Kinematic Viscosity Measurements Research Articles

Tribological performance of used engine oil treated with cement and celite adsorbents by solvent extraction-adsorption method

Purpose As lubricating oils are used, their performance deteriorates and they become contaminated. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the lubrication performance of reclaimed 5 W-30 a fully synthetic used engine oil (UEO) with wear tests after refining it from a solvent-based extraction method using solvent (1-PrOH) and adsorbent materials such as cement, celite and deep eutectic solvent (DES). Design/methodology/approach The treated oil mixtures were prepared by blending engine oils with various adsorbent materials at 5% (w/w) in organic 1-PrOH solvent at a UEO: solvent ratio of 1:2 (w/w). The measurement of kinematic viscosity, density, the total acid number (TAN) and elemental analysis of oil samples was done by the ASTM standards D445/D446, D4052, D974 and D6595, respectively. Adsorbents and treated oil samples characterized by SEM-EDX, FTIR and UV analysis, respectively. Meanwhile, lubricating performance in tribological applications was evaluated through the wear test device using a rotating steel alloy 1.2379 cylinder and a stationary 1.2738 pin under 20, 40 and 80 kg load conditions. Worn surface analysis was done with SEM and 2.5D images. Findings It was found that when using the combination of cement and celite as an adsorbent in the reclamation of used engine oil demonstrated better lubricant properties. The properties of used engine oil were improved in the manner of kinematic viscosity of 32.55 from 68.49 mm2/s, VI (Viscosity index) value of 154 from 130, TAN of 3.18 from 4.35 (mgKOH/g) and Fe content of 11 from 32 mg/L. The anti-wear properties of used engine oil improved by at least 32% when 5% cement and 5% celite adsorbent materials were used together. Research limitations/implications The paper is based on findings from a fully synthetic 5 W-30 A5 multi-grade engine lubrication oil collected after driving approximately 12.000 km. Practical implications The results are significant, as they suggest practical regeneration of used engine oil is achievable. Additionally, blending fresh oil with reclaimed used engine oil in a 1:1 ratio reduced wear loss by over 10% compared to fresh oil. Social implications Reusing used engine oils can reduce their environmental impact and bring economic benefits. Originality/value This study showed that the properties of UEO can be enhanced using the solvent extraction-adsorption method. Furthermore, the study provided valuable insights into the metal concentrations in engine oil samples and their impact on lubrication performance. The order of the number of the grooves quantity and the possibility of the observed scuffing region trend relative to the samples was UEO > 5W-30 fresh oil > Treated oil sample with the adsorbent cement and celite together. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-06-2024-0209/

The Importance of Viscosity Analysis in Biodiesel

One of the primary motivations for studying biofuels is to meet global energy needs. Biodiesel, as a promising renewable energy source, has the potential to reduce dependence on fossil fuels if implemented effectively. It is derived from chemical reactions (transesterification) in vegetable oils or animal fats, facilitated by a catalyst that accelerates the reaction. Currently, industrial processes employed by biodiesel plants predominantly utilize homogeneous catalysts. However, heterogeneous catalysts are emerging as promising alternatives in biodiesel production, distinguished by their environmentally friendly nature and the ability to regenerate and be reused. This study aims to investigate the viscosity of biodiesel through the methylic route, employing geopolymers with added magnetic nanoparticles as a heterogeneous catalyst. Kinematic viscosity measurements of biofuels were conducted to assess their impact on combustion efficiency and engine performance. The results obtained indicate that the values fall within the parameters established by the National Petroleum Agency (ANP).

Assessment of oxidative stability of biodiesel and biodiesel blends

ABSTRACT This research investigates the oxidative stability of biodiesel blends produced from macauba and soybean after being stored for 45 and 90 days. The stability was evaluated through specific mass, kinematic viscosity, and water content measurements. The results showed a significant increase in water content and acidity index values during storage, particularly in the first 45 days. However, at time zero, the acidity index of all samples was below the established limit, but after 90 days of storage, only the BM100 sample remained below the limit. The fatty acid composition of macauba oil was determined by gas chromatography, and it presented 65.01% saturated fatty acids and 34.99% unsaturated fatty acids, with a higher predominance of maluric fatty acid at 36.37%. The physical-chemical characteristics of macauba oil, including acidity index, viscosity, and oxidation stability, were also determined. The acidity index of macauba oil was found to be 1.00 mg KOH/g, which is at the maximum limit for alkaline transesterification for biodiesel synthesis. The low viscosity of macauba oil (31.92 mm2/s) is justified by its composition rich in c12 uric acid, while the fatty acid composition may be responsible for the high oxidative stability. Spectroscopy in the infrared region was used to determine the chemical composition of soybean biodiesel, macauba biodiesel, and their blends.

