King Grass Research Articles

Efektivitas Penggunaan Daun Kembang Sepatu sebagai Agensia Defaunasi dalam Pakan Berkonsentrat Tinggi dengan Jenis Hijauan Berbeda Ditinjau dari Kecernaan Nutrienpada Kambing Kacang Jantan

<p><em>Feeding high-concentrateration stimulates the protozoa to grow quickly, thus inhibits the growth of rumen bacteria,and leads to decrease in digestibility of nutrients, especially crude fiber. Defaunation is required to reduce the protozoa population in the rumen, for exampleby using China rose (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) leafwhich containing saponins. This study investigated the effectiveness of China rose leaf as defaunation agent in high-concentrate feed with different forage based on nutrient digestibility in kacang goats. A total of16 male kacang goats with average body weight of 13.68 ± 1.55 kg was divided into 2 treatments i.e. P1: 40% peanut straw + 50% concentrate + 10% China roseleaf and P2: 40% king grass + 50% concentrate + 10% China rose leaf. The data obtained were analyzed by t-test. The results showed that the goats fed peanut straw generated higher (P<0.05) dry matter intake than the goats fed king grass (819.56 vs 678.65 gram/head/day). Furthermore, the dry matter digestibility in goats fed peanut straw was higher (P<0.01) than king grass (81.93 vs71.64%). The same results were observed for the digestibility of organic matter (82.96 vs74.35%) and crude fiber(78.12 vs 64.00%). It can be concluded that the use of China roseleaf in ration containing peanut strawwas more effective as defaunation agent as indicated by higher nutrient digestibility rather than in ration containing king grass.</em></p>

Influences of king grass (Pennisetum sinese Roxb)-enhanced approaches for phytoextraction and microbial communities in multi-metal contaminated soil

Additions of fertilizers or chelators to soils has been suggested as a potentially effective means of improving phytoextraction of heavy metals from polluted soils by large-biomass plants. The study investigated the effects of applications of three ammonium fertilizers (NH4NO3, [NH4]2SO4, and NH4Cl) and two chelators (ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid, EDTA, and nitrilotriacetic acid, NTA) on soil microbial community structure, and the biomass and metal distribution in tissues of king grass (Pennisetum sinese Roxb), in soils contaminated with Cd, Pb, and Zn. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) revealed that the ammonium fertilizers (especially NH4Cl) increased soil bacteria and actinomycete activity but did not affect fungi, whereas EDTA was found to be more toxic to bacteria and the actinomycetes than NTA. Ammonium fertilization enhanced P. sinese total biomass to a significantly greater degree than EDTA or NTA (P<0.05), with shoots representing 91.8–94.8% of total biomass. Metal concentrations in the roots were 6.0–15.9 (Cd), 26.5–99.9 (Pb), and 3.4–8.4 (Zn) times higher than in the shoots. The highest shoot Cd and Zn concentrations occurred in plants treated with NH4Cl, whereas the highest shoot Pb concentrations occurred in plants treated with EDTA. The total accumulations of the metals in P. sinese were 0.71–1.60mgplant−1 for Cd, 0.97–1.83mgplant−1 for Pb, and 13.12–36.57mgplant−1 for Zn. The highest amounts of Cd and Zn were extracted in the shoots, whereas the 67.7–91.8% of total Pb extraction amounts were allocated to the roots. Treatment with ammonium chloride resulted in the highest total accumulation of both Cd and Zn, whereas EDTA was more efficient than the NTA and ammonium fertilizers in stimulating total Pb accumulation. The results indicated that P. sinese is incapable of removing multi-metals simultaneously, and that although NH4Cl fertilization enhances the removal of Cd and Zn from the soil, it has less of an effect on Pb-removal efficiency.

