to Government that the Project Operator, Woodside, comprehensively and systematically controls all foreseen hazards to public safety, at the level of 'reasonably practicable'.Compliance with the THCP is verified using a structured auditing programme involving both internal and external audits.

Historical Archaeology of Plantations at Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia. William Hampton Adams, editor, with contributions by Richard B. Adams, William Hampton Adams, William R. Adams, Sarah Jane Boling, Lee Newsom, Carolyn Rock, Jeanne A. Ward, and Janis Kearney-Williams. Reports of Investigations 5. Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, 1987. xii + 465 pp., figures, tables, biblio., appendices, subject

Historical Archaeology of Plantations at Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia. William Hampton Adams, editor, with contributions by Richard B. Adams, William Hampton Adams, William R. Adams, Sarah Jane Boling, Lee Newsom, Carolyn Rock, Jeanne A. Ward, and Janis Kearney-Williams. Reports of Investigations 5. Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, 1987. xii + 465 pp., figures, tables, biblio., appendices, subject index. $20.00 (paper). - Volume 55 Issue 2

Estimation of sediment volume scattering strength and absorption coefficient

A simple theoretical model for estimating sediment volume scattering strength and absorption coefficient from the reverberation tail of an acoustic pulse observed by a point receiver within the ocean sediment is described. This model assumes an infinite plane wave entering the sediment at normal incidence and scattering isotropically from a uniform field of random inhomogeneities. The model predicts the magnitude and decay rate of the volume scattering at a point receiver in terms of the volume scattering strength and the absorption coefficient of the medium. By fitting the predictions of the model to experimentally observed volume scattering data, the volume scattering strengths and absorption coefficients of real sediments were inferred. Expeimental data were obtained from insediment acoustic probes deployed at sites off Kings Bay, GA, and off Panama City, FL. The absorption coefficient results were compared with corresponding measurements from core samples. [Work supported by ONT with NORDA management.]

Historical Archaeology of Plantations at Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia.

Historical Archaeology of Plantations at Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia.

Status and ceramics for planters and slaves on three Georgia coastal plantations

Previous work on Georgia plantations has provided useful data about life on the large plantations on barrier islands. More recent work on small to mid-sized plantations reveals that slaves’ acquisition of ceramics may reflect more of their own decisions on what was purchased and what was used. Coarser ware frequencies indicate food preparation and storage in the slave quarters. Porcelain was often found in greater numbers in the slave quarters than in the plantation bighouse kitchen. Like earlier research, slaves at Kings Bay were found to have relatively more small bowls, but surprisingly they had relatively more plates as well. Comparison of slaves and planters using CC Index revealed that for several vessel forms the slaves had more expensive ceramics than their masters. This suggests that the slaves themselves viewed ceramics as status indicators and purchased them accordingly.

: Historical Archaeology of Plantations at Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia . William Hampton Adams.

: Historical Archaeology of Plantations at Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia . William Hampton Adams.

The Kings Bay and Devils Walking Stick Sites. William Hampton Adams, editor, with contributions by William Hampton Adams, Thomas Desjean, Christopher Espenshade, Rebecca Saunders, and Karen Jo Walker. Aboriginal Subsistence and Settlement Archaeology of the Kings Bay Locality, Vol. 1. University of Florida, Department of Anthropology, Reports of Investigations, No. 1, Gainesville, 1985. xiii + 393 pp., figures, tables, appendices,

The Kings Bay and Devils Walking Stick Sites. William Hampton Adams, editor, with contributions by William Hampton Adams, Thomas Desjean, Christopher Espenshade, Rebecca Saunders, and Karen Jo Walker. Aboriginal Subsistence and Settlement Archaeology of the Kings Bay Locality, Vol. 1. University of Florida, Department of Anthropology, Reports of Investigations, No. 1, Gainesville, 1985. xiii + 393 pp., figures, tables, appendices, references cited. - Zooarchaeology. William Hampton Adams, editor, with contributions by Irvy R. Quitmyer, Elizabeth S. Wing, H. Stephen Hale, Douglas S. Jones, and Sylvia Scudder. Aboriginal Subsistence and Settlement Archaeology of the Kings Bay Locality, Vol. 2. University of Florida, Department of Anthropology, Reports of Investigations, No. 2, Gainesville, 1985. vii + 112 pp., figures, tables, appendix, references cited. $14.50, two volume set (paper). - Volume 53 Issue 1

Controlled burning and land treatment influences on chemical properties of a forest soil

During the spring of 1981, twelve study plots (0.02 ha) were established in an 18-year-old slash pine plantation which was to be treated with 8.4 cm/month of secondary-treated waste water from base housing at Kings Bay Naval Submarine Support Base, Kings Bay, Georgia. Treatment area soils were predominantely Mandarin (Typic Haplohumod). The study objective was to determine the consequence of controlled burning and waste water application upon soil chemical properties of this land-treatment system. By the end of the 1st year after burning, extractable K, Ca and Mg levels of the surface soil (0–8 cm) were significantly higher for the burnt treatment, a trend which continued through the 2nd year, but was not apparent by the 3rd year. All other measured surface nutrients and all measured nutrients at 8–90 cm depth were not significantly influenced by burning. Land treatment decreased soil acidity in 3 years from strongly acid to slightly acid, reflecting the large inputs of Ca and Mg from waste water, and changes in the Al cation.