The physicochemical and thermophysical properties of sodium dodecyl sulfate: The influence of p-toluene sulfonyl chloride and temperature

In the present study, we report on the interaction between a hydrotrope, p-toluene sulfonyl chloride (p-TSC), and an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) which has been performed using electrical conductivity, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H NMR, density, dynamic viscosity, and kinematic viscosity measurements. The effect of p-TSC on the micellization of SDS in non-aqueous (ethanol) medium at various temperatures (viz., 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, 318.15, and 323.15 K) was investigated using the electrical conductivity method. The results show that the CMC value increases as the concentration of the hydrotrope is increased. It is noteworthy that at higher concentrations of hydrotrope, the trend of micelle formation is reversed (i.e., reverse micelles are formed). The thermodynamic parameters in micellization have also been evaluated. The FTIR and 1H NMR data reveal the physicochemical properties of the pure and mixed systems and confirm no covalent bond formation takes place. Density, dynamic viscosity, and kinematic viscosity of the pure as well as mixed systems at various temperatures were also reported.

Production of cellulose nanocrystals extracted from Pennisetum purpureum fibers and its application as a lubricating additive in engine oil

In the present work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were successfully produced from the Pennisetum purpureum (PP) fibers through ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation. The effect of oxidation temperatures (60, 70, and 80 °C) on the properties of CNCs was characterized. In addition, the influence of CNCs addition (0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 wt%) on the lubrication properties of the base oil SAE 40 lubricant was also investigated. The characteristics of the CNCs were determined by using FT-IR, XRD, TEM, and TGA. The lubrication properties were evaluated using kinematic viscosity and viscosity index measurements. The optimal oxidation temperature was found at 60 °C which resulted in the needle-shaped CNCs particles with high crystallinity (66.56%), an average diameter (15 nm), and an average length (79 nm). The resulting CNCs exhibited higher thermal stability than the PP fibers. Both kinematic viscosity and viscosity index did not significantly change by increasing the CNCs contents. However, a slightly higher viscosity index was exhibited for 0.2 wt% CNCs compared to that of neat base oil SAE 40. The CNCs obtained had high potential as a reinforcing agent of nanocomposites and also as a bio-lubricating additive in engine oil.

Measurement of kinematic viscosity and thermal conductivity of 3,3,4,4,5,5-HFCPE in liquid and vapor phases

1H, 2H-hexafluorocyclopentene (3,3,4,4,5,5-HFCPE) is being expected as a suitable alternative working fluid for organic Rankine cycles and high-temperature heat pumps due to the attractive environmentally friendly properties, particularly for the low GWP value. The key objectives are to measure the kinematic viscosity and thermal conductivity of 3,3,4,4,5,5-HFCPE in both liquid and vapor phases, as well as to establish simple correlations at saturation conditions. In this study, the kinematic viscosity measurements were performed by the tandem capillary tubes method over the pressures up to 4.0 MPa and temperatures from 332 to 494 K for the liquid phase and from 413 to 514 K for the vapor phase. The measurement uncertainties were calculated using the propagation law of uncertainties by the GUM guideline, where the expanded uncertainties were estimated at 2.2% for the liquid phase and 2.9% for the vapor phase with k = 2 and a 95% confidence level. On the other hand, the thermal conductivity measurements were performed by the transient hot-wire technique at pressures up to 4.0 MPa and temperatures from 333 to 473 K for the liquid phase, and from 393 to 473 K for the vapor phase. The expanded uncertainties were calculated as 3.0% and 3.5% for liquid and vapor phases with k = 2 and a 95% confidence level, respectively. Also, simple correlations were developed to predict the kinematic viscosity and thermal conductivity at saturated conditions.