English

The elephant grass has gained prominence as one of the main forage species used for biomass production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify elephant grass genotypes with high energy biomass production potential by evaluating morpho-agronomic and biomass quality. The following traits were evaluated in this study: dry matter yield (DMY), percentage of whole-plant dry matter (%DM), percentage of neutral detergent fiber (%NDF), percentage of acid detergent fiber (%ADF); percentage of cellulose (%CEL), percentage of lignin (%LIG), percentage of carbon (%C), percentage of nitrogen (%N), and carbon: nitrogen ratio (C: N). Five different production ages were evaluated, and significant differences were observed for the variable DMY. The harvests performed at 20 and 24 weeks of age, provided the best response for biomass energy production (DMY) from elephant grass, averaging 20.50 and 23.77 t.ha−1. The genotypes that most stood out during the evaluation period at the five production ages were King Grass, Mole de Volta Grande, and Mercker 86 - Mexico. Genotypes Mole de Volta Grande and King Grass are the most suitable for elephant grass breeding programs aimed at biomass energy production in the conditions of Campos dos Goytacazes - RJ, Brazil. Key words: Bioenergy, biomass quality, carbon: nitrogen ratios, Pennisetum purpureum Shum, yield.

Producción de biomasa y calidad nutricional de tres forrajes cosechados a dos alturas

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of cutting height on yield and nutritional quality of three forage species used for feeding dairy cattle. The study was carried out at the “Alfredo Volio Mata” Experiment Station of the University of Costa Rica. The evaluated species were: native corn (Zea mays), black sorghum (Sorghum almum) and king grass cultivar Taiwan (Pennisetum purpureum); these three species were harvested at two different cutting heights (15 and 45 cm above ground). Green forage yield was significantly different (P&lt;0.05) within each of the species and dry matter (DM) yield was reduced between 17 to 42% when cutting height was increased. When cutting height was done at 15 cm above ground, corn, black sorghum and Taiwan yielded 51.3, 31.4 and 70.9 t/ha/ cycle, respectively. With regard to DM, the forage species that yielded the most when harvested at 15 cm above ground was Taiwan grass, with 11.6 t/ha/cycle, while the forage species that yielded the least when harvested at 45 cm was corn with only 5.4 t/ha. Black sorghum signi cantly (P&lt;0.05) improved its nutritive value when cutting height was increased. DM concentration increased from 22.79 to 25.53%, crude protein also increased from 8.24 to 12.90%, meanwhile neutral detergent fiber decreased from 63.69 to 59.47% and acid detergent fiber also decreased from 43.15 to 37.30%.

EFEK PROBIOTIK DAN SELUBIOSE TERHADAP VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS (VFA) DAN NH3 RUMINAL DOMBA GARUT

The composition of feed can improve and optimize the fermentation in sheep rumen. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of probiotic and cellobiose to rumen fermentation of sheep. Four adult (weight ±13.5 kg) rumen fistulae sheep were used. The fed given were King grass (Pennisetum purpureum), rice bran and soybean meal that are protected by formaldehyde 0.3% as base feed. Fed treatment were probiotics (0,5% and 1%) and cellobiose (1 ppm and 3 ppm). Parameters measured were pH, N-NH3 and VFA concentration of rumen fluid at 0, 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after feeding with Completely Randomized Design Factorials 4x5 and continued with Duncan test (α=0,05). The ruminal pH range for all treatments between 6.27 - 6.89. The maximum N-NH3 concentration value has been reached at 2 hours after feeding 12.25-18.75 mM. At 0 hours, the total VFA concentration was at an average value of 294.91 mg% and then increased at 2-6 hours reaching its maximum value in the range 661.97-767.70 mg% (p&lt;0.05). The addition of probiotics and cellobiose can optimize rumen fermentation of sheep.

IMPROVING PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC AND PALATABILITY OF KING GRASS (Pennisetum hybrid) SILAGE BY INOCULATION OF Lactobacillus plantarum - Saccharomyces cerevisiae CONSORTIA AND ADDITION OF RICE BRAN

This study was conducted to determine effectiveness of inoculants consisted of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) combined with addition of rice bran on the physico-chemical characteristics and palatability of king grass (Pennisetum hybrid) silage. The experiment was arranged on the factorial randomized design (3x3) consisting of the inoculants treatments (control, Lp, Lp+Sc) and the addition level of rice bran (0, 5 and 10%). The measured variables were physico-chemical characteristics i.e. colour, odour, pH, lactic acid, Fleigh points, and palatability of silage. Inoculation of Lp and Lp+Sc improved silage odour and reduced fungal contamination. Silage was treated by Lp+Sc and rice bran (5-10%) showed reduction of pH and an increase of lactic acid and Fleigh points. However, interaction between inoculants and rice bran treatment was not significance. Either inoculation or addition of rice bran tended to enhance the palatability of silage in cattle. It concluded that the addition of inoculants L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae with/without addition of 5-10% rice bran could improve the physico-chemical characteristics of silage and its palatability to ruminant.

