Kinds Of Viruses Research Articles

Etiological surveillance for diarrhea in Shanghai from August 2013 to July 2014

To understand the pathogen spectrum and epidemiological characteristics of diarrhea cases in Shanghai from August 2013 to July 2014. The survey was conducted in 23 hospitals at different levels randomly selected in Shanghai, the diarrhea cases seeking medical care in these hospitals were sampled, and stool samples were collected from them for pathogen isolation. Among 3 467 stool samples detected, 1 561 were positive for at least 1 pathogen (45.02%). A total of 6 kinds of bacteria and 5 kinds of viruses were detected. The positive rate for bacterium was 13.46%, mainly Vibrio parahaemolyticus (172 cases) and Salmonella (143 cases). The positive rate for virus was 27.75%, mainly Norovirus (471 cases) and Rotavirus (312 cases). The positive rates peaked obviously in summer and during autumn-winter. The positive rate of virus was higher than that of bacterium during autumn-winter, and the positive rate of bacterium was higher than that of virus in summer, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Stratified analysis showed the constituent ratio of virus positive samples during November-February was highest among all age groups, however, the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The constituent ratio of bacterium positive samples during June-September was highest in all age groups, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The proportion of the cases with fever in bacterium positive group (19.06%) was higher than those in virus positive group (10.91%), the difference had statistically significance (P<0.05). The pathogen spectrum of diarrhea was relatively wide in Shanghai and the seasonality of the incidence was obvious. Specific etiological surveillance and control strategies should be strengthened among risk groups in different seasons.

Highly conserved regions in Ebola virus RNA dependent RNA polymerase may be act as a universal novel peptide vaccine target: a computational approach.

PurposeEbola virus (EBOV) is such kind of virus which is responsible for 23,825 cases and 9675 deaths worldwide only in 2014 and with an average diseases fatality rate between 25 % and 90 %. Although, medical technology has tried to handle the problems, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutics or vaccines available for the prevention, post exposure, or treatment of Ebola virus disease (EVD).MethodsIn the present study, we used the immunoinformatics approach to design a potential epitope-based vaccine against the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-L of EBOV. BioEdit v7.2.3 sequence alignment editor, Jalview v2 and CLC Sequence Viewer v7.0.2 were used for the initial sequence analysis for securing the conservancy from the sequences. Later the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB-AR) was used for the identification of T-cell and B-cellepitopes associated with type I and II major histocompatibility complex molecules analysis. Finally, the population coverage analysis was employed.ResultsThe core epitope “FRYEFTAPF” was found to be the most potential one, with 100 % conservancy among all the strains of EBOV. It also interacted with both type I and II major histocompatibility complex molecules and is considered as nonallergenic in nature. Finally, with impressive cumulative population coverage of 99.87 % for the both MHC-I and MHC-II class throughout the world population was found for the proposed epitope.ConclusionTo end, the projected peptide gave us a solid stand to propose for vaccine consideration and that might be experimented for its potency in eliciting immunity through humoral and cell mediated immune responses in vitro and in vivo.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40203-015-0011-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

SISTEM PAKAR UNTUK DETEKSI PENYAKIT PADA AYAM

In this paper we try explore artificial intelligent approach to detect poultry desease caused by virus. We built a web based expert system application to help veterinarian diagnose poultry whether infected by virus or not. In this work we utilize expert system to decide what kind of virus or desesase detected. Our work demonstrates that our expert system algorithm quite good eventhough the menu structure is quite simple. Application was built with PHP on windows platform since PHP considered as widely used tool for developing web technology programming. The system has also some advantages such as fast, eliminate data redundant, and accurate in deciding kid of virus detected. Keywords : artificial intelligent, virus, poultry .

