Kind Of Thinking Research Articles

Lineage Thinking in Evolutionary Biology: How to Improve the Teaching of Tree Thinking

AbstractIn 1988, Robert O’Hara coined the now ubiquitous phrase “tree thinking” to highlight the importance of cladistics for proper evolutionary reasoning. This accessible phrase has been taken up widely in the professional, popular, and educational literatures, and it has played an important role in helping spread phylogenetic thinking far beyond the disciplinary borders of systematics. However, the undeniable benefits of the spread of tree thinking have become marred by being widely linked to several misconceptions that were present in O’Hara’s original writings. O’Hara incorrectly considered clades to be the central subjects of evolutionary narratives. By failing to appreciate that clades contain independently evolving lineages, O’Hara has promoted the misleading view that evolution is irreducibly branched. In this paper, I show how an exclusive focus on the branching realm of taxa has created a cladistic blindfold that has caused a form of lineage blindness that has spread widely through the literature dedicated to the teaching of tree thinking. Its symptoms include the rejection of phenomena and concepts that are fundamental to the realm of evolving lineages, including linear evolutionary imagery and narratives, the concepts of anagenetic evolution and missing links, our evolutionary descent from monkeys and apes, and the promotion of the nonsensical concept of collateral ancestors. To avoid simplistic tree thinking, it is crucial to recognize that the realms of taxa and lineages have distinctive features that require different kinds of thinking. I close by suggesting that teaching can be improved by linking tree thinking explicitly to lineage thinking.

New insights into MHD squeezing flows of reacting-radiating Maxwell nanofluids via Wakif's–Buongiorno point of view

AbstractThis work presents a computational investigation of a squeezing nanofluid flow under the influence of thermal radiation, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), and chemical process in a constrained parallel-wall geometry. In this study, the non-Newtonian behavior of a rate-type (Maxwell) nanofluid is captured by rheological expressions that serve as the foundation for the flow formulation. This kind of thinking makes it possible to simulate the intricate nanofluid behavior that incorporates the elastic and viscous responses, which are useful in a variety of situations related to nanofluid dynamics, rheology, and materials science. Additionally, the transport equations are modeled properly using Wakif's–Buongiorno nanofluid model. The equations reflecting the dynamics of the nanofluid and heat-mass transport are developed based on admissible physical assumptions, such as the negligible viscous dissipation as well as the lower magnetic Reynolds number. After that, several similarity variables are introduced in these equations to get the dimensionless formulation form. Akbari–Ganji's method is used to carry out extensive computational simulations. Our results show that the increased squeezing parameters lead to larger horizontal and vertical velocities. On the other hand, the temperature showed a reverse relationship with the increasing squeezing parameters and exhibiting a cooling impact.

Are There Two Kinds of Reasoners?

There is little consensus about the underlying parameters of human reasoning. Two major theories have been proposed that suppose very different mechanisms. The mental model theory proposes that people use working memory intensive processes in order to construct limited models of problem parameters. Probabilistic theories propose that reasoning is a process by which people use the sum of their existing knowledge in order to generate an estimate of the probability of a conclusion given problem parameters. Following an initial proposition by Verschueren et al., the dual-strategy model supposes that these different approaches to reasoning are in fact an important individual difference. Specifically, a recently developed diagnostic questionnaire has identified two major categories of reasoners: Counterexample reasoners use a mental model form of processing, while Statistical reasoners use a probabilistic form of processing. In the following, I describe results that show that the Counterexample/Statistical distinction affects information processing across a variety of reasoning and judgment tasks. In addition, strategy use correlates with performance on very different kinds of thinking, such as contingency judgments, processing of negative emotions, or susceptibility to social biases. Although this distinction is related to differences in cognitive ability, it has been found to predict performance over and above these differences. More recent results have shown that it is possible to experimentally modify strategy use. These results suggest that strategy use is an important individual difference that can affect performance in a wide variety of contexts.