Pengaruh Suplementasi Ampas Tahu, Ampas Tempe dan Ampas Kecap dalam Ransum Terhadap Performan Domba Lokal Jantan

&lt;p class="Style2"&gt;&lt;em&gt;The aim of this research to determine the effect of supplementation of tofu. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;tempe, and soy sauce waste in ration on male local sheep performance. This &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;research was carried out during three month, take place on July until October &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;200E in Minifarm Dept. of Animal Science, Agriculture Faculty of Sebelas Maret &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;University, located in Jatikuwung. Gondangrejo, Karanganyar. It used &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;12 &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;male &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;local sheeps with average body weight of &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;15.86 ±0.93 &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;kg, divided into four treatments and three replications, each replication consist of one sheep.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;The ration consisted of king grass only as basal diet, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;as many as four percent &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;base on body weight. The treatment given is in the form of feed supplement, that &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;namely without supplement &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;(RO), &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;250 &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;gram tofu waste (R1), &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;250 &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;gram tempe &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;waste &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;(R2), and &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;250 &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;gram soy sauce waste &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;(R3). &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;The data variables collected &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;were &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;feed consumption, dry and organic matter digestibility, crude protein &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;consumption, energy consumption, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;All of data except average daily gain was analyzed by completely randomized &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;design one way classification. While average daily gain was analyzed by &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;covariance analyze. The result were significant followed by Duncan new multiple &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;range test.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;The result showed that average of &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;R0, RI, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;R2 and &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;R3 &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;for feed consumption &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;430.52; 720.44; 704.44; 549.08 &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;gram/day, dry matter digestibility (%) &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;61,07; 72,46; 69,68: 63,60, organic matter digestibility (%) &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;64,41: 74,94; 72.41; 64,7 1, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;crude protein consumption 47.66; 106.77; 85.83; 73.70 gram/day, energy consumption &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;281.82; 482.65; 432.67; 330.83 &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;gram/day, average daily gain &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;50.00.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;­&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;1X00: 116.19; 38.10 &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;gram/day and feed conversion ratio &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;8.74; 5.61; 6.06; 15.2. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;The result of variance analyze showed that feed supplementation have highly &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;significant effect (P&amp;lt;0.01) on all of the data variable colected. Conclusion of this &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;research was supplementation of tofu waste and tempe waste could improved &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;performance, while soy sauce waste could not improved the performance of male &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;local sheep.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Key words : sheep, tofu waste, tempe waste, soy sauce waste, performance&lt;/em&gt;

Upaya Eliminasi Residu Logam Berat pada Sapi Potong yang Berasal Dari Lokasi Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Sampah dengan Pemeliharaan Secara Konvensional

&lt;p class="p1"&gt;The study aimed to determine content of heavy metals Pb and Hg in the organic waste and method to eliminate the heavy metal residue of Pb from beef cattle products, meat and visceral organs. Two male Ongole Crossbred cattles were used in this study. Rations were given in the form of King Grass forage and commercial concentrate of Nutrifeed. The animals were kept for 3 months. At the beginning of the experiment, the fecal and blood samples were collected, then these samples were taken every two weeks. At the end of the experiment, the animals were slaughtered and meat samples of bicept femoris, liver, kidneys and intestines were taken to analyze its Pb content. The results showed that the organic waste contaminated with Pb, but not contaminated with Hg. Pb levels in blood and feces varied and quite high, whereas in beef products, meat and viscera the Pb were quite high and still above the safe limit for consumption. The conclusions of this experiment were that the conventional maintenance for three months after removed from the landfill was not able to eliminate the Pb content in products of beef cattle.&lt;/p&gt;

Upaya Eliminasi Residu Logam Berat pada Sapi Potong yang Berasal Dari Lokasi Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Sampah dengan Pemeliharaan Secara Konvensional