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Manatees in Kings Bay, Crystal River, Florida

The distribution of the manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Florida is seasonally influenced by changes in ambient temperature (Moore 1951, Hartman 1974:8-9, Shane 1983). During spring and summer, manatees are widely dispersed along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the Florida peninsula (Hartman 1974:205-206, Powell and Rathbun 1984). In autumn, manatees migrate southward and are attracted to warmwater discharges where water temperatures remain 20 C or higher throughout the winter (Hartman 1974:13; Powell and Waldron 1981; Shane 1983, 1984). Although most warm-water refuges used by manatees in Florida involve thermal effluents from industrial plants, 6 of the 25 known sites are natural artesian springs (Hartman 1974:13). The largest manatee aggregation at a natural refuge occurs in Kings Bay, at the headwaters of the Crystal River on the Gulf coast of north-central Florida (Hartman 1974:18-19). The number of manatees wintering in Kings Bay appears to have increased since the 1960's (Powell 1981), as has human use of the bay. Diving, boating, aquatic weed control, dredging, and construction have intensified to the point where conflicts with manatee conservation now exist. The objective of this study was to obtain baseline data on seasonal changes in the distribution and abundance of manatees in

Trident Naval Submarine Base: Planning and Design

The U.S. Navy's largest peace‐time construction project is currently underway in southeast Georgia. Located at Kings Bay, a few miles north of the Florida‐Georgia border, the Trident Atlantic Coast Strategic Submarine Base is scheduled for completion in 1991 at a cost of approximately $1.5 billion. The Kings Bay site, originally acquired in the 1950's as an Army ocean terminal, was selected by the Navy in 1978 as a support facility for Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarines. In 1980, the decision was made to expand the facility to accommodate Trident‐class submarines. The 12,000‐acre (4,860‐ha) site has been masterplanned into four major functional areas: (1) Waterfront; (2) industrial and weapons; (3) personnel support, administration and training; and (4) family housing. Civil engineering activities during initial construction center around planning and design of roads and drainage. Included are basewide planning for and design of roads, railroads, bridges, stormwater drainage systems, pedestrian and bicycle paths, landscaping, lighting, signalization and parking facilities. Estimated construction costs are over $100 million.

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN OYSTERS (CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA) FROM GEORGIA COASTAL WATERS, ANALYZED BY HIGH-PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT A number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were detected in oysters from sites in coastal Georgia with analysis by reverse-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Compounds were identified by collection of peaks and comparison of excitation and emission fluorescence spectra with authentic standards. Major PAH in the oysters from the ports of Savannah and Brunswick included methylfluorene, anthracene, 2,3-benzofluorene, methylpyrene, 2,3-benzanthracene, benzo(b) fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene. Concentrations of most PAH were low in oysters from Skidaway River, which is part of the intracoastal waterway, and Kings Bay submarine base. The concentration of benzo(a)pyrene, a well known carcinogen, was 0.5 micrograms per kilogram in Brunswick and Savannah but was not detected (less than 0.01 micrograms per kilogram) in Skidaway River and Kings Bay.

The Discovery of Rhizomnium andrewsianum in Finland and Norway

Rhizomnium andrewsianum (Steere) Kop., a high-arctic circumpolar moss, is reported as new to Finland upon a collection made in the Kuusamo District, and as new to Norway upon a recently discovered herbarium specimen from the county of Finnmark. On 3 August 1967 Bowers collected Rhizomnium andrewsianum (Steere) Kop. from a wet roadcut in Oulanka National Park, Finland. The basis for identification was the description by Steere (1958a) and the chromosome number and morphology (Bowers, 1966a,b). A duplicate specimen was also sent to Koponen, who agreed with Bowers' identification. Koponen (1968b) recently revised the Finnish Rhizomnium collections but found no specimens of R. andrewsianum among them. A search through the Cinclidium specimens in the larger Finnish herbaria (Koponen, 1969b) was also without result. Thus Bowers' specimen seems to be the first collection of the species from Finland. Rhizomnium andrewsianum was also represented by an unidentified collection sent to Koponen by the Botanical Museum of Oslo University. The specimen was collected in 1888 by E. Jorgensen in northern Norway, county of Finnmark, Vassbotnfjell in the district of Talvik. No more precise information of the habitat is given on the label. Nyholm (1968) reported Mnium andrewsianum as new to Norway, but the specimen (Stord Island, Tysseskar, 59?50'N, 5?27'E, Holmen 186, in c) was found by Koponen to be Rhizomnium punctatum (Hedw.) Kop. Thus, Jorgensen's specimen from Finnmark seems to be the only known from Norway. Rhizomnium andrewsianum is closely related to R. pseudopunctatum (Bruch & Schimp.) Kop. and, because of its close resemblance, could easily be mistaken for that species. In addition to the fact that R. andrewsianum is dioecious and R. pseudopunctatum synoecious, we can add the following differences (see also Koponen, 1968a,b): Micronemata and micronematous initials are absent on the upper stem parts in R. andrewsianum, but they are present in R. pseudopunctatum; the old stem parts of R. andrewsianum often retain a lustrous reddish color but in R. pseudopunctatum the stems turn brownish, only the young stem parts being reddish. According to Steere (1958a) the capsule of R. andrewsianum is similar to that of R. pseudopunctatum. However, the outer peristome teeth are more similar to those of R. punc1 This study was supported in part by a grant-in-aid of research from the Society of the Sigma Xi, and in part by a grant from the University of Helsinki. 2 Present address: Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, Michigan 49855. 3 Department of Botany, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 44, Helsinki 17, Finland. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.243 on Thu, 06 Oct 2016 04:38:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1969] BOWERS & KOPONEN: RHIZOMNIUM ANDREWSIANUM 253 tatum than to those of R. pseudopunctatum, and the capsules are horizontal. Thus, although the size of the plant and the leaf characters are most similar to R. pseudopunctatum, the above facts seem to ally the species to R. punctatum. Rhizomnium andrewsianum is easily separated even in the sterile condition from any Cinclidium species through the absence of an elongate area of macronematous initials present only in Cinclidium (Koponen, 1968a, 1969a). Since its description by Steere (1958a) Rhizomnium andrewsianum has often been recorded from the arctic and hemiarctic America (Steere, 1958b; Persson, 1962, 1963; Persson & Holmen, 1961; Persson & SjSrs, 1960; Bowers, 1966a, 1966c, 1968). Persson and Holmen (1961) and Kuc (1963) recorded the species from Spitzbergen; Steere (1958a) and Bardunov (1965) reported it from Siberia. Smirnova (1966) mapped the distribution in Russia and reported four localities on the Kola Peninsula not far from the Finnish border. Thus, the present finds from Finland and Norway were to be expected. These finds also suggest that it may be possible to discover some other members of the high-arctic element of bryophytes (Steere, 1953, 1954, 1985) in northern Scandinavia. Specimens examined: GREENLAND. Ameralik Fjord, Vahl, 1830 (H-BR). Disko Fjord, Igdlokasik, 69?34'N, 54?W, Holmen 14047 (H). SPITSBERGEN. Svalbard, collector unknown (c). Kings Bay Distr., Ossian Sarsfjellet, 1 km N of the bird cliff, beside boulders in Cassiope tetragona heath, Arnell &7 Mdrtensson, 1956 (c) (see Arnell & Mtrtensson, 1959, p. 144). NORWAY. FINNMARK: Talvik, Vassbotnfjell, Jorgensen, 1888 (H, O). FINLAND. KUUSAMO: Oulanka National Park, in wet roadcut N of Oulu University Field Station, Bowers bb-1900 (HERB. BOWERS, H). USSR. IRKUTSK DIST.: In valle fl. Tunka, Smirnow, 1926 (H-BR). YAKUT ASSR: In valle fl. Lena, Kumachsur, 70o30' lat. bor., Nilsson-Ehle, 1898 (H).

Atmospheric‐electric researches made in 1928 during the Nobile Arctic Expedition in collaboration with Professor A. Pontremoli (Milan) and Professor F. Malmgren (Upsala)

The researches into atmospheric electricity made during the Arctic Expedition of General Nobile comprised partly the measurements made in the airship Italia (Fig. 1) during the flights (see Figs. 2 and 3) Milan to Stolp (Pomerania), Stolp to Vadsö to Kings Bay (Spitsbergen), Kings Bay to Franz‐Josef Land to North Land (or Lenin Land) to Novaya Zemlya to Kings Bay, and Kings Bay to Greenland to North Pole to Charles XII Island (north of Spitsbergen), and partly the measurements made in Kings Bay on board the S.S. Città di Milano. The measurements included intensity of the penetrating radiation of the atmosphere, electric conductivity, ionic content, potential gradient, and radioactivity of the air. This paper deals merely with the measurements made during the flights of the Italia and their interpretation.