Sustainable Reflexivities on Perennial Philosophy and Christian Education Management

The background of this research is the authors' anxiety in the midst of accelerating times in the education space as if to announce that the old educational values are outdated and irrelevant values. This thoughts are more to the prioritization of constructive philosophy, or something that is deconstructed. Meanwhile, the context of education cannot be universalized into one even though the regulations in education in a country cover the whole. Old values are meaningful and timeless values that are timeless. This kind of thinking is a thought that departs from the philosophy of perennialism. This is qualitative research with data search through data sourced from journals as previous research as a secondary source. Results show that the philosophy of perennialism here serves as an analytical and differentiating tool to look back at the philosophy of constructionism as a criticism as well as a realization for the world of education in the form of the importance of maintaining existing or embedded values so far.

Philosophical Reflections on the Art of John Cage's 4 Minutes 33 Seconds

John Cage (1912-1992) was the most direct challenger of traditional music, a composer and musical inventor with considerable achievements in both destruction and reconstruction. He undoubtedly became the representative of the 20th century avant-garde music, and his works brought the people of the world a kind of shock and a kind of thinking. In opposition to traditional European musical art, 4 Minutes and 33 Seconds blurs the boundaries between sound and soundlessness, music creation and music appreciation, creating contemporary musical art that is purely centred on reflection. Because of the peak nature of the presentation of contemporary art, the philosophy of art also extends to the thinking of the entire philosophical community, so is the philosophical aspect of art at this time still called artistic thinking? In fact, it extends to people's thinking about the meaning of the existence of art and what is art. In Zhu Di's book Contemporary Western Philosophy of Art, he proposes that the concept of art is a "floating reference", which has a temporal transfer and presents different entities in different times.

The shift from quantitative to qualitative thinking-problems and prospects as viewed from Husserl's and Hegel's philosophy.

This article contrasts the views of the philosophers Husserl and Hegel on quantification in science and compares their proposals for conducting rigorous qualitative research. Both deem quantification integral to science, but furthermore proposed methodologies to investigate qualitative necessities achieved by a shift in conscious activity and awareness. However, their methodologies differ significantly. While Husserl rejects idealization and instead proposes intuitive means to ideate qualitative essential relations, Hegel suggests idealizing less one-sidedly, namely, qualitatively over and above quantitatively. The article first examines how quantification is achieved and how it contrasts with measuring. This contrast reveals that measuring implies knowledge of qualities. These qualities, however, thus far remain oddly external to the mathematical relations linking the various established equations. The article then follows Husserl's reconstruction of the development of science to illustrate the dismissal of many experiential qualities and how philosophy further amplified skepticism about science on qualities. Husserl's notion of the life-world and the method of eidetic variation are then introduced as means to counterbalance mathematical proceedings in science. However, this method reveals both eidetic qualitative structures and psychical structures without being able to distinguish between them. It is thus susceptible to idiosyncratic, traditional, and cultural biases. Subsequently, Hegel's description of the shift in conscious experience that sets qualitative from quantitative thinking apart is introduced. This shift may overcome the biases, but it faces skepticism that calls for further investigation of the experience of different kinds of thinking.

DO THEY COMMIT PERJURY?: A STUDY OF REPEATING NARRATIVE OF A CRIME SCENE IN PETER DEXTER’S PARIS TROUT

In Paris Trout, a novel based on actual cases, American writer Pete Dexter arranges a crime scene to be told eight times from different perspectives. A close look at repeating narratives leads to discovering certain discrepancies between the narrator’s account and the characters, especially the criminals’. Dexter renders the criminals’ statements questionable by giving the omniscient heterodiegetic narrator authority and letting his account exert the primary effect. Based on the related laws, this essay finds out that the criminals commit perjury in their statements to exonerate themselves. Moreover, Dexter reveals that their illicit doings are under the defense lawyer’s instructions. By doing so, Dexter puts lawyers’ professional ethics at the center of the story. Showing the truth or winning the lawsuit for the customer? This question is an ethical issue that every lawyer ponders. In order to vigorously promote this kind of thinking, the novelist purposely forms a huge difference in characterization. The defense lawyer is modeled on a lawyer of integrity and honesty who is committed to revealing the truth. Through the ironic change in characterization, Dexter criticizes defense lawyers who don’t have professional ethics, a situation rampant in American society in the 1980s.