&lt;p class="p1"&gt;The study aimed to determine content of heavy metals Pb and Hg in the organic waste and method to eliminate the heavy metal residue of Pb from beef cattle products, meat and visceral organs. Two male Ongole Crossbred cattles were used in this study. Rations were given in the form of King Grass forage and commercial concentrate of Nutrifeed. The animals were kept for 3 months. At the beginning of the experiment, the fecal and blood samples were collected, then these samples were taken every two weeks. At the end of the experiment, the animals were slaughtered and meat samples of bicept femoris, liver, kidneys and intestines were taken to analyze its Pb content. The results showed that the organic waste contaminated with Pb, but not contaminated with Hg. Pb levels in blood and feces varied and quite high, whereas in beef products, meat and viscera the Pb were quite high and still above the safe limit for consumption. The conclusions of this experiment were that the conventional maintenance for three months after removed from the landfill was not able to eliminate the Pb content in products of beef cattle.&lt;/p&gt;

EKSPLORASI FUNGI MIKORIZA ARBUSKULA (FMA) PADA RIZOSFIR HIJAUAN PAKAN

EXPLORATION OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL (AM) FUNGI IN FORAGE RHIZOSPHERES. This study aimed to determine the diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in several kinds of hybrid forages Rhizospheres, either in grasses or legumes. Soil samples were taken from three different locations, consisted of: Mapanget (forages type: Leucaena leucocepala, Sorghum varieties numbu, Penicettum purpureum cv. Mott), Tateli (forages type: calothyrsus Calliandra, Gliricidia sepium) and Campus of UNSRAT, Manado (forage type: King grass). The soil samples which taken from forages rhizospheres were sieved using Brundrett method and then centrifuged. Thereafter, isolation and identification of spore were carried out based on spore morphology character, involves: shape, size, color, hyphae attachment, and ornament. Extraction and identification of spores on six types of rhizosphere were found 34 different types of AMF spores in shape and color. In grass, it was found three types of spores, i.e.: Glomus, Acaulospora, and Sclerocystis, meanwhile in leguminous just one type of spore was found, i.e.: Glomus. The difference of rhizosphere in grass and leguminosae resulted in different types of spores, where Sclerocystis and Acaulospora are found in grasses, on the contrary Sclerocystis and Acaulospora are not found in leguminosae. Based on the number of spores of AMF, it seemed that Glomus types found to have the most number, while Sclerocystis and Acaulospora had the lowest number of spores found. Key words: Exploration, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), Grass, Legume, Spores

Physicochemical Characteristics Identification and Secondary Metabolite Analysis of Solid Herbal Waste as Source of Feed Rich Fiber and Supplement for Ruminants

A study was conducted to determine the potency, physicochemical characteristics, and analyzed the secondary metabolites content of solid herbal waste (SWH) as a substitute source of feed rich fibre and feed supplements in ruminants. The first study includes an analysis of production potential, physical analysis, and chemical composition analysis of SWH. The second study was an analysis of secondary metabolites content of SWH. The results showed that SWH volume reached 6-8 m3/day or 4020-5360 kg/day, the chemical composition of herbal solid waste was similar to king grass with high lignin content (17.53%). SWH containing total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins , alkaloids and essential oils which generally have antimicrobial activity. According to the potential availability, chemical composition and secondary metabolites content of SWH, it can be used as an alternative for substitute of feed rich fiber or feed supplements with attention to the content of secondary metabolites that can affect the process of fermentation and digestibility in the rumen. Further in vitro and in vivo research ore needed to determine the effect of SWH on rumen fermentation parameters and its application in the ration in ruminant livestock.

Physicochemical Characteristics Identification and Secondary Metabolite Analysis of Solid Herbal Waste as Source of Feed Rich Fiber and Supplement for Ruminants

A study was conducted to determine the potency, physicochemical characteristics, and analyzed the secondary metabolites content of solid herbal waste (SWH) as a substitute source of feed rich fibre and feed supplements in ruminants. The first study includes an analysis of production potential, physical analysis, and chemical composition analysis of SWH. The second study was an analysis of secondary metabolites content of SWH. The results showed that SWH volume reached 6-8 m3/day or 4020-5360 kg/day, the chemical composition of herbal solid waste was similar to king grass with high lignin content (17.53%). SWH containing total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins , alkaloids and essential oils which generally have antimicrobial activity. According to the potential availability, chemical composition and secondary metabolites content of SWH, it can be used as an alternative for substitute of feed rich fiber or feed supplements with attention to the content of secondary metabolites that can affect the process of fermentation and digestibility in the rumen. Further in vitro and in vivo research ore needed to determine the effect of SWH on rumen fermentation parameters and its application in the ration in ruminant livestock.