Using Phage as A Highly Specific Antibiotic Alternative Against Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals often leads to the development ofmultidrug resistance (MDR)bacteria. Resistance can occur within a few years of novel antibiotics being introduced. Lytic bacteriophage (phage) are a kind of virus that undergo a cyclical lifestyle wherein they infect and replicate through the use of a bacterial host cell and cause cell lysis. Phage recognizes specific receptors on their host cell to attach to, insert their DNA and take over their host's molecular machinery. These receptors only exist on the surface of specific bacterial host cells and are often not present on other non-specific bacteria and not especially on the surfaces of eukaryotic cells. The mechanisms by which phage can destroy bacteria are different from antibiotics; phage can lyse MDR resistant bacteria without being affected by hydrolytic enzymes or ribosomal variations that's mean unlike drug resistance mechanism which bacteria can destroy the drug before can inter the bacteria cell, the phage not effected with such enzyme.

Simultaneous detection of IgG antibodies associated with viral hemorrhagic fever by a multiplexed luminex-based immunoassay (TECH1P.855)

Abstract Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are worldwide diseases caused by several kinds of viruses. With the emergence of new viruses, advanced diagnostic methods are urgently needed for identification of VHFs. Based on Luminex xMAP technology, a rapid, sensitive, multi-pathogen and high-throughput method which could simultaneously detect hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) specific IgG antibodies was developed. Recombinant antigens of nine HFVs were produced and purified from a prokaryotic expression system and the influence of the coupling amount was investigated. Cross-reactions among antigens and their rabbit immune sera were evaluated. Serum samples collected from 51 laboratory confirmed hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) patients, 43 confirmed SFTS patients and 88 healthy donors were analyzed. Results showed that recombinant nucleocapsid protein of the five viruses belonging to the genus Hantavirus, had serological cross-reactivity with their corresponding rabbit immune sera, but not apparent with immune sera of other four viruses. Evaluation of this new method with clinical serum samples showed 98.04% diagnostic sensitivity for HFRS, 90.70% for SFTS detection and the specificity was ranging from 66.67% to 100.00%. The multiplexed luminex-based immunoassay has firstly been established in our study, which provides a potentially reliable diagnostic tool for IgG antibody detection of VHFs. Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. Dexin Li; Email: lidx@chinacdc.cn

Simultaneous detection of IgG antibodies associated with viral hemorrhagic fever by a multiplexed Luminex-based immunoassay

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are worldwide diseases caused by several kinds of viruses. With the emergence of new viruses, advanced diagnostic methods are urgently needed for identification of VHFs. Based on Luminex xMAP technology, a rapid, sensitive, multi-pathogen and high-throughput method which could simultaneously detect hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) specific IgG antibodies was developed. Recombinant antigens of nine HFVs including Hantaan virus (HTNV), Seoul virus (SEOV), Puumala virus (PUUV), Andes virus (ANDV), Sin Nombre virus (SNV), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus (SFTSV) and dengue virus (DENV) were produced and purified from a prokaryotic expression system and the influence of the coupling amount was investigated. Cross-reactions among antigens and their rabbit immune sera were evaluated. Serum samples collected from 51 laboratory confirmed hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) patients, 43 confirmed SFTS patients and 88 healthy donors were analyzed. Results showed that recombinant nucleocapsid protein of the five viruses belonging to the genus Hantavirus, had serological cross-reactivity with their corresponding rabbit immune sera, but not apparent with immune sera of other four viruses. Evaluation of this new method with clinical serum samples showed 98.04% diagnostic sensitivity for HFRS, 90.70% for SFTS detection and the specificity was ranging from 66.67% to 100.00%. The multiplexed Luminex-based immunoassay has firstly been established in our study, which provides a potentially reliable diagnostic tool for IgG antibody detection of VHFs.

Human cytomegalovirus latent infection alters the expression of cellular and viral microRNA

BackgroundMicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in regulating gene expression of plants, animals and viruses. Comprehensive characterization of host and viral miRNA will help uncover the molecular mechanisms that underlie the progression of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) latent infection. To investigate the miRNA expression profile of HCMV and host cells during latent infection, we performed deep-sequencing analysis of the small RNAs isolated from HCMV-infected and mock-infected human monocytic leukemia cell line, THP-1. ResultsWe established a HCMV latent infection cell model using the THP-1 cells. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to sequence small RNA libraries of the HCMV-infected and mock-infected THP-1 and to investigate their small RNA transcriptomes. We found eight miRNAs including miR-US25-1, miR-US25-2-5p and miR-UL112 that were expressed by HCMV during latent infection. The expressions of the host miRNAs were also affected by HCMV latent infection. At least 49 cellular miRNAs were differentially expressed: 39 were up-regulated and 10 were down-regulated upon HCMV latent infection. The expression of the human miRNA hsa-miR-124-3p was significantly up-regulated in the HCMV latent infection library. In addition, we found 14 cellular novel miRNAs in the HCMV-infected and mock-infected THP-1 libraries. Functional annotation of the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs suggested that the majority of the genes are involved in melanogenesis, pathways in cancer, endocytosis and wnt signaling pathway. ConclusionsThe small RNA transcriptomes obtained in this study demonstrate the usefulness of the deep-sequencing combined with bioinformatics approach in understanding of the expression and function of host and viral small RNAs in HCMV latent infection. This approach can also be applied to the study of other kinds of viruses.

강원도 마늘 주산지 재배마늘의 바이러스 감염 실태

본 실험은 강원도 마늘 주산지인 삼척시와 정선군의 바이러스 감염 정도를 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 지역별 100개 시료의 검정을 위해 4종 primer(GLV, LYSV, GCLV, OYDV)를 이용한 RT-PCR 검정을 하였다. 진단 결과 삼척시와 정선군 두 지역에서 바이러스 감염율이 GLV 95%, LYSV 95%, GCLV 92%, OYDV 33%로 조사되었다. 본 조사에 사용된 마늘 검정 시료는 적어도 한 개 이상의 바이러스에 감염되어 있는 것으로 확인되었다. GLV, LYSV, GCLV 3종류의 바이러스 복합감염과 GLV, LYSV, GCLV, OYDV 4종류 바이러스의 복합감염이 각 60%와 25%로 나타났다. GLV, LYSV, GCLV는 두 지역 모두에서 고르게 나타나는 반면 OYDV는 삼척시 보다는 정선군에서 많이 감염되어 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 현재 전국 및 강원도 마늘 포장에서 바이러스 감염은 매우 심각하다. 따라서 마늘의 바이러스 무병종구 및 종구갱신 기술개발이 필요하다. This research was conducted to investigate the incidence of viral infection in Samcheok-shi and Jeongseon-gun, main garlic growing areas of Gangwon province in Korea. Four primers sets (GLV, LYSV, GCLV, OYDV) were used for RT-PCR to test of 100 samples collected from each location. Infection rates of GLV, LYSV, GCLV and OYDV of garlic samples from Samcheok-shi and Jeongseon-gun were 95, 95, 92 and 33%, respectively. All garlic samples tested in this research were infected at least one virus. Coinfection of 3 kinds of virus (GLV, LYSV and GCLV) and 4 kinds of virus (GLV, LYSV, GCLV and OYDV) were 60 and 25%, respectively. While infections of GLV, LYSV and GCLV were evenly found in both two regions, OYDV infection of garlic samples collected from Jeongseon-gun was higher than Samcheok-shi. Viral infections at garlic fields of whole country and Gangwon province are very serious now. Therefore, it is very necessary to develop technic for virus-free bulb and renew seed bulb of garlic.

Inhibitory effect of resveratrol against duck enteritis virus in vitro.

Duck viral enteritis (DVE) is an acute, contagious herpesvirus infection of ducks, geese, and swans of all ages and species. This disease has been responsible for significant economic losses in domestic and wild waterfowl as a result of mortality, and decreased egg production. Resveratrol is a naturally occurring phytoalexin in specific plants and exhibits inhibitory activity against many kinds of virus. In this paper, resveratrol was found to inhibit duck enteritis virus (DEV) replication in a dose-dependent manner, with a 50% inhibition concentration of 3.85 μg/mL. The inhibition in virus multiplication in the presence of resveratrol was not attributed to direct inactivation or inhibition of virus attachment to the host cells, but to the inhibition of viral multiplication in host cells. The assay of the time of addition limited the drug effect during the first 8 h of infection. This conclusion was supported by the ultrastructure images of the early stage of DEV infection, which showed that the replication of virus nucleic acid and the formation of the capsid in the cell nucleus were suppressed. In the indirect immunofluorescence assay, proteins expression in DEV infected duck embryo fibroblasts (DEFs) within 24 h post-infection (p.i.) was also effectively suppressed by resveratrol. In summary, the resveratrol has a good activity against DEV infection in vitro, which could be attributed to that fact that several essential immediate early viral proteins for virus replication were impacted by resveratrol.

Monitoring of viral pathogens in pediatric intensive care unit and analysis of clinical significance

To study the characteristics of viral spectrum and clinical features of children in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens (NPA) from 349 patients(1 from each) and 130 cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) specimens were collected from children who were admitted to the PICU of Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College. Additional 87 NPA specimens were collected from healthy children for routine examination on the physical examination center, and the clinical data were collected. Multiplex PCR was applied to detect 16 kinds of viruses from NPA and CSF. Fluorescence quantitative PCR was applied to detect 13 viruses from CSF and to analyze the clinical data of positive cases. There were 209 samples (59.9%) of the 349 NPA specimens were positive for viruses, which included 117 cases positive for human rhinovirus (HRV), 60 for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 20 for influenza virus A (Inf A), 10 for adenovirus (ADV), 6 for parainfluenza virus type 3(PIV-3), 6 for human Boca virus (HBoV), 5 for influenza virus C(Inf C), 4 for parainfluenza virus type 4(PIV-4), 4 for human coronavirus-HKU1/OC43, 3 for influenza virus B (Inf B), 3 for WU Polyomavirus (WUPyV), 2 parainfluenza virus type 1(PIV-1), 2 human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and 1 human coronavirus-NL63/229E. But none from 87 healthy controls were positive for any respiratory virus. Among the 130 CSF specimens, in 58 cases the diagnosis was viral encephalitis. There were 22 samples (37.9%) among the 58 CSF specimens positive for viruses, which included 14 enterovirus (EV), 3 human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), 2 mumps virus, 1 coxsackie virus A16 (Cox-A16), 1 herpes simplex virus (HSV) and 1 human rhinovirus (HRV). The total positive rate was 63.3% (221/349) . Co-infection by at least 2 viral pathogens under study was observed in 45 of the 349 patients (12.9% of the total number of cases, 20.4% of the positives cases). The commonest pathogens in co-infected samples were WUPyV (100%) and HMPV(100%). The positive rate of virus peaked in the first 6 months of life, the rate in boys were higher than in girls and the peak season was summer. The numbers of none serious cases in the virus positive group were less than those in the virus negative group while the numbers of extremely serious cases in the virus positive group were higher than in the virus negative group. Viral pathogen is a major cause of infectious disease in pediatric critical illnesses and virus infection may lead to severe illness.

Towards a “radical acceptance of vulnerability”: Postcolonialism and Deconstruction