Making Sensation: Sculpturing Bamboo by Joko Avianto

The creation of visual art has often been considered to be the privilege of the artist, where art is confined to the purpose and intention of its creation, and the assessment of art becomes a series of explanations that restrain the meaning of an artistic expression. From the perspective of Deleuze-Guattari, art is a monument of sensation that transcends the boundaries of subject and object, and it stands as a statement about itself. The relationship between the artist-subject and material-object used in the process of creating visual art is therefore in the domain of visual practice as a kind of thinking and acting strategy. Joko Avianto’s three-dimensional works exhibited in Frankfurt, Germany, and Yokohama, Japan, are examples of Deleuze-Guattari’s explanation of monuments of sensations in their embodiment. Joko Avianto creates a distinctive and subjective method of artistic action in his creative process, transforming perception into percept and affection into affect, and affirming the state of becoming. Art, visual art, and art practice are mechanisms that allow them to express an ethico-aesthetic paradigm. This paradigm reconnects each existence and becoming of the subject, through aesthetic experience, to the re-emerging new world. Thus, what makes art special is its capability to both transcend and surpass the limits to rediscover or restore the boundless.

A Theological Study of Paabingkon Pahompu in the Tradition of the Simulangun Society

This research examines Paabingkon Pahompu's tradition in Batak Simalungun Theologically. Some people assume that Theology is contradictive with culture. The assumption arises because of the limitation of knowledge of both theology and culture. This limitation causes narrow-mindedness and raises the seed of sectarianism. Sectarianism essentially relates to people who think their faith is correct, while cultures are wrong because it contradicts the Holy Bible. This kinds of thinking is counter-productive and can diminish their original cultural approach. The method used in this study was qualitative with a literature review, and the theological approach assumed was anthropological. The data procedure adopted was by collecting, reducing, and displaying findings. In the beginning, the authors created a relevant bibliography. After that, they analyzes findings and critically built the conceptual framework to answer the problem posed in the research. The second approach taken to collect data was through in-depth interviews. The interviews investigated the balance between the theories and practical paabingkon pahompu. The reduction was to select the relevant and valid data in this research. Through this research, the tradition of paabingkon pahompu has been shown to have theological values such as applying the fifth commandment, uttering the word of blessing, and picturing love as giving and praying for each other. The short conclusion is that the tradition of paabingkon pahompu does not contradict the Holy Bible.

Watery Hauntings: A Glossary for African Philosophy in a Different Key

ABSTRACTIt is no secret that philosophy was historically established as the endeavor of white men and that this history continues to underpin and inform the workings of the institutionalized discipline in contemporary university spaces. The discipline’s inherent preoccupation with the universal rather than the particular, the abstract rather than the material, has rendered philosophy particularly obtuse for certain kinds of thinking, and oblivious to large currents of political and aesthetic reflection that have shaped contemporary intellectual engagement with our world. In this article, the authors’ aim is to read the epistemic erasures/foreclosures/violences associated with African philosophy differently, to ask whether it can change key. The article discusses Black African women’s creative work as theory or as philosophy done on different terms. The creative text that the authors center in this regard is the poem bientang (2020) by Black Afrikaans writer Jolyn Phillips.

Korczakowski wykład jako przestrzeń doświadczania podmiotowości

The aim of the study was to understand the experiences and reflections of the participants of the lectures devoted to Janusz Korczak issues (“Janusz Korczak: inspirations for psychologists”). The research questions concerned the reception and interpretation of the lecture experiences, as well as the declared impact of the lecture on students’ behaviour and perception of reality. The study was based on the interpretative paradigm with the use of biographical research. The collected materials consisted of papers in which students reflected on their experiences. Open Code software was used to analyse the data. The findings showed that participation in the lectures led to experiencing subjectivity, as well as to a readiness to actively change the surrounding world while respecting the subjectivity of others, including children. The search for ways of shaping such attitudes is an ever-present research and practical task. The paper encourages a certain kind of thinking and concrete actions, translating through reaching back to Korczak’s heritage into building subject relations in the process of university education. This proposal is innovative not only because it situates Korczakian inspiration (presented mainly in the discourse on children and youth) in the context of academic education, but also because of the original concept of building a programme and structure of academic classes and the resulting interpersonal relations in close connection with Janusz Korczak’s values and methods.