Evaluasi Dedak Padi Kukus dan Suplementasi MHA (Methionine Hidroxy Analog) terhadap Kecernaan Nutrien Ransum Domba Lokal Jantan

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The research aimed to know the effect of rice bran steaming and MHA supplementation on the increasing of nutrient digestibility of local male sheep. This research used 12 local male sheeps with average of body weight 10.32 ± 1.02 kg. Treatment of rations were for P0 (60 % king grass + 40 % bran), P1 (60 % king grass +40 % steamed bran), P2 (60 % king grass + 40 % steamed bran + 1 g MHA). Design used in research was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in one-way pattern using 3 treatments. Each treatment consisted of 4 replications. Parameters observed were dry matter intake, organic matter intake, dry matter nutritive value index and organic matter nutritive value index.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; The result of treatment P0, P1, and P2 for dry matter intake were 960.024; 909.426; and 926.399 g/head/day respectively, organic matter intake were 825.036; 772.665; and 796.225 g/head/day, organic matter digestibility in percent were 72.424; 73.050; and 73.068, organic matter digestibility in percent were 75.989; 76.306; and 76.239, dry matter nutritive value index were 695.396; 664.392; and 677.654 g/head/day and organic matter nutritive value index were 626.894; 589.985; and 607.649 g/head/day.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; The variance Analysis showed that the usage of steamed rice bran and adding of MHA given non significantly effect (P&amp;gt;0.5) on dry matter intake, organic matter intake, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, dry matter nutritive value index, and organic matter nutritive value index.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; It can be concluded that the treatments did not affect variables that were measured.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keyword : &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;local male sheep, steamed bran, MHA, digestibility&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Evaluasi Dedak Padi Kukus dan Suplementasi MHA (Methionine Hidroxy Analog) terhadap Kecernaan Nutrien Ransum Domba Lokal Jantan

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The research aimed to know the effect of rice bran steaming and MHA supplementation on the increasing of nutrient digestibility of local male sheep. This research used 12 local male sheeps with average of body weight 10.32 ± 1.02 kg. Treatment of rations were for P0 (60 % king grass + 40 % bran), P1 (60 % king grass +40 % steamed bran), P2 (60 % king grass + 40 % steamed bran + 1 g MHA). Design used in research was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in one-way pattern using 3 treatments. Each treatment consisted of 4 replications. Parameters observed were dry matter intake, organic matter intake, dry matter nutritive value index and organic matter nutritive value index.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; The result of treatment P0, P1, and P2 for dry matter intake were 960.024; 909.426; and 926.399 g/head/day respectively, organic matter intake were 825.036; 772.665; and 796.225 g/head/day, organic matter digestibility in percent were 72.424; 73.050; and 73.068, organic matter digestibility in percent were 75.989; 76.306; and 76.239, dry matter nutritive value index were 695.396; 664.392; and 677.654 g/head/day and organic matter nutritive value index were 626.894; 589.985; and 607.649 g/head/day.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; The variance Analysis showed that the usage of steamed rice bran and adding of MHA given non significantly effect (P&amp;gt;0.5) on dry matter intake, organic matter intake, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, dry matter nutritive value index, and organic matter nutritive value index.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; It can be concluded that the treatments did not affect variables that were measured.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keyword : &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;local male sheep, steamed bran, MHA, digestibility&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Evaluasi Biofermentasi Rumen Sapi Peranakan Ongole yang Diberi Pakan Berserat