Significantly elevated AC dielectric strength of synthetic ester oil-based nanofluids by varying morphology of CdS nano-additives

Synthetic ester (SE) oil-based nanofluids (NFs) are indispensable for high voltage (HV) applications due to their impressive properties; for instance, high biodegradability, environmental friendliness, high dielectric strength and thermal stability. In this work, the solvothermal route is adopted to synthesise cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanomaterials of three different morphologies. CdS nanoparticles (NPs) possess a zinc blende (cubic) phase; however, CdS nanobelts (NBs) and CdS ultra-thin nanosheets (NSs) exhibit a wurtzite (hexagonal) phase. Thereafter, CdS nano-additives are dispersed in SE oil (MIDEL-7131) to investigate the influence of phase, morphology and bandgap of nano-additives on the AC breakdown characteristics of nanofluids. The resultant NFs exhibit significantly augmented AC breakdown strength because of expedited charge scavenging ability due to high bandgap and the formation of an electrical double layer (EDL). NPs based nanofluid (SE/NPs), NBs based nanofluid (SE/NBs), and NSs based nanofluid (SE/NSs) display their optimum doping concentration of 0.3 g/L, 0.3 g/L, and 0.2 g/L, respectively. Furthermore, the thermal stability of NFs of optimum doping concentration is investigated and compared with SE via TGA/DSC/DTG technique. The findings evince that the initial decomposition temperature is high and heat dissipation is low in NFs compared to SE, which indicates that the nanofluids are thermally stable both in air and nitrogen. Finally, the kinematic viscosity measurements of NFs of optimum doping concentration exhibit slightly lower viscosity than that of SE. Hence, CdS nano-additive is proved to be a magnificent potential aspirant which is highly efficient for insulating oil-based NFs development without any surfactant.

Rapid determination of diesel/biodiesel blend ratio using refractive index, density, and kinematic viscosity measurements

Rapid determination of diesel/biodiesel blend ratio using refractive index, density, and kinematic viscosity measurements

Investigation of degradation of ecological hydraulic fluid

This article deals on the impact of the ecological hydraulic fluid type hydraulic environmental ester synthetic oil on operation of mini excavator hydraulic circuit. An operational test was to 500 engine hours. Hydraulic fluid is evaluated for chemical contamination. Fluid samples were taken from the mini excavator at 250 engine hours intervals. These samples were subjected to IR spectroscopic analysis, kinematic viscosity measurements at 40° C and 100° C, total acid number measurement and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the ecological hydraulic oil does not influence the operation of the mini excavator. Based on the achieved results, it was shown that the degradation processes during the operational test of the ecological fluid do not affect the operating parameters of the monitored machine. The presented paper also presents the results of the influence of hydraulic on the flow characteristics of the hydraulic pump.

Dissolution studies of α-chitin fibers in freezing NaOH(aq)

Our gradual understanding of the capabilities of organic solvent systems has allowed us to realize a rich diversity of valuable polysaccharide applications; however, their industrial scale implementation remains a challenge for the sustainable societies of the next generations. While exploring a systems thinking approach, researchers studying aqueous alkali solutions have shown that the overlooked region of subzero temperatures offers a dynamic driving force for efficient solubilization of natural carbohydrate polymers. Herein, α-chitin fibers of decreasing crystallinities/molecular weights (MW) dissolve rapidly by stirring in cold 19 wt% NaOH(aq) and freezing at − 28 °C. Kinematic viscosity measurements confirm the polymers’ stretched exponential solution dynamics for solubilities > 97% (up to ~ 130 g/L). A preliminary mechanistic hypothesis involves higher diffusion rates of the solvent’s hydrated counter ions for decreasing temperatures. The method was used with subsequent casting to fabricate 5 wt% films from high crystallinity/MW fibers. This proof of concept allows for homogeneous chitin deacetylation as well as for additive-free technology drivers towards sustainable commercial exploitation of abundant natural polysaccharide streams.

Research on the Possible Application of Polyolefin Waste-Derived Pyrolysis Oils for ANFO Manufacturing

This work aims to evaluate the possible application of pyrolysis fuel oils obtained through the pyrolysis of waste plastics. by comparing both the blasting properties and morphology results of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO), which is applied in the mining industry, and ANFO based on pyrolysis fuel oils (FOs), as well as low-temperature properties of all tested FO samples. The low-temperature research includes the measurements of density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point, and cloud point. Moreover, a stability analysis was carried out based on the Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) coefficient. Based on the obtained results it was concluded that despite pyrolysis FOs showing some differences in comparison with index FO, none of their properties indicated that pyrolysis FOs should be excluded from possible application in ANFO. Additionally, IR, XRD, and SEM analyses were conducted for all ANFO samples. The instrumental analysis did not show any dribbling effect. The blasting tests such as velocity of detonation (VOD), the heat of explosion, and post-blast fumes revealed that VOD values were lower in comparison to the reference ANFO sample. However, the observed differences were either negligible (heat of explosion) or small enough (VOD) to conclude that polyolefin waste-derived pyrolysis fuel oils can be applied as ANFO’s fuel component.

Measurement and prediction of kinematic viscosity for linear ethers.

Using the methods of equilibrium and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics alongside capillary viscometer experiments, we explore differences between united and all-atom models of a series of linear ethers. The models are based on two transferable force fields, and changes in viscosity and diffusion are studied across a wide range of temperatures and shear rates. We analyze diffusivity and viscosity data by means of the rotational relaxation time and Arrhenius equation. Rotational relaxation times are calculated explicitly from the ether chain's end-to-end vectors, and self-diffusion values are calculated from the mean square displacement. We find an increase in orientational alignment as temperature drops in both models and consistent differences in activation energies across the models and experiment. A clear relationship is observed between viscosity, rotational relaxation time, and diffusion time. These time constants also impact the reliability of the viscosity value determined by the Green-Kubo method. We also study the trends in zero-shear viscosity as chain length increases and force field performance relative to experiment as this length changes.

Biodiesel production from Vitex doniana (black plum) seed oil via a two-step catalyzed transesterification

Increasing global energy demands have led to increased search for alternative sources of fuel. Due to its similarities with petroleum-based diesel, biodiesel arose as a potential replacement for diesel. In this study, biodiesel was produced from the seed oil of Vitex doniana (black plum) using a two-step catalyzed transesterification method. The biodiesel produced was also characterized. Physico-chemical analyses carried out on the produced biodiesel gave strong indication that it can serve as an alternative feedstock, having recorded a comparable flash point of 110 °C to American Society of Testing Materials and European Committee for Standardization standards; though kinematic viscosity measurements showed biodiesel products of relatively high viscosity which has the tendency to leave deposits on combustion. Spectroscopic analyses indicated successful transesterification with 95-98% biodiesel yield.
 
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2020, 34(1), 75-82. 
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v34i1.7

Новые метилфенилсилоксановые смолы на основе алкоксисиланов

Currently interested in the reaction for producing oligosilsesquioxanes based on acidolysis alkoxysilanes. In this regard, the author was given the following tasks: development of optimal synthesis conditions; preparation of new methylphenylsiloxane resins with different properties. In this paper, the properties of new methylphenylsiloxane resins (MPR) with various radicals in silicon were studied. New IFSS were obtained by a new universal technology-acidolysis of a mixture of methyltriethoxysilane (MTEOS) and phenyltriethoxysilane (PTEOS) with various radicals, which are environmentally friendly raw materials. The obtained MPR were characterized by NMR spectroscopy on 1H and 29Si nuclei. Spectra were recorded at room temperature in deuteroacetone using Bruker AM-360 Fourier spectrometer. 29Si NMR spectra were measured using the pulse program "Inverse Gated Heteronuclear Decoupling". The content of residual functional groups (Si-OH, Si-OEt) in IFSS was determined by functional analysis methods. Determination of ethoxy groups and hydroxy groups was carried out by iodometric and aluminohydride method, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed on the device Derivatograph-H (firm Mom). TGA studies were carried out in the argon atmosphere and in the air at a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Measurements of kinematic viscosity of 20 % and 50% by weight. toluene solutions of MPR were carried out at 20 °C on the viscometer HPV-2. The reaction acidolysis of methyltriethoxysilane and oligophenylenes is a convenient and versatile method for the synthesis of new heat-resistant resins methylphenylsiloxanes. In the course of the study, it was found that the resins obtained on the basis of organoalkoxysilanes are characterized by higher thermal and thermo-oxidative stability.

Viscosity of the eutectic Fe85-x Cr15C x (x=10–17) melts

ABSTRACT The kinematic viscosity measurements were carried out for liquid Fe85- x Cr15C x (x = 10–17at.%) alloys over a wide temperature range by the oscillating-cup method. The temperature dependences of viscosity of these liquid alloys within the heating and subsequent cooling modes are monotonically and well show the Arrhenius-like behaviour. Based on these temperature dependences concentration dependences of viscosity of Fe85- x Cr15C x (x = 10–17at.%) melts were calculated. A maximum on the concentration dependences of viscosity near the eutectic concentration of 14at.%C was found.