Draw Me After by Peter Cole

Reviewed by: Draw Me After by Peter Cole Arthur Willemse PETER COLE Draw Me After New York. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2022. 113 pages. "PERHAPS IT ALSO has to do with the alphabet—that there isn't really one, that there are lots of them: each produces its own kind of thinking. Like bricks, some, fired and smooth, yield cathedrals, while others, of rough clay, become the peasants' shacks." The musings of Father Chmielowski, from Olga Tokarczuk's great novel The Books of Jacob, with its special attention to Jewish history and religion, appear to apply to Peter Cole's latest book of poetry, Draw Me After. Draw Me After has three separate but overlapping concerns: first, like Tokarczuk's character, it attempts to understand the implications of the architecture of language and alphabet, of the letters of the Jewish language as they are drawn. Second, building from a preceding collaboration, On Being Drawn (2020), it wants to pay homage to the drawings of Terry Winters, whose art is included in the book, as it enters into a dialogue with the poetry. Third, it includes translations by Cole from Hebrew (and, in one instance, Persian) poetry—ancient and twentieth century. All three converge as a [End Page 87] kind of writing in the sand, where authorships disappear, intersect, and emerge. The basic structure of this collections is provided by Cole's glossing of the Hebrew alphabet: in twenty-two beautiful poems, these letters are brought out in their very shape and the cultural contemporary resonances that they involve, for instance in the short poem devoted to ('hey'): "Hey you, she whispered / into the morning / the he inside her bare in its longing, there / in the air of soft address, flickering chicory- / black, like a con game-." Earlier, 's ('dalet') concise but undeniable statement of Willem de Kooning's Door to the River (1960) is related. In this way, saying or writing a letter turns into poetry; the letter, perhaps even, is allowed to find a voice of its own. Yet 's sweet voice is nonessential. Instead, Draw Me After concerns a much wider tradition and dialogue, especially regarding Cole's translations, which alternate with poems devoted to artists and critics, and to people only indicated by their initials. Indeed, the composition secures the effect that the difference between dedication and citation disappears. This must be what Draw Me After means: the poetry arrives from one, moves toward another. The coming together created here between the script of the Old Testament, on one hand, with visual art and poetical exchange on the other, then, amounts to an exceptionally subtle and profound Genesis and Bereshit story, wherein the response that follows is co-original with the voice that it answers. Arthur Willemse Universities of Maastricht and Hasselt Copyright © 2023 World Literature Today and the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma

Evaluating ChatGPT's Ability to Solve Higher-Order Questions on the Competency-Based Medical Education Curriculum in Medical Biochemistry.