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The experiment was conducted to evaluat&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;e the nutritional value of ground peanut straw, king grass and corn forage &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;and their ability &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;to provid&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;e nutrients for livestock in terms of rumen fermentation. Three rumen&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;-fistulated &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;PO &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;cattles were used &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;to investigate rumen fermentation parameter (pH,&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; NH&lt;sub&gt;3,&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;VFA). The cattle&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;s were fed ground peanut straw (PS), king grass (KG) and corn forage (CF) ad libitum as single f&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;eed. The values of rumen fermentation parameters were analy&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;zed using&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; Analysis of Variance of Completely &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Randomized Design.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; The result showed that rumen pH,&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; and of cattle fed with PS,&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; KG and CF were 6.94, 6.68 and 6.71&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;, NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;concentrations 13.71, 6.85 and 4.37mg/100ml&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;, and total VFA concentrations 48.99, 70.17 and 51.59 mmol/l, respectively. Values of pH and NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; concentration were significantly different (p&amp;lt;0.05) among &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;treatments, meanwhile VFA concentration were not significantly different. Ground peanut straw &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;resulted the highest rumen fermentation parameters.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Key &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;words&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; : &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Peranakan Onggole cattle, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;fibrous &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;feed, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;nutritive value, rumen &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;fermentation &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

King Grass: A very promising material for the production of second generation ethanol in tropical countries

King Grass is a fast growing, high yield, hybrid grass that grows in a variety of soil conditions and does not compete with food crops. King Grass is perennial and can be harvested several times per year. Therefore it has a high potential for ethanol production in tropical countries. The pretreatments alkaline delignification (66.6–133 °C, 30–180 min, solid to liquid ratio 1:13.3–1:20 wt and NaOH concentration 0.7–2% wt), diluted acid hydrolysis (2% wt sulfuric acid, solid to liquid ratio of 1.0 g biomass/mL solution, stirring at 90 °C for 90 min), steam explosion (at 180 °C for 5 min, i.e., severity 3.05), alkaline peroxide (2% vol. H2O2, liquid to solid ratio of 20:1 wt, pH 11.5, stirring at 35 °C for 3 h) and aqueous ammonia soaking (15% wt ammonia solution, 8 mL of ammonia solution per gram of material, at 60 °C for 6 h) were studied. The alkaline pretreatment with NaOH led to the highest concentration of reducing sugars, i.e., 58.6 g/L, and to the highest ethanol concentration, i.e., 17.9 g/L. A more detailed study of the effect of the alkaline pretreatment conditions (temperature, solid to liquid ratio, NaOH concentration and residence time) on the production of ethanol from King Grass was carried out. Under pretreatment conditions of 120 °C for 1 h with 2% wt NaOH and a solid to liquid ratio of 1:20 the highest ethanol yield reported so far was obtained, i.e., 27.7 g/L (165.9 mg ethanol/g dry biomass, 92% of theoretical yield). Furthermore, this pretreatment allowed the removal of most of lignin present in King Grass, i.e., 94%, and allowed a high recovery of the cellulosic fraction in the solid (93–99%). Under typical growing conditions of King Grass in Colombia this maximum ethanol yield corresponds to 12,616 L/ha/year which is higher than that obtained from sugar cane bagasse (4602 L/ha/year).

Agrochemical characterization of vermicomposts produced from residues of Palo Santo (Bursera graveolens) essential oil extraction

Fruits of Palo Santo (Bursera graveolens) are used for essential oil extraction. The extraction process is very efficient, because up to 3% of the fresh fruits can be transformed into essential oil; however, a considerable amount of waste is concurrently produced (>97% of the fresh biomass). Recent developments in Ecuadorian policies to foster environmentally friendly agroforestry and industrial practices have led to widespread interest in reusing the waste. This study evaluated the application of four vermicomposts (VMs), which are produced from the waste of the Palo Santo fruit distillation in combination with other raw materials (kitchen leftovers, pig manure, goat manure, and King Grass), for agrochemical use and for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) decomposition in two soils with different textures. The results showed that the vermicompost mixtures (VMM) were valuable for agricultural utilisation, because total N (min. 2.63%) was relatively high and the C/N ratio (max. 13.3), as well as the lignin (max. 3.8%) and polyphenol (max. 1.6%) contents were low. In addition, N availability increased for both soil types after the application of the VMM. In contrast, N became immobile during decomposition if the VM of the pure waste was added. This likely occurred because of the relatively low total N (1.16%) content and high C/N ratio (35.0). However, the comparatively low C decomposition of this VM type makes its application highly recommendable as a strategy to increase the levels of organic matter and C, as well as for soil reclamation. Overall, these results suggest that the residues of the Palo Santo essential oil extraction are a potential source for vermicompost production and sustainable agriculture.

Effect of choline chloride supplementation on milk production and milk composition of Etawah grade goats.

BackgroundThe effect of choline chloride supplementation through forced drinking combined with concentrate diets containing Ca-fish oil on milk production and milk composition of Etawah Grade goats was evaluated. Choline chloride is an essential component in ruminant diets as it is required for fat metabolism.MethodThe experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three types of treatments and eight replications. The trial had two successive experimental periods; the first, during the eight weeks of late pregnancy, and the second, during the first 12 weeks of lactation. Twenty-four Etawah Grade does in the second gestation period were divided into three treatment groups. Commercial choline chloride 60 % in corncobs-based powder was used as a source of choline chloride. The treatments were no supplementation (control) and supplemented with either 4 g or 8 g/2days of choline chloride. Choline chloride was given to the animals through a forced drinking technique, after dissolving it in 60 ml drinking water. The initial body weight of does was 38.81 ± 3.66 kg. The does were penned individually, and were given fresh chopped King Grass ad libitum and 700 g/day of concentrate diets containing Ca-fish oil, starting eight weeks prior to expecting kidding and continuing for 12 weeks of parturition.ResultsAll nutrient intakes were not significantly different (p > 0.05) among the treatments during the late pregnancy and the lactation periods. Supplementation did not affect (p > 0.05) the average daily gains and feed conversion ratio during pregnancy but gave effects (p < 0.05) on the average daily gains, feed conversion ratio and income over feed cost during lactation. The highest average daily milk yields and 4 % fat corrected milk yields were found in goats supplemented with 4 g/2days of choline chloride and increased by 17.00 % and 24.67 %, respectively, compared to the control. Moreover, milk composition percentage and milk constituent yields improved significantly (p < 0.05) in those supplemented with 4 g/2days of choline chloride.ConclusionThe supplementation of 4 g/2days of choline chloride through forced drinking increased milk yields, the 4 % fat corrected milk yields, milk composition, milk constituent yields, and improved feed conversion ratio and income over feed cost of Etawah Grade goats.

In vitro Nutrient Digestibility and Fermentation Characteristics of King Grass Combined with Concentrate-Containing Mixed Microbes

In vitro Nutrient Digestibility and Fermentation Characteristics of King Grass Combined with Concentrate-Containing Mixed Microbes

Effect of different protein and energy levels in concentrate diets on nutrient intake and milk yield of Saanen x Etawah Grade goats

&lt;p class="abstrak2"&gt;Dairy goat contributes to food and nutrition security. However, information on nutrient consumption and milk yield, as well as milk composition of Saanen x Etawah (SAPERA) grade goat is limited. This experiment was done to evaluated nutrient intake, milk yield and its composition of lactating SAPERA goats fed with different levels of dietary energy and protein in concentrate diet. Thirty multiparous SAPERA goats were used in a randomized block design with three treatments (R1, R2 and R3) and ten replications for 12 weeks of lactation. The concentrate diets were formulated to contain: 18% CP and 72% TDN (R1), 17% CP and 75% TDN (R2), 16% CP and 78% TDN (R3). Those does were penned individually, and fed by basal diet (fresh chopped King Grass ad libitum, 500 g of fresh mixed forages) and 1 kg of experimental concentrate. Results showed that the treatments had significant (P&amp;lt;0.05) effects on CP, DIP, Ca, P intakes and FCR but had no significant (P&amp;gt;0.05) effects on DM and TDN intake. No significant differences were found in milk yield and milk composition between treatments. In conclusion, this trial suggested that the best feed for lactating SAPERA goats was the mixture of chopped grasses, mixed forages and concentrate diets (16% CP and 78% TDN) with 160 g/kg CP and 750 g/kg TDN of the total DM, produced a milk of 1.55 kg/d with 90 g/day of milk fat, 43 g/day of milk protein and 75 g/day of milk lactose.&lt;/p&gt;