Enhancement of lipase transesterification activity by immobilization on β–cyclodextrin-based polymer

Silica–β-cyclodextrin matrices were prepared by the sol–gel technique using tetraethoxysilane as precursor and different concentrations (0.5–4.0%) of the organic component, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Hybrid matrices were activated with glutaraldehyde to introduce functional groups for the attachment of Burkholderia cepacia lipase, used here as a model enzyme. The goal was to produce biocatalysts with high activity and satisfactory properties for transesterification reactions. The biocatalysts exhibited similar hydrolytic activities, coupling yields, and kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax), but differed in terms of thermal stability and transesterification activity. The best biocatalyst, prepared using 2.0% β-CD, was used to study the influence of oil/alcohol molar ratio on ester yield, viscosity, and residual monoacylglycerol (MG) and diacylglycerol (DG) contents. The molar ratio of palm kernel oil to ethanol had a considerable effect on the formation of ethyl esters and the best performance was achieved with an oil/alcohol molar ratio of 1:6. Under this condition, a high ethyl ester yield, a low residual MG content (<0.5%), and undetectable DG levels were obtained. Kinematic viscosity measurements (40 °C) confirmed the high transesterification yield, as the viscosity of palm kernel oil decreased from 30.13 mm2s−1 to <4 mm2s−1.

Kinematic viscosity measurement of granular flows via low Reynolds number cylinder drag experiment

Confined, vibration-driven grain piles exhibit fluid-like properties, in particular, predictable, non-random flow patterns, hydrodynamic modal response to vibrational forcing, and a persistent, spatially uniform tendency toward local statistical mechanical equilibrium. This paper presents a technique that combines particle image velocimetry of vibration-driven grain flow over a submerged, instrumented cylinder and measurement of the flow-induced drag force on the cylinder to determine the grain flows effective kinematic viscosity. The fundamental basis of such measurements is provided by recent work showing that high-restitution grain piles subject to low-amplitude vibration are macroscopic dynamical analogs of liquid-state molecular hydrodynamic systems. Practically, the proposed viscometric method provides a key material property, the kinematic, or equivalently, dynamic viscosity, for use in computational fluid dynamic simulations of a variety of materials processing operations that utilize vibration-driven grain flows.

Analysis of changes in the value of selected lubricant characteristics during use

The problems connected with assessment of value changes of selected lubricants during the operation are addressed in this study. The lubricants which have been analyzed are engine oils used in internal combustion drive units of transport means. Selected results of tests of engine oils used for lubrication of passenger car drive units have been presented. The values of kinematic viscosity were determined for different temperatures. In order to evaluate the impact of the oil operation in real working conditions on the viscosity parameters, oil samples were collected from selected vehicles. The vehicles had been used in natural conditions providing transport services. Measurements of kinematic viscosity were performed by means of a rotary viscometer.

Characterisation of a new nematic lyotropic liquid crystal with natural lipids from soybean

ABSTRACTSearching for a lubricant to be used in articular bone joints, a new nematic liquid crystal (NLC) was characterised. It is formed by dissolving tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB), decanol (DeOH), sodium bromide (NaBr) and a natural mixture of lipids (PL, from soybean) in water. Small amounts of DO, and SDS-d were added as2H-NMR probes. The mesophases were characterised using2H-NMR spectroscopy, kinematic viscosity measurements, polarised light microscopy (PLM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The present system is suitable for lubrication applications, since the solution viscosity is tunable from 49 to 811 cp, more than twice the range previously obtained in a similar system. The solution contains an important proportion of a natural mixture of lipids extracted from soybean, enhancing biocompatibility. The wider range of viscosity displayed by this system, without losing the nematic phase, is attributed to the greater amount of amphiphiles supported by the solution and the size and elongation of the aggregates when the surface charge density is increased. This elongation represents a phase transition from a discotic monoaxial phase to biaxial phase and is responsible for the changes in quadrupolar splittings.

Prediction of characteristic properties of crude oil blending with ANN

ABSTRACTMineral oil is one of the most important materials on earth and it is used widely for its several features. Mineral oils derived from petroleum products are commonly used to decrease the friction effects in machine parts and, thus, they both prevent wear/overheating and facilitate power transmission. In this study, various binary mixtures of various base oils (SN-80, SN-100, SN-150, SN-50, SN-500) were prepared at different volumetric ratios. Kinematic viscosity (at 40°C and 100°C), viscosity index, flash point, pour point, and density (at 20°C) measurements were performed for characterization of the prepared mixtures. These values were modeled by an artificial neural network (ANN) and the model was tested with root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE, %), and regression coefficient (R) values. A higher value of correlation coefficient and smaller values of MAPE and RMSE indicate that the model performs better. For predicting kinematic viscosity at 40°C, correlation coefficients were calculated for training and testing the network as 0.9999 and 0.9995, respectively. Respective MAPE values were determined as 1.011% and 1.8771%.