Background Healthcare-related artificial intelligence (AI) is developing. The capacity of the system to carry out sophisticated cognitive processes, such as problem-solving, decision-making, reasoning, and perceiving, is referred to as higher cognitive thinking in AI. This kind of thinking requires more than just processing facts; it also entails comprehending and working with abstract ideas, evaluating and applying data relevant to the context, and producing new insights based on prior learning and experience. ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence-based conversational software that can engage with people to answer questions and uses natural languageprocessing models. The platform has created a worldwide buzz and keeps setting an ongoing trend in solving many complex problems in various dimensions. Nevertheless, ChatGPT's capacity to correctly respond to queries requiring higher-level thinking in medical biochemistry has not yet been investigated. So, this research aimed to evaluate ChatGPT's aptitude for responding to higher-order questions on medical biochemistry. Objective In this study, our objective was to determine whether ChatGPT can address higher-order problems related to medical biochemistry.​​​​​​ Methods​​​ This cross-sectional study was done online by conversing with the current version of ChatGPT (14 March 2023, which is presently free for registered users).It was presented with 200 medical biochemistry reasoning questions that require higher-order thinking. These questions were randomly picked from the institution's question bank and classified according to the Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) curriculum's competency modules. The responses were collected and archived for subsequent research. Two expert biochemistry academicians examined the replies on a zero to five scale. The score's accuracy was determined by a one-sample Wilcoxon signed rank test using hypothetical values. Result The AI software answered 200 questions requiring higher-order thinking with a median score of 4.0(Q1=3.50, Q3=4.50). Using a single sample Wilcoxon signed rank test, the result was less than the hypothetical maximum of five (p=0.001) and comparable to four (p=0.16). There was no difference in the replies to questions from different CBME modules in medical biochemistry (Kruskal-Wallis p=0.39). The inter-rater reliability of the scores scored by two biochemistry faculty members was outstanding (ICC=0.926 (95% CI: 0.814-0.971); F=19; p=0.001)​​​​​​ Conclusion The results of this research indicate that ChatGPT has the potential to be a successful tool for answering questions requiring higher-order thinking in medical biochemistry, with a median score of four out of five. However, continuous training and development with data of recent advances are essential to improve performance and make it functional for the ever-growing field of academic medical usage.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНА МЕТОДОЛОГІЯ ПЕРФОРМАНСУ В ОСВІТНЬОМУ ПРОЦЕСІ ВИЩОЇ ШКОЛИ

The article substantiates the nature and perspective of performance theory in psychology within the educational process of a higher school, which assumes the presence of three aspects: performance as an existential situation of trust, performance as an active and dynamic interaction between participants, and performance as a common field for creating values and meanings. The author states that the application of performance theory in psychology changes not only the course of education in higher education, but also provides an opportunity to turn the educational process into an experience necessary for further professional and individual socialization. Also, looking at learning as a performance opens up psychological possibilities for a special kind of therapy, when participants together invent new roles and scenarios, going beyond the boundaries of trauma and disorders. The article shows that performance as an existential situation of trust is a necessary step in creating a comfortable environment for further interaction between students (group) and teacher (moderator). The concept of mimetic inversion is proposed as a bodily-emotional imitation of role models for the purpose of reproducing certain scenarios. The next step is an active and dynamic interaction between the participants of performance, which involves a special kind of thinking and physical activity. Demonstration and ritualization of performative actions is fundamental in the performative activity between the participants of the educational process. The third component involves the performative assimilation of both professional and life values and meanings, bringing the educational process as close as possible to life. The main conclusions of the article are that the psychological methodology of performance not only changes the type of activity, but also the nature of thinking and understanding. The educational process as a performance completely changes the approach to learning and the role of participants, where the main thing is how knowledge is invented and transmitted. The performative role of the teacher is to dialectically (experimentally and normatively) involve students in a special type of performative activity that imitates life experience through imitation and repetition. A promising direction of research is the implementation of the psychological methodology of performance in the processes of understanding, in particular at the cognitive, metacognitive level and the «moderator-group-process» and «moderator-personality-process» systems.

TO FLY THE PLANE: LANGUAGE GAMES, HISTORICAL NARRATIVES, AND EMOTIONS

The common Western distinction between reason and emotion (which is not found outside Western-influenced traditions) tends to obscure an important distinction between two kinds of thinking: logical and mathematical reasoning, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, what is sometimes called “situational awareness,” a kind of thinking that involves striving to take into account multiple simultaneously true descriptions of a situation. Emotion, as understood in appraisal theory (that is, as inherently cognitive and intentional), is one kind of thinking that contributes to—indeed, is crucial to—situational awareness in this sense. Intention also belongs to situational awareness. Whatever long-term goals we pursue, present action must be attuned to immediate circumstances. One is faced with an indefinite number of ways to describe what is going on at any moment, and this second kind of thinking involves striving to identify a crucial subset of these true descriptions that one can respond to via an intentional action, procedure, or plan. Maintaining situational awareness in this sense is the goal of “crew resource management” (CRM), a flight crew teamwork strategy and emotional regime aimed at ensuring airline safety. The philosophical works of Wittgenstein, Anscombe, Austin, Habermas, and Danto, among others, help explain the remarkable successes of crew resource management. This article tests this explanation's applicability to nonmodern contexts by briefly discussing the letters of Antoine de Bourbon and Jeanne d'Albret between 1551 and 1562.