Towards a “radical acceptance of vulnerability”:Postcolonialism and Deconstruction Simone Drichel (bio) The possibility for the home to open to the Other is as essential to the essence of the home as closed doors and windows. —Emmanuel Levinas, Totality and Infinity The “virus of deconstruction” Reflecting on Jacques Derrida’s lasting influence on a range of intellectual, cultural, social, and political practices, Derek Attridge opens his 2005 essay “Deconstruction Today” with a most intriguing hypothetical scenario, asking, What would a map of deconstruction today look like? If deconstruction is, as both its enemies and its friends have claimed, a kind of virus, and we might be able to produce—on the model of the mappings you might see in a treatise on global diseases—a large chart of the intellectual world with its presence marked in red, how would the result appear? (42) Spinning this hypothetical scenario further by, as he says, adding “another colour, say blue, to signal the presence of an antibody fiercely resisting the virus of deconstruction,” Attridge suggests that the map of deconstruction has changed dramatically over the last thirty years. Where an early map would have displayed intense spots of red and blue, spots that were limited to the disciplinary domains of philosophy and literature and the geographical space of France and the United States, “today,” he says, “the map would look very different”: Rather than red dots we would have to paint large areas of many countries and many disciplines in varying shades of pink, to show how widely deconstruction has permeated intellectual and creative activity even when no direct acknowledgement is made. Superimposed on the pink would be the red dots indicating the large number of teachers and scholars around the globe whose work is influenced directly by deconstruction; these would be more numerous, if perhaps more scattered, than in 1975. There would be fewer blue areas, though many would still be as intense. (44) In other words, thirty-odd years after its very localized emergence in France and the United States, the “virus of deconstruction” has spread [End Page 46] to and infiltrated every corner of the globe, leaving only isolated pockets of resistance to its global conquest. Why open this essay—which seeks to address the question of vulnerability via the vexed relationship between deconstruction and postcolonial studies—with what even Attridge himself acknowledges to be a “rather contrived metaphor” (44)? The answer is simple: contrived though it may be, Attridge’s metaphor of a map of the world being colored in with more and more red dots is intensely evocative in the context of postcolonial studies, where it cannot but conjure up a familiar image of imperialist take-over of the world through British rule. Just as the red dots of deconstruction have, according to Attridge, now spread virus-like beyond its original confines, so British rule once dotted the imperial map well beyond the geographical borders of “Mother England.” Somewhat surprisingly, Attridge himself does not draw this all-too-obvious parallel between what is ultimately a highly imperialist metaphor and an actual imperial history. Although he focuses on the field of postcolonial studies—as one of the areas “in which deconstruction […] made a formative contribution” (49)—he is not at all self-reflexive about the use of an imperialist metaphor in this context. Even as he proceeds to sketch the “Derridean influence on postcolonial studies” (48), he appears to be oblivious to the fact that, in doing so, he is implicitly associating not just deconstruction but also, by implication, the deconstructive strand of postcolonial studies with imperialist practices. A deconstructive postcolonialism, by involuntary association, here becomes an ideologically complicit extension of imperialism. Had Attridge been aware of this implied complicity, he might have had rather more to say about the postcolonial “blue dots”—the antibodies—that resist “the virus of deconstruction.” Granted, he does acknowledge that “[r]unning counter to the Derridean influence on postcolonial studies is a strong current of resistance by those who feel that the pursuit of ‘theory’ has been to the detriment of material analysis and actual achievements on the ground” (48); however, after a brief paragraph in which he juxtaposes “materialist” critic Benita Parry...

S-layer proteins of Lactobacillus acidophilus inhibits JUNV infection

It has been previously described that S-layer binds to the C-type lectin DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN, CD209). It was also shown that DC-SIGN is a cell-surface adhesion factor that enhances viral entry of several virus families. Among those, Junin virus (JUNV) entry is enhanced in cells expressing DC-SIGN and for that reason surface-layer protein (S-layer) of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4365 was evaluated as a possible JUNV inhibitor. Experiments using 3T3 cells stably expressing DC-SIGN, showed an almost complete inhibition of JUNV infection when they were treated with S-layer in a similar extend as the inhibition shown by mannan. However no inhibition effect was observed in 3T3 wild type cells or in 3T3 cells expressing liver/lymph node-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (L-SIGN or DC-SIGNR or CD209L).Treatments with S-layer during different times in the infection demonstrated that inhibition was only observed when S-layer was presented in early stages of the viral infection. This inhibition does not involve the classic recognition of mannose by this C-type lectin as the S-layer showed no evidence to be glycosylated. In fact, the highly basic nature of the S-layer (pI>9.5) seems to be involved in electrostatic interactions between DC-SIGN and S-layer, since high pH abolished the inhibitory effect on infection cause by the S-layer. In silico analysis predicts a Ca2+-dependant carbohydrate recognition domain in the SlpA protein.This novel characteristic of the S-layer, a GRAS status protein, contribute to the pathogen exclusion reported for this probiotic strain and may be applied as an antiviral agent to inhibit several kinds of viruses.

Selection of Next Generation Anti-Virus against Virus Attacks in Networks Using AHP

Defending against virus attacks in network is a vital part of network security. With the rapid evolution of viruses, its defense mechanism has also been evolved over the years. But given the diversity and complexity of virus propagation and its attack behavior, no defense mechanism is equipped fully to protect the network from such attacks. Several antiviruses are available in the market. But none can give full proof solution to malicious attacks in communication networks. In this paper we present a mechanism to measure and compare the relative ability of antivirus against various kinds of viruses. We construct a hierarchical structure for different virus defense mechanism. Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) we construct a pair wise comparison matrix and find the value of corresponding Eigen vectors; we then apply the theory of AHP to calculate weight of each defense index. We validated our technique with an example. Our method can provide a strong reference to design an optimal network security solution.

Two Series of Familial Cases With Unclassified Interstitial Pneumonia With Fibrosis

Several children presenting with mild symptoms of respiratory tract infection were diagnosed with unclassified interstitial pneumonia with fibrosis. Their clinical and radiological findings were similar to those of acute interstitial pneumonia, but there were some differences in the pathological findings. Unclassified interstitial pneumonia with fibrosis is characterized by histological findings of centrilobular distribution of alveolar damage and bronchiolar destruction with bronchiolar obliteration. This report describes two different series of familial cases of unclassified interstitial pneumonia with fibrosis, which developed almost simultaneously in the spring. Some of the individual cases showed rapidly progressive respiratory failure of unknown cause, with comparable clinical courses and similar radiological and pathological features, including lung fibrosis. Each family member was affected almost simultaneously in the spring, different kinds of viruses were detected in two patients, and all members were negative for bacterial infection, environmental and occupational agents, drugs, and radiation. These findings implicate a viral infection and/or processes related to a viral infection, such as an exaggerated or altered immune response, or an unknown inhaled environmental agent in the pathogenesis of unclassified interstitial pneumonia with fibrosis.

Rapid typing of influenza viruses using super high-speed quantitative real-time PCR

The development of a rapid and sensitive system for detecting influenza viruses is a high priority for controlling future epidemics and pandemics. Quantitative real-time PCR is often used for detecting various kinds of viruses; however, it requires more than 2h per run. Detection assays were performed with super high-speed RT-PCR (SHRT-PCR) developed according to a newly designed heating system. The new method uses a high-speed reaction (18s/cycle; 40 cycles in less than 20min) for typing influenza viruses. The detection limit of SHRT-PCR was 1 copy/reaction and 10−1 plaque-forming unit/reaction for viruses in culture supernatants during 20min. Using SHRT-PCR, 86 strains of influenza viruses isolated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health were tested; the results showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for each influenza A and B virus, and swine-origin influenza virus. Twenty-seven swabs collected from the pharyngeal mucosa of outpatients were also tested, showing positive signs for influenza virus on an immunochromatographic assay; the results between SHRT-PCR and immunochromatography exhibited 100% agreement for both positive and negative results. The rapid reaction time and high sensitivity of SHRT-PCR makes this technique well suited for monitoring epidemics and pre-pandemic influenza outbreaks.

In vitro inhibitory effect of carrageenan oligosaccharide on influenza A H1N1 virus

Carrageenan polysaccharide has been reported to be able to inhibit the infection and replication of many different kinds of viruses. Here, we demonstrated that a 2 kDa κ-carrageenan oligosaccharide (CO-1) derived from the carrageenan polysaccharide, effectively inhibited influenza A (H1N1) virus replication in MDCK cells (selectivity index >25.0). Moreover, the 2 kDa CO-1 inhibited influenza A virus (IAV) replication better than that of 3 kDa and 5 kDa κ-carrageenan oligosaccharides (CO-2 and CO-3). IAV multiplication was suppressed by carrageenan oligosaccharide treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Carrageenan oligosaccharide CO-1 did not bind to the cell surface of MDCK cells but inactivated virus particles after pretreatment. Different to the actions of carrageenan polysaccharide, CO-1 could enter into MDCK cells and did not interfere with IAV adsorption. CO-1 also inhibited IAV mRNA and protein expression after its internalization into cells. Moreover, carrageenan oligosaccharide CO-1 had an antiviral effect on IAV replication subsequent to viral internalization but prior to virus release in one replication cycle. Therefore, inhibition of IAV intracellular replication by carrageenan oligosaccharide might be an alternative approach for anti-influenza A virus therapy.

The detection of Rotavirus and Norwalkvirus in stool and cerebrospinal fluid of children with infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis

Objective To explore the common pathogen of infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis, and to study the differences between the seizures caused by the two kinds of virus.Methods RT-PCR was used to detect Rotavirus (RV) and Norwalkvirus (NoV) in stool and cerebrospinal fluid of 30 cases with infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis. The differences between the frequency of seizures caused by two kinds of virus were analyzed by statistical methods (two-sample t-test).Results 17/30 (56. 7%) were RV-positive in stool and 3/17 (17. 7%) in cerebrospinal fluid; 6/30 (25.0%) were NoV-positive in stool and 1/6 (16. 7%) in cerebrospinal fluid. The seizure frequency with NoV infection was (4. 33 ± 1.75) times, and RV infection patients was (2. 53 ± 1.12) times (P ＜ 0. 01).The seizure frequency of CSF virus-positive children was (4. 75 ± 1.71) times compared to (2. 63 ± 1.21)times in virus-negative children (P ＜ 0.01). Conclusion The common pathogens causing infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis were RV and NoV. The degree of NoV infection affecting the central nervous system may be greater than RV. The presence of the virus in cerebrospinal fluid may lead to higher incidence of seizures,but their exact roles related to the occurrence of seizures remain to be further studied. Key words: Gastroenteritis; Convulsions; Rotavirus; Norwalkvirus; Infants

Effects Of Various Respiratory Viruses On Der F-sensitized Asthmatic Mice

RATIONALE: In this study, we determined the cell counts and levels of cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of asthmatic mice after these mice were infected with RV, RSV, or influenza virus in order to evaluate that there are differences in the kind of virus.

DNA vaccines encoding hemagglutinin of novel H1N1 influenza A virus inducing neutralization antibody in mice

Objective To study the characteristics of neutralization antibody in mice induced by DNA vaccines of hemagglutinin(HA) of novel H1N1 influenza A virus(2009H1N1).Methods HA encoding plasmids of 2009H1N1 or 1918H1N1(2009HA or 1918HA)were constructed.25 μg or 200 μg dosage of 2009HA plasmids were used to immunize the mice,the total antibody of anti-20O9HA or cross-reactive antibody were assayed by ELISA using 2009HA or 1918HA protein as capture antigen,and the neutralizing antibody were assayed by two kinds of virus pseudo - particles(pp) of 2009H1N1 and 1918H1N1 .Results During of 4 to 16 weeks after boost immunization,in two groups of mice immunized with 25 μg or 200 μg dosage 2009HA plasmids,both total antibody of anti-2009HA and neutralizing antibody to 2009H1Nlpp reached the similar level(P ＞0.05),and there were cross-reactive antibody to 1918HA protein in two groups of mice serum,with similar titers of cross-neutralizing activity to 1918H1N1 pp(P ＞0.05),Conclusion A low dosage DNA vaccine encoding HA of 2009 H1 N1 virus is able to induce persistent and high level of neutralizing antibody,and may be potential valuable vaccine against the new emerging influenza virus. Key words: H1N1 influenza A virus; Hemagglutinin; DNA vaccines; Neutralizing antibody; Virus pseudo-particles

What we learned from pandemic H1N1 influenza A

This editorial refers to ‘Up-regulation of ectopic trypsins in the myocardium by influenza A virus infection triggers acute myocarditis’ by H.-Y. Pan et al ., pp. 595–603, this issue. Myocarditis is defined as inflammation of the heart muscle, and it frequently associates with impaired cardiac function. Although many kinds of viruses have been implicated as causes of myocarditis, these most commonly include enteroviruses, such as coxsackieviruses. Beside enteroviruses, adenovirus, hepatitis virus, parvovirus, and influenza virus have been reported to cause myocarditis.1 Of the viruses that cause myocarditis, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of myocarditis induced by coxsackievirus infection have been most thoroughly investigated with murine models.2 In 1999, the importance of enteroviral protease 2A was reported as a cause of acquired cardiomyopathy associated with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) myocarditis.3 However, the molecular mechanisms of myocarditis induced by influenza virus have not been fully clarified. The study reported by Pan et al. 4 is a continuation of their previous study demonstrating that influenza A virus (IAV) infection increased the ectopic trypsin expression in the brain. They further examined the molecular mechanism …