King Jeongjo Research Articles

Geographical -Historical Research on the Journey of Lee Bang-Ik

본 논문은 9개월간의 표류에서 돌아온 이방익이 쓴「표해록」과「표해가」 그리고「박지원」의「서이방익사」를 근간으로 하여 그가 중국에 표착하여 거친 노정을, 필자 등이 답사하여 고증함에 의미가 있다. 충장위장(정3품) 이방익(1757-1801)은 1796년 9월 휴가를 얻어 고향 제주 북촌리를 찾았는데 우도에 묻힌 모친 묘의 완장을 위해서였다. 그는 일행 7명과 더불어 우도에 다녀오다가 폭풍을 만나 표류하게 되었다. 그들은 16일간 표류한 끝에 대만해협의 팽호도에 닿았고 대만에 이송되어 심문을 받았다. 이방익은 당당하게 자신의 관직을 털어놓았고 상응한 대우를 이끌어냈다. 그는 중국의 하문으로 이송되었는데 주자서원에 참예함으로써 중국인들의 칭송을 받았다. 이방익 일행은 가는 곳마다에서 주민들의 환영을 받았는데 특히 그들이 입은 옷을 보고 반가워하는 사람들을 만난 경우도 있다. 이방익 등은 복건성·절강성의 경계인 선하령을 넘었고 가는 길에 유명한 명승지를 편답했고 항주와 소주에서는 유명한 사찰을 찾기도 하였다. 이방익은 자신이 다닌 노정과 경험담을 정조에게 보고했는데 이는 정조에게 신선한 충격이었다. 박지원은 이방익이 말한 것이 두서가 없고 틀린 것이 많다고 전제하고 중국문헌을 검토하여 이방익이 언급한 장소를 일일이 고증하려 했다. 한편 이방익은 자신의 경험담을 썼는데「표해가」와「표해록」이다. 전자는 운문적 필체라 상세기록이 적지만 후자는 기행문이라 기록이 보다 풍성하다. 그러나 지명을 기록하지 않았거나 기록이 꼼꼼하지 않고 오기하는 등 이해하기 어려운 부분이 많았다. 필자 등은 중국 탐방단을 조직하여 이방익이 걸어간 길을 걸었고 현지 학자들과의 대화 및 향토사학자들의 저서를 통하여 내용을 보충했다. 필자는 문헌을 참조하여 쓴 박지원의 글보다 이방익의 글이 진실에 가까운 점을 발견했다.The purpose of this essay is to study historical evidence on Lee Bang-ik’s long journey across China for nine months after he was cast away on the coast of China. This historical research is mainly based on close examination of the literature such as Pyohaerok and Pyohaega written by Lee Bang-lk, and Seobangeeiksa by Park Jee-Won, and also conducted by exploring the historic sites mentioned in the literature. Lee Bang-ik (1757~1801) who was in government service visited Bukchon-li in Jeju Island on September 1796 in order to move the grave of his mother at Udo Island. On the way back, he and his group encountered a storm and was adrift. After sixteen days of drift, they finally arrived at Penghu Island on the coast of Taiwan, and was interrogated by the government official. But Lee gallantly told them about his position in Chosun as a public official, and as a result was treated as such. After that, his group were transferred to Xiamen in China and were praised by Chinese people for participating in Zhuzi auditorium. They were so warmly welcomed by local people wherever they go, and some Chinese people liked their clothes. They also walked across Xianxialing, the border between Fujian and Zhejian, and also visited scenic spots. And also they stop by famous temples in Hanzhou and Sujou. Lee reported what he had experienced to the King jeongjo, who was very impressed by all this. But Park Jee Won thought that Lee’s testimony was not correct in many respects, and tried to confirm Lee’s testimony, on the basis of some Chinese literature. Pyohaega and Pyohaerok) are the essays Lee wrote about his experiences in China. The latter contains more detailed and substantial information than the former. But still there are many parts that are hard to understand for many reasons. Our research team followed Lee Bang-Ik’s journey, and supplemented our research data through correspondence with some Chinese scholars and their works. Eventually, I found out that Lee Bang-Ik’s essays are closer to the truth than Park Jee-Won s essay.

정조의 日次殿講 운영

정조의 日次殿講 운영

정조의 ‘충신’ 현창사업과 이순신에 대한 기억의 재구성

정조의 ‘충신’ 현창사업과 이순신에 대한 기억의 재구성

Yuneum’s promulgation and its nature in the sixth years of the King Jeongjo’ reign (1782) : With a focus on the Song Deok-sang Inicident

Yuneum’s promulgation and its nature in the sixth years of the King Jeongjo’ reign (1782) : With a focus on the Song Deok-sang Inicident

조선후기 은광 개발 억제의 배경과 실상

The policy to suppress development of silver mines by Joseon dynasty was alleviated by the restructuring of foreign relations, trade growth and lack of national finance in the 17th century. A large amount of silver was brought in from Japan and silver distribution of Joseon dynasty had reached its peak until the early 18th century. However, during the era of King Yeongjo, the influx of silver from Japan was greatly reduced, resulting in reappearance of the policy to suppress development of silver mines which was even more reinforced during the era of King Jeongjo. King Yeongjo was concerned about the foreign threats prompted by development of silver mines and King Jeongjo justified the policy as a means to renovate the physiocracy atmosphere of the period. It was difficult for King Yeongjo to coordinate the interests between diverse stakeholders involved in silver distribution so he sought compromise by reinforcing the governmental management and control in silver mines. On the contrary, King Jeongjo attempted to tighten the internal control along with stabilization of long-term foreign relations and did not allow the development of silver mines. Although this policy aimed to stabilize public welfare by strengthened government control, it slowed down the growth of national wealth as well as technological innovation, which in turn impeded long-term development of the economy in Joseon dynasty.

Confidential Letters between the King and His Subjects during the Reign of King Jeongjo and the Secretive Political Management

Confidential Letters between the King and His Subjects during the Reign of King Jeongjo and the Secretive Political Management

Wonbin Hong(元嬪洪氏), the Royal Concubine of King Jeongjo(正祖), and her Funeral Ceremony Procedures in late Choseon Dynasty

Wonbin Hong(元嬪洪氏), the Royal Concubine of King Jeongjo(正祖), and her Funeral Ceremony Procedures in late Choseon Dynasty

A Study on Kim Geon Soon and the Shinyu-Saok During the End of the King Jeongjo’s Reign to the Beginning of the King Sunjo’s Reign

A Study on Kim Geon Soon and the Shinyu-Saok During the End of the King Jeongjo’s Reign to the Beginning of the King Sunjo’s Reign

숙종-정조대 문과의 은사(恩賜) 사용 규정 변화 연구

숙종-정조대 문과의 은사(恩賜) 사용 규정 변화 연구

A Study on “Yeonsa-rye” during the Reign of King Jeongjo

A Study on “Yeonsa-rye” during the Reign of King Jeongjo

A Study on the Construction of Hwaseong Haenggung Hyo in King Jeongjo

A Study on the Construction of Hwaseong Haenggung Hyo in King Jeongjo

A study on the operation of ChunChuDogi(春‧秋到記) during King Jeongjo's reign(1776-1800)

A study on the operation of ChunChuDogi(春‧秋到記) during King Jeongjo's reign(1776-1800)

Political situations and Factions of Power, in King Jeongjo(正祖)’s later years, and the early ones in King Sunjo(純祖)’s reign – Examination of a period from 1792 through 1806 -

Political situations and Factions of Power, in King Jeongjo(正祖)’s later years, and the early ones in King Sunjo(純祖)’s reign – Examination of a period from 1792 through 1806 -

An Aspect of King Jeongjo’s Policy on Literature through jeong-si-mun-jeong (正始文程)

An Aspect of King Jeongjo’s Policy on Literature through jeong-si-mun-jeong (正始文程)

정조대 일차 유생전강 운영 규정 변화 연구

정조대 일차 유생전강 운영 규정 변화 연구

1802년 장용영의 혁파와 영향

In the wake of political switches between leading parties after King Jeongjo’s death, the Jang’yong-yeong headquarters was abolished. Examined in this article is how it was treated in the early years of King Sunjo’s reign, and how it was dismantled.BR After King Sunjo was enthroned, the Jang’yong-yeong headquarters were ordered to spend a lot of money, in amounts it had never actually spent before (during King Jeongjo’s reign for example). The government’s policy concerning the headquarters was apparently shifting. The biggest economic issue in the early years of King Sunjo’s reign was the abolishment of the Naeshi-affiliated Slave figures. The issue (to free them) was discussed for more than a few times during Jeongjo’s reign, but never came to fruition before the king’s demise. After Jeongjo’s death, Queen Jeongsun wanted to close the matter for good, claiming the will of the former king, and went ahead with the abolishment. The problem was how to resolve the salary issue after abandoning the practice of treating them as slaves. Queen Jeongsun wanted to use the budget of the Jang’yong-yeong headquarters to pay for it, and citing Jeongjo’s will she shut down the headquarters, displaying a blatantly different view on the Jang’yong-yeong headquarters.BR With Jang’yong-yeong gone, the Ministry of Revenue(Hojo) and the Seon’hye-cheong office were both able to secure a large amount of resource, but not before long (around the 1810s) they ran out of their budgets again. For example, the Hojo Ministry spent all the money diverted from the late Jang’yong-yeong headquarters in irretrievable expenditure. And as new resources to recruit soldiers were never secured, no new military headquarters were either conceived. Coming into the 19SUPth/SUP century, only remained was the image of Jang’yong-yeong, which had once served as one of the guardians of the kings’ ruling authority.

대책문 쓰기 전략과 글쓰기 수업에의 활용 방안 모색 : 정조의 策問 〈文體〉에 대한 對策文을 중심으로

대책문 쓰기 전략과 글쓰기 수업에의 활용 방안 모색 : 정조의 策問 〈文體〉에 대한 對策文을 중심으로

정조대왕의 효사상과 통치행위

정조대왕의 효사상과 통치행위

King Jeongjo(正祖) s understanding of the Great Learning(大學) and idea of the Master king (君師) - An analysis of the interrelationship with financial policies

본 논문은 正祖의 사상적 특질로 지적되는 君師의식의 경학적 기반인 『大學』 이해의 구체적인 내용을 재정정책과의 상관성을 통해 분석한 것이다. 정조는 朱子의 『大學』 이해에 대한 절대화를 벗어나 독자적인 이해체계를 확보하였다. 格物致知를 통해 현상을 정확히 파악하고 平天下의 수단인 &#32092;矩之道에 주목하였다. 혈구지도에서는 재정정책을 강조하였는데 정조는 이를 매개로 효종대 이래 세수가 증가하였음에도 재정이 부족한 현상에 대한 정확한 진단을 요구하였다. 이어 균역법의 폐단에도 불구하고 상업이익을 국가적으로 흡수하겠다는 원론을 확고히 하였다. 이를 토대로 적극적인 富國安民 정책을 실현하여 백성의 생활을 안정시키고, 이를 기반으로 그들의 본성을 제대로 발현될 수 있도록 하겠다는 입장에 섰다. 이를 위하여 산림천택의 공적인 관리를 강조하였다. 이러한 정조의 지향은 『大學』의 내용을 전면화하여 백성의 교화를 책임지는 君師로서 국왕의 모습을 구체화한 것이다.This dissertation analyzes the specific contents of understanding of <the Great Learning> which is the peculiar base on the Confucianism(經學) of Master king consciousness, pointed out as ideological characteristics of King Jeongjo through the interrelationship with the financial policies. King Jeongjo(正祖) secured the independent understanding system of <the Great Learning>, getting out of the absolutization of Zhuxi(朱子) s understanding of <the Great Learning>. He grasped the current situation through the investigation of things(格物致知) and took notice of The Way of Xieju(&#32092;矩之道), which was the means to world stabilizing(平天下). As The Way of Xieju emphasizes on the financial policies, King Jeongjo demanded a precise diagnosis of the phenomenon that even though tax revenue increased in the reign of King Hyojong(孝宗), King Hynjong(顯宗), King Sukjong(肅宗), and King Yeongjo(英祖), the country was short of money. In succession, in spite of the negative effect of the Equalized Tax Law(均役法), he firmed up the principles that commercial profit would be nationally absorbed. Based on it, King Jeongjo stood on the position that realizing active National Wealth (富國安民) policy, the country stabilizes the life of subjects and makes them reveal their human nature properly. This gives shape to an image of Master king , who takes responsibility for edification of subjects in the name of <the Great Learning>.

Deungga and Jeonsangak of the Joseon Dynasty

본 논문은 기존에 동일한 것으로 간주되어온 등가와 전상악의 정체와 양자 간의 차이점을 밝히는 것을 목표로 하였다. 이를 위해 중국 경서(經書)와 사서(史書)를 통해 등가와 전상악의 연원을 살펴보고, 조선 전기 및 후기 문헌을 통해 조선조 두 악대의 운용에 대해 고찰하였다. 등가는 중국 상고시대 경서로부터 연원을 찾을 수 있으며 본래 노래와 금·슬을 중심으로 편성되었으나 수대 이후로 계단 아래에 포(匏)·죽(竹)을 배치하기 시작하여 현악기와 관악기가 모두 포함되었다. 이러한 등가 제도는 고려조에 유입되었고 조선 초기 심도 있는 논의 과정을 거쳐 궁중의례의 악제로 제정되었다. 반면 전상악은 중국 문헌에서는 찾아볼 수 없는 조선조에 고안된 악대이다. 조선조 제례에 있어 『世宗實錄』 五禮 吉禮의 등가는 상고시대 제도를 본받아 금슬과 가자(歌者)가 중심을 이루며 포죽의 악기는 없었다. 성종대부터는 아부 제례 등가에 포죽이 포함되었고 속부 제례 등가가 마련되어 조선 후기까지 지속되었다. 전상악은 사직·종묘와 같은 국가적 제례보다 격이 낮은 원묘 제례의 당상 악대이며 의례의 격을 높이는 종경 등의 악기가 배제되었고 당악기 위주로 구성되어 속악만을 연주하였다. 조선조 연례에 있어 등가는 『世宗實錄』 五禮 嘉禮에서 처음 확인되는데 길례의 등가에 포죽이 추가된 형태이며 이는 수나라 제도를 참조한 결과이다. 이때 등가는 아악기로만 구성되어 아악을 연주하고, 가자가 악장을 부르며, 일무를 반주하였다. 이러한 등가는 예연에 아악이 사용된 세종·영조·정조 연간에만 설치되었다. 이 외의 시기에는 예연에 전상악이 설치되어 속악을 연주하였다. 조선 전기와 후기 문헌을 종합적으로 살펴본 결과, 아악기가 아닌 속악기로 구성된 점, 일무가 아닌 정재를 반주한 점, 무(舞)의 뒤에 배치되어 등가에 비해 어좌에서 멀리 떨어진 점에서 전상악은 등가와 분명히 구분된다. 이러한 구분은 정조대까지 이어져왔으나, 숙종 이후에는 전상악을 등가라고도 지칭하여서 악대명이 혼용되었다. 비록 숙종 이후 전상악과 등가의 구분이 모호해졌으나, 조선 전기 음악의 집대성이라 여겨지는 『樂學軌範』을 비롯하여 영·정조대에 전상악과 등가를 명확히 구분하고 있으므로 양자를 구분하여 파악해야 조선조 악대 운용에 대한 보다 정확한 설명이 가능할 것이다.This paper aims to clarify the differences between deungga and Jeonsangak, which have been regarded as the same orchestras in the past. To this end, it examined the origin of both deungga and jeonsangak through the Chinese classics and historical documents of Chinese. Also it scrutinized the operation of the two orchestras in Joseon dynasty by investigating historical documents. The first written reference to the deungga appears in the Confucian classics such as S&#335;gy&#335;ng and jurye. It mainly consisted of only singer, geum and seul. Since Sui Dynasty, it had started to include of Po and Juk, which were placed below stairs. As a result, deungga had included both wind instruments and string instruments after that period. Deungga was brought into Korean peninsula during the period of Kory&#335; dynasty. Deungga was designated as a court orchestra after depth discussions in the early period of Joseon. On the other hand, jeonsangak is a orchestra designed in the Joseon Dynasty which can not be found in the Chinese historical documents. In the ancestral rites of Joseon dynasty, the earliest deungga was modeled on the deungga of the ancients Chinese, and geum, seul, and singer were centered and po and juk was excluded. Since the reign of King Sungjong, deungga of Abujerye had included po and juk, and deungga of Sogbujerye had been established and operated for court rituals until the late period of Joseon. Jeonsangak was a orchestra for Wonmyojerye (Royal’s private ancestral shrine), which was lower in position than national rites such as Chongmyojerye or Sajikjerye. It was excluded of jong and gyeong and mainly consisted of instruments of dangak and played sogak, not aak. When it comes to court banquet music of Joseon dynasty, the early type of deungga was recorded at Sejongsillok Orye Karye. It is a form po and juk added to the deungga of gillye, which was the result of referring to the deungga of Sui Dynasty. Deungga consisted of only instruments of aak, played music of aak, sang akjang by singers, and accompanied ilmu. This deungga was set at the period of only King Sejong, King Yeongjo, and King Jeongjo when aak was used as banquet music. In the banquets of the other period, jeonsangak was set and played sogak. A comprehensive view of the documents during the early and the late period of Joseon, jeonsangak is clearly distinguished from deungga by several facts. First of all, jeonsangak is composed of instruments of sogak, not aak. Secondly, jeonsangak accompanies jeongjae not ilmu. Thirdly, jeonsangak is set up behind of dancers, so it is farther from royal seats than deungga. This distinction has continued until the reign of King Jeongjo, but after King Sukjong’s rule, jeonsangak was also called deungga and the name of the band was mixed. All in all, distinction between jeonsangak and deungga became ambiguous after the reign of Sukjong, but these two orchestras were clearly distinguished by the reign of King Jeongjo. According to Akhakkwebeom, which is the most representative of music treatises published in the early Joseon, euigwe of Yeongjo period and Chungwantonggo, deungga and jeonsangak were clearly distinct. Therefore, it make more explicit understanding about Joseon court orchestras to distinguish deungga from jeonsangak.