Best-Selling Author to Discuss How Psychiatrists Can Help Create More Equitable World

Best-Selling Author to Discuss How Psychiatrists Can Help Create More Equitable World

Heuristics, Biases and the Psychology of Reasoning: State of the Art

Investigations on heuristics and biases have had a great impact on the study of reasoning and related higher cognitive processes, such as judgment and decision making. Specifically, the research in cognitive psychology of reasoning has revealed that people frequently activate mental shortcuts, or heuristics, to make inferences. These are non-logical strategies and could lead subjects to commit systematic deviations from the tenets of normative principles, that is, cognitive biases. The key objective of this paper is to present some of the most relevant theories on heuristics and biases in reasoning, focusing on the dual process theories of deduction. According to these theories, there are two kinds of thinking. Type 1, automatic, unconscious, implicit, fast and effortless and Type 2, reflective, controlled, conscious, explicit, slow and effortful. Much debate on these theories has emphasized on the relationship between both types of processes and the underlying factors that could triggered one or other. In this regard, different dual-process theories propose distinct answers to these questions. The results in the literature have registered that the likelihood of activation of Type 1 and Type 2 processes has important consequences on reasoning, both in experimental laboratory tasks and in everyday situations. Recent empirical investigations that have studied the critical role that intuitive and deliberative processes play in different professional areas are displayed. It is a key question that future research continues with the study of the underlying procedures that professionals activate for reasoning and decision making.

How Much Should or Can Science Impact Theological Formulations?

There have been many developments in the field of science and religion over the past few decades. One such development is referred to as ‘theology of nature’ (ToN), which is the activity of building or revising theological frameworks in light of contemporary scientific developments, e.g., evolution, chaos theory, and quantum mechanics. Ian Barbour, John Polkinghorne, and Arthur Peacocke, all of whom are Christian thinkers, are the most well-known advocates of this kind of thinking. However, this discourse has not been examined from an Islamic perspective. Given this gap, in this article, we view this strand of thinking from the Ashʿarī school of thought that is part of the Sunnī Islamic kalām tradition. We first review how ToN manifests in the works of the thinkers mentioned earlier. Following this, we highlight the essential principles in Ashʿarism relevant to God, His interaction with the created world, and science. These are then compared with the ideas of the said thinkers. Two conclusions are reached. First, we demonstrate that atomism, which is generally understood as a long-held position in the Ashʿarī tradition, should not be held as a theological position but rather a philosophical or a scientific one. Second, an important distinction is made between science-informed theology (SIT) and contingency-informed theology (CIT). For Ashʿarīs, a CIT is sufficient for understanding God, but they would find the SIT displayed in ToN problematic. The motivation and methodology of localising or modifying God’s nature or attributes to fit the science of the day would be seen as theologically very costly and a form of scientism.

Ukraine’s civilizational offer to the world. Ideas of the noosphere and cosmic worldview in Ukrainian art of the XX–XXI centuries

The war in Ukraine, which is unfolding against the background of unprecedented and threatening climate changes, a colossal economic crisis and the escalation of tension between the “big players”, has caused new systemic challenges for our country and the world. We must look for extraordinary answers and offer unusual solutions, because traditional and outdated will not be able to solve anything. How to avoid a lifelong confrontation with Russia once and for all? What is the most important civilizational offer of Ukraine to the world? What can be a guarantee of a happy future for our country? Reflecting on these important questions, we offer an unexpected solution — a decisive turn and social movement towards noospheric-cosmic consciousness. This kind of thinking has long been inherent in the natural self-awareness of the inhabitants of Ukraine, and even the very theory of the noosphere was developed by the Ukrainian scientist Volodymyr Vernadskyi. How are these ideas intuitively reflected in Ukