King Faisal Research Articles

Analysis of shade-matching ability in dental students: a comparative study under clinical and correcting light conditions

BackgroundSelecting the ideal tooth shade is essential to the success of aesthetic dental restorations. Students’ cognitive abilities are involved in the multifaceted and intricate process of shade matching. Hence, the present study aimed to assess and compare the shade-matching ability of undergraduate dental students in various years of dental education under clinical and correcting light.MethodsThis comparative cross-sectional study was instigated amongst male 4th, 5th, and 6th-year students of the dental complex of King Faisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A total of 72 male dental students assessed the shade under clinical (fluorescent light) and correcting light (handheld Dental Base Light) by using VITA Classical shade guides. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 23 (Armonk, NY, USA). The Chi-square test was used to evaluate the association between correct and incorrect shade matching under correcting and clinical light.ResultsOut of 72 male students, 22(30.6%) were from the 4th year, 26(36.1%) were from the 5th year, and 24(33.3%) were from the 6th year, with a mean age of 22.92 ± 1.01 years. The majority of the 6th-year students selected shade of anterior tooth # 11 correctly under clinical and correcting light, and 3(12.5%) students selected incorrectly under clinical and correcting light, with a statistically significant association among them (p = 0.004). As far as the shade selection of the posterior tooth is concerned, a statistically significant difference was observed under clinical light among all clinical students (p = 0.008).ConclusionThe clinical performance of dental students in shade matching improved with advancing years of dental education. Additionally, the shade matching ability of all groups of dental students was superior under correcting light compared to conditions under clinical light.

A Pathology Experience of Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder From One Tertiary Hospital: Pathology Concepts and Diagnostic Approach.

Solid organ transplantation and bone marrow/hematologic stem cell transplantation recipients face a heightened risk of developing malignancies or cancer as a result of immunosuppression. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are a range of disorders from benign lymphoid growth to lymphoma found post-transplant. Risk factors for PTLD include high immunosuppressive use and oncogenic effects of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). There is a lack of comprehensive clinical and pathological documentation of PTLD cases among Saudi patients, and the available data are limited to a few case reports. As a result, a deeper understanding of this disease requires more clinicopathological information. In this review, we share our insights on cases diagnosed with PTLD at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, a prominent tertiary center in the western region of Saudi Arabia, from 2005-2023. We have diagnosed a total of 14 cases of PTLD in our department, with an age range spanning from 3 to 62 years. These diagnoses were made based on biopsies or tumor resection procedures. The survival rate of patients is believed to be influenced by multiple factors, including histology, tumorigenesis, disease biology, and clinical stage. Additionally, Kaplan-Meier curve analysis indicates that female patients tend to have a higher estimated survival rate compared to males. PTLD diagnosis and therapy have greatly improved in the past 20 years. PTLD is treated with reduced immunosuppression, rituximab, chemotherapy, adoptive therapy, surgery, antiviral therapy, and radiotherapy. In this study, we present our experience from a large tertiary center in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Moreover, we will go through etiology, clinical features, and pathologic morphology along with the corresponding genetics, prevention, and valid treatment options.

Learning styles, academic performance and mental health among medical students in King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia

Objectives: This study was designed to assess the prevalence of various learning styles among medical students and their correlations with academic performances and mental health issues in these students in KSA.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 315 (Male =179, Females =136) students studying in college of medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia between January and June 2019. VARK (Visual Aural Read/write Kinesthetic) questionnaire was used to explore the learning styles of students. Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) was used to assess the mental health. The participants’ demographic data, grade point average, and scores of all measures were presented using descriptive statistics. Correlation test were used to explore the relationship between learning styles, academic performance and mental health of students. Result: The results indicated that approximately half of the students (51.7%) had preferred unimodal learning style and 48.3% students preferred multimodal. Among the unimodal learning styles, the most common learning style was aural (29%), followed by visual (16.8%), read/write (3.5%) and kinesthetic (1.9%), while 28.3% participants preferred bimodal mode of learning. There were significant differences between male and female participants. Male students preferred visual and quardimodal style of learning while female students preferred only aural type of learning. Academic achievement was associated with learning style. However, no relationship was observed between DASS-21 scores and different learning styles. Conclusion: The most preferred learning styles among medical students were aural and bimodal. Learning styles were significantly related to grade point average and no relation exit between mental health and learning styles.

Investigating Students' Intention to Use M-Learning

Mobile learning (M-learning) has become a crucial tool for both students and educators. The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), the technology acceptance model (TAM), and outside factors were all included in this study's integrative review approach to examine the variables affecting university students' intention to use M-learning and mobile effectiveness. A study at King Faisal University examined the viewpoints of 364 undergraduate and graduate students using a random sampling technique to have better understand the impact of such technological innovation on teaching. Participants in the study were invited to complete a survey created expressly for this study in order to find out if they would still be open to using M-learning to advance the cause of sustainable education. The paradigm of the study was evaluated using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach and was based on the UTAUT and TAM technology adoption models. The findings demonstrated that each element of the research model had a positive influence on learners' behavioral intention to use M-learning (BIM); it also demonstrated the impact of that intention on long-term educational sustainability. The link between independent characteristics and users' enjoyment and adoption of M-learning is moderated by mobile usability and behavioral control to utilize M-learning. The results also showed that BIM and the utility of mobile devices increased the degree to which M-learning is liked. Mobile usability and BIM both favorably affect sustainable education in terms of user satisfaction and M-learning adaptation. These findings suggest that mobile usability and behavioral intention to utilize M-learning are the main factors influencing the adoption of M-learning in Saudi Arabia's higher education.

The Impact of Educational Sessions on Anxiety Levels among Women Undergoing Caesarean Section: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

Although the Caesarean section (CS) is considered a harmless surgery, it has various complications. Women scheduled for elective CSs often have high levels of anxiety due to a lack of knowledge. The aim of this quantitative quasi-experimental study was to determine the relationship between preoperative educational sessions and anxiety levels among women undergoing CSs. The study was conducted at the antenatal unit in the King Faisal Medical Complex (KFMC) in Taif, Saudi Arabia, using a structured interview questionnaire, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and satisfaction interviews. A total of 50 pregnant women participated in this study, who were divided into two groups: 25 participants in the intervention group and 25 in the control group. Most participants (92%) in the intervention group had low anxiety levels following educational sessions, and 96% of the participants were very satisfied with the preoperative information they had been given. Women in the control group (again, 92%) had high anxiety levels, and there was a significant difference in the anxiety levels of the intervention and control groups (p ≤ 0.5) after the educational sessions. Providing proper preoperative education about CSs can reduce preoperative anxiety, improve patient outcomes, and enhance patients' involvement in their care and decision-making.

Right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit: a comparison of long-term graft-related events between bovine jugular vein conduit, aortic homograft, and porcine-valved conduits.

The optimal conduit for right ventricle to pulmonary artery (RV-PA) reconstruction does not exist. Reinterventions are common due to conduit stenosis and endocarditis. Tailoring conduit choice according to patients' characteristics could improve the outcomes. The study aimed to compare graft-related events (infective endocarditis, transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (PVR), transcatheter conduit dilatation, surgical conduit replacement, and transcatheter pulmonary branch intervention for RV-PA reconstruction using bovine jugular vein, aortic homograft, and porcine-valved conduits. In a retrospective cohort study, 155 patients with 193 procedures that were done in King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center-Jeddah (KFSHRC JED) for implanting RV-PA conduits from 1999 to 2021 were included. The patients were grouped according to the type of conduit into 3 groups; Group 1 (n=153) received bovine jugular vein (BJVs) grafts, Group 2 (n=29) received aortic homografts, Group 3 (n=11) received porcine-valved conduits. Factors associated with graft-related events were evaluated using stepwise Cox regression analysis. Patients with BJVs were significantly younger than those with porcine-valved conduits 3 (P=0.009). The weight of BJVs patients was significantly lower than homografts (P=0.002) and porcine-valved conduits patients 3 (P<0.001). The conduit size was as expected significantly lower in BJVs patients than patients who received porcine-valved conduits (P<0.001) and patients who received aortic homografts (P<0.001). There was no difference between Group 2 and 3 (P=0.084). Operative mortality occurred in 13 patients: 12 (7.84%) with BJV conduit and 1 (9.09%) with porcine valved conduit (P=0.351). Male gender [odds ratio (OR): 10.04; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.28-78.86; P=0.028] and smaller conduit size (OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.61-0.99; P=0.048) were associated with increased operative mortality. Freedom from graft-related events at 5 and 10 years was 67% and 52% in BJVs patients, 74% and 36% in patients who received aortic homografts, and 53% in patients who received porcine-valved conduits. Factors associated with increased graft-related events were male gender (HR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.004-2.50, P=0.048) and younger age (HR: 0.995; 95% CI: 0.991-0.999, P=0.041). RV-PA reconstruction was associated with low mortality, unrelated to the conduit type. Reinterventions for graft-related events were common. The durability and graft-related events might be comparable among BJV grafts, aortic homografts, and porcine-valved conduits. Factors associated with increased graft-related events in this study were male gender and younger age.

Outcome of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation in Metabolic Disorders (MPS, ALD and MLD), 26 Years’ Experience at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Outcome of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation in Metabolic Disorders (MPS, ALD and MLD), 26 Years’ Experience at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features of Congenital Infantile Fibrosarcoma.

Background Congenital/infantile fibrosarcoma is a rare soft tissue tumor presented in early age of life. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the large soft tissue masses especially in the extremities at the age of infancy. These tumors frequently are misdiagnosed at birth as hemangioma. Histologically, they can resemble their adult counterparts and they are characterized by the chromosomal translocation t(12;15) (p13;q25) resulting in the ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion. Objective A retrospective review of the MRIfeatures of histopathology-proven congenital/infantile fibrosarcoma provides our own institutional experience and supports the limited radiology literaturewritten about this disease. Material and method The list of our patients is obtained after reviewing our radiology and pathology database in the period between June 1st, 2007 and May 31st, 2017 (10 years) at King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh. Phrases used to search in our MRI examinations database are: congenital infantile fibrosarcoma, infantile fibrosarcoma, juvenile fibrosarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, malignant soft tissue mass, sarcomatous soft tissue mass, fibrosarcoma, spindle cell sarcoma, myomatous sarcoma. Result In our database and picture archiving and communication system (PACS) during the period of the study, the word (fibrosarcoma) was mentioned in the radiology report of 182 patients. Only four cases were histopathologically proven to be a congenital/infantile fibrosarcoma and had completed their own MR exams - three of them were primary/new cases, males with an age range between 0 days and 5 months (median age: 5 months). The fourth case was a female with a history of 1st presentation at the age of one month and proved by histopathology examination but there was no available imaging at that time; however, tumor recurrence in the same patient was at the age of 4 years with available MR imaging and pathology sample. Conclusion Congenital infantile fibrosarcoma is a rare entity that has no specific MRI findings. However, it should be always considered as part of the differential diagnosis of congenital soft tissue masses with aggressive behavior.

Exploring the Feasibility for Utilizing Recycled Palm Waste in Decorative Design Applications as Enhancements for Tourist Destinations: A Step toward Environmental Sustainability

The study aimed to explore the feasibility for repurposing discarded palm tree waste as artistic creations and decorative elements, contributing to sustainability and environmental preservation at tourist destinations. Employing both descriptive and applied approaches, a series of artworks, totaling eight pieces, were conceptualized and crafted by art education students following the chemical treatment of the palm tree material. To assess the sustainability achieved in these artworks, a questionnaire was administered to 55 visitors at tourist destinations who attended an art exhibition organized for this purpose at King Faisal University’s Department of Art Education. Utilizing the SPSS (Version 26) program, the data underwent analysis, including calculating averages, standard deviations, and a t-test to gauge the extent to which sustainability standards were met. The study revealed a high average response score (3.925) for meeting sustainability criteria in creating art pieces from palm waste, particularly as complementary elements to the interior design of tourist resorts. Visitors exhibited positive responses, emphasizing the moral significance of this sustainable practice. This suggests the potential for recycling palm waste to produce decorative elements for interior designs in tourist resorts. The study recommended further specialized research to generate raw materials from palm waste applicable in designs and decorations beyond tourist destinations and in various settings.

Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Medical Students&amp;apos; Radiology Career Choices: A Cross-Sectional Study at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia

Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Medical Students&amp;apos; Radiology Career Choices: A Cross-Sectional Study at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia

Does Managing Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis Improve Their Depression Score? Prospective Study.

To assess the risk of depression in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in a tertiary care center and the effect of treatment on depression scores. This prospective cohort study was conducted at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between November 2021 and June 2022 and included adult patients (≥14 years) with CRS. The validated Arabic or English Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were used before treatment and 3 to 6 months after surgery and maximal medical treatment. PHQ-9 scores were compared at baseline and follow-up visits. The relationship between changes in SNOT-22 and PHQ-9 scores were assessed using Spearman's correlation and simple linear regression. Overall, 38 participants with a mean ± SD age of 32.7 ± 12 years were enrolled. CRS with nasal polyps (55.26%) was the most frequently seen condition, followed by allergic fungal CRS (31.58%) and CRS without nasal polyps (13.16%). Six patients (15.7%) had PHQ-9 scores ≥10, indicating they had major depressive disorder. PHQ-9 and SNOT-22 scores improved significantly after treatment (3.7 ± 5.8 vs 6.5 ± 6.9 pretreatment, P = .001; 20.7 ± 20.5 vs 45.6 ± 28.9 pretreatment, P < .0001, respectively). Mean ± SD change in PHQ-9 and SNOT-22 scores was -2.7 ± 7 and -24.9 ± 29.8, respectively. SNOT-22 and PHQ-9 scores were positively correlated (r = .522, P < .001). PHQ-9 score change was significantly associated with SNOT-22 score change (β = .178, 95% confidence interval 0.12-0.23, P < .0001). CRS affects the quality of life and psychological well-being of patients. Patient-centered care with maximal medical and surgical treatment help overcome its deleterious consequences.

Competency in electrocardiogram interpretation among medical interns and residents of internal medicine and ER residents

Background: For both undergraduate and graduate medical students, understanding how to interpret an ECG is essential. It has been demonstrated that accurate ECG interpretation influences the course of care for several acute cardiovascular emergencies, such as acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest patients. Aim: This study aims to assess the Competency in Electrocardiogram Interpretation Among Medical interns and Residents of Internal Medicine and ER residents. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted including intern medical students at Taif University and IM and ER residents who are actively doing residency training programs in Taif Hospitals including (King Abdul-Aziz Specialist Hospital, Al-Hada Armed Forces Hospital, and King Faisal Hospital). The survey was conducted from November 01, 2022, to November 30, 2023. ECGs were selected from the ECG textbooks and ECG web blogs and will be reviewed by two cardiologists. After the ECG strip selection, the reviewed structured questionnaires were distributed to the survey participants. Results: A total of 163 medical interns and residents were included. Exact 79 (48.5%) aged less than 25 years and 84 (51.5%) aged 25 years or more with a mean age of 25.1 ± 3.2 years old. A total of 88 (54%) were females. Overall ECG competency level among medical interns and internal medicine and ER residents. A total of 59 (36.2%) had an overall high competency level with ECG, 79 (48.5%) had moderate ECG competency, and 25 (15.3%) had a low competency level. The overall competency score ranged from 1 to 10 with a mean score of 6.6 ± 1.9 points out of 10. Receiving training and having an ACLS course was significantly associated with competence level (P&amp;lt; 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, the current study showed that medical interns and residents in Taif showed an average competence level regarding ECG interpretation with higher competence e among those who were trained and received ACLS courses.

Economic Sustainability and the Role of Educational Institutions in Promoting It King Faisal University as an Example

Economic Sustainability and the Role of Educational Institutions in Promoting It King Faisal University as an Example

Assessment of nursing knowledge and practice toward prevention of acquired infections in the emergency department of King Faisal Medical Complex in Taif.

Hospital-acquired infections constitute a significant source of morbidity and mortality for both patients and healthcare professionals. Nursing professionals constitute an integral component of any quality-related program in a hospital, given their oversight and provision of nearly all healthcare services. Nurses' knowledge and attitudes play a significant role in healthcare delivery. Within Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections in hospital settings has prompted a growing emphasis on evaluating nursing knowledge and adherence to practice standards aimed at hospital-acquired infection prevention. This single-center cross-sectional study was conducted at the emergency department of King Faisal Medical Complex, Taif, between October and December 2022, involving 168 nurses. The study utilized a pre-validated structured online questionnaire comprising three sections: demographics, knowledge assessment, and practice evaluation. Knowledge and practice levels were categorized as good, moderate, and poor using quartiles. The study encompassed 168 nurses employed in the emergency department of the hospital, revealing their proficiency in standard practices for preventing hospital-acquired infections. Notably, 63.8% of participants demonstrated a commendable "Good" level of knowledge, while 10.6% exhibited a "Moderate" level and 25.5% manifested a "Poor" level in terms of knowledge. Similarly, concerning practice levels, 56.4% showcased a commendable "Good" practice level, 22.3% maintained a "Moderate" practice level, and 21.3% presented a "Poor" practice level. Chi-square analysis unveiled a significant association between age and knowledge levels (p = 0.000). In addition, age (p = 0.000) and years of clinical experience (p = 0.000) were significantly linked to nurses' practice levels The nurses aged 40-50 years (82%) and those with 10-15 years of clinical experience (83.3%) showed good levels of knowledge and practice, respectively. Overall, most of the nurses demonstrated effective knowledge and compliance with infection prevention practices. Sociodemographic factors such as age and clinical experience exert a notable impact on nurses' knowledge and practices regarding hospital-acquired infections.

Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practice of Artificial Intelligence among Medical Students and Doctors at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia

Background and Aims: Artificial Intelligence is no longer a new concept for the medical profession but is still finding its way into the realm of healthcare. Saudi Arabia is attempting to make most of it, especially in major healthcare settings. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at King Faisal University using a self-administered questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics as well as knowledge, perceptions, and practice of AI. Universal sampling was implemented to recruit all medical students in the clinical stage of MBBS (Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery) and all available doctors working at KFU. Descriptive analysis and a chi-squared test was applied for determining correlation of sociodemographic variables with outcome variables, i.e., knowledge, perceptions, and practices relating to AI. Results: A total of 159 participants participated in our study. Those who were being taught about AI had significantly more basic knowledge about it (96.9%) than those not being taught about it (81.1%). Knowledge about deep learning was significantly higher among men (43.9%) than women (16.1%). The majority of the participants strongly agreed (84.4%) that AI is essential in medical practice, and most doctors and students have applied AI in the past in the medical field, are willing to practice it in the future, and/or are considering how to include it in the medical curriculum. Conclusions: There is a need for rigorous research, education, and focused training of present and future doctors to help them learn the significance of, and acquire the skills to implement, AI as one component of modern technology

Clinical characteristics and long-term management for patients with vitamin D-dependent rickets type II: a retrospective study at a single center in Saudi Arabia.

Hereditary Vitamin D-dependent rickets type II (HVDDR-type II) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by molecular variation in the gene encoding the vitamin D receptor (VDR). This study aims to evaluate phenotype and genotype characteristics and long-term follow-up of the largest group of patients with (HVDDR-type II) in Saudi Arabia. We conducted a retrospective chart review to collect the clinical, biochemical, and genetic data for all HVDDR-type II patients currently receiving treatment at King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 42 patients, 57.1% female, and 42.9% male were included in the study. Seven patients were treated with high doses of oral calcium, while 35 patients were treated with IV calcium infusion. The median age at presentation was 15.5 months. Alopecia was found in 97.6%, 21.4% presented with bowing legs, 14.3% with delayed walking, 9.5% with seizure, and 2.4% presented with respiratory failure, while a family history of the disease was positive in 71.4% of total patients. Molecular genetic testing of the VDR gene in our cohort identified six different gene variants c.885 C>A (p.Tyr295Ter), c.88 C>T (p.Arg30Ter), c.1036G>A (p.Val346Met), c.820C>T (p.Arg274Cys), c.803 T>C (p.Ile268Thr), and c.2T>G (p.Met1?). We are describing the largest cohort of patients with HVDDR-type II, their clinical biochemical findings, and the most prevalent genetic variants in our population.

Relationship between Etiology and Radiological Findings in Case of Moderate and Severe Head Injury Patients.

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) or head injury is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability in the world. The common causes of TBI are usually motor vehicle accident, fall and physical assault. Methodology: This was a prospective cohort study to find out the relationship between etiology and the radiological findings in moderate and severe head injury patients. The places of the study were the Neurosurgery department of Sylhet M A G Osmani Medical College Hospital, Sylhet Women’s Medical College Hospital (SWMCH) and King Faisal Hospital (KFH), Taif, KSA. The Sample size was 104. The study period was 3 years (July 2021 to December 2022). On the basis of radiological findings, the participants were divided into three groups or arms. The different arms were diffused traumatic brain injury (arm-1), focal traumatic brain injury (arm-2) and both (diffused and traumatic) types traumatic brain injury (arm-3). Results: Mean age was significantly higher in female (51.83%). Overall mean age was 40.28 year. Highest frequency (23%) was in the below 20-year age group followed by the 41-50-year age group (20.2%). Road traffic accident (RTA) was the commonest (63.5%) etiology followed by fall (21.2%). At the end of 1 month 68.3% of participants showed improvement. Conclusion: Post head injury disability is a huge psychological and financial burden for any nation or family. RTA contributes the major risk for the moderate and severe head injury

Isotretinoin-Induced Dyslipidemia: a Single-Center Study in Saudi Arabia.

Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a high prevalence in Saudi Arabia. Isotretinoin is used to treat severe, resistant nodulocystic acne. Side effects include joint discomfort, headache, mucosal dryness, and nose bleeds. Elevated lipids and liver enzymes have also been recorded. The study goal is to identify the prevalence of increased lipid levels during and after isotretinoin use. This retrospective study was conducted in the dermatology polyclinic at King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. It included adults of different age groups diagnosed with acne vulgaris and treated with oral isotretinoin between January 2021 and December 2022. Parameters included baseline laboratory tests and follow-up laboratory results of cholesterol and triglycerides. Among 88 patients, 48.9% were aged 21-23 years, with females dominating. In total, 47.7% of patients started using isotretinoin at age 20 years or less, with starting doses ranging from 10 to 20 mg. Fifty percent of the patients had five months or more of treatment duration and only 6.8% of the patients had previously used isotretinoin. For the cholesterol and triglycerides, 87.5% of patients had normal pre-treatment with cholesterol and 90.9% with triglycerides, followed by 81.8% and 95.5% in the second reading, respectively. In the last reading, results were 77.3% for cholesterol and 94.3% for triglycerides. The study found that most acne patients treated with isotretinoin had normal cholesterol and triglyceride levels at baseline, second, and last readings. The incidence of higher laboratory alterations was low, with 12.5% and 4.5% for cholesterol and triglycerides at baseline, and 18.2% and 3.4% at second, and 22.7% and 5.7% at last readings. Overall, age, gender, age of start of isotretinoin, isotretinoin dose, and previous use of isotretinoin are factors that could affect laboratory readings.

Survival Rate and Short-term Outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants: A Tertiary Care Center Experience from the Private Sector

Background: Premature birth is one of the leading causes of death in the world. The global incidence of prematurity ranges from 5% to 11% of all births. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of extremely preterm infants born below 29 weeks in our institution, with regard to survival and major short-term outcomes, and compare our results with national and international centers. This study is the first to be conducted in a private tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive cohort study that reviewed the medical records of preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at the International Medical Center, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, between January 2014 and January 2020. We compared our results to the national data from King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center-Riyadh, King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC)-Jeddah and KAMC Riyadh, King Abdulaziz Medical City-Alhasa, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, and the Canadian Neonatal Network. Results: A total of 92 preterm infants were included: 3, 8, 17, 17, 29, and 18 infants with a gestational age of 23 weeks, 24 weeks, 25 weeks, 26 weeks, 27 weeks, and 28 weeks, respectively. The mean gestational age was 25 weeks and 5 days. Fifty-four infants (58.7%) survived to hospital discharge. In terms of short-term outcomes, 13% had bronchopulmonary dysplasia, hemodynamically significant ductus arteriosus was present in 27%, and retinopathy of prematurity was found in 13%, necrotizing enterocolitis was diagnosed in 5.4%, while late-onset sepsis was reported in 23.9% of infants. Conclusion: Our study represents outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants in a single Private tertiary Care Center from Saudi Arabia with a comparison to national and international data. Though it cannot be generalized our data can be used as an add-value cohort toward establishing countrywide neonatal network to better plan regional resource allocation and utilization and facilitate ongoing audit, benchmarking, and overall quality improvement initiatives.

Sheikh Al-Khaleesi in the book “Faisal I, King of Iraq”

Criticism of historical books is known for its positive and negative critical evaluation of their historical content. It involves analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the book and assessing its historical scholarly quality. In this historical scientific study, we attempted to provide implicit detailed analytical criticism and evaluate the historical text of the book "Faisal I, King of Iraq." We focused on studying, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from the religious authority of the Khaleeji lineage in the city of Kazimiyah and its religious and political impact on modern Iraqi history. Throughout this study, we presented the reader with a brief introduction to the basic information about the book and its author. We analyzed the historical content of the book by rephrasing the author's conclusions and providing comments supported by documents on each conclusion related to the topic of the Khaleeji family leaders, Sheikh Mahdi and his son Sheikh Muhammad Al-Khaleesi. We also considered the author's writing style and evaluated the organization of the book presented for study and its use of references and other methodological aspects¹.&#x0D; Contemporary Iraqi history holds significant importance in scientific studies across its political, historical, and social aspects. Recognizing the historical memory of this intellectual heritage and invoking it for successive generations through a rigorous scientific approach is crucial. Our study specifically analyzed the positions of the Khaleeji religious authority in the book "Faisal I, King of Iraq," which comprehensively documents the life of one of the most significant rulers in Iraq's entire history. Faisal I stands out as a prominent figure in the Middle East during a sensitive historical period. His role was pivotal in establishing modern Iraq in 1921. As nations take pride in their national heroes, fighters, and martyrs, the Iraqi memory should always honor the life milestones of Ayatollah Sheikh Muhammad Mahdi Al-Khaleesi (1860-1925), who was a national hero and a fighter. He also served as the highest religious authority during the reign of King Faisal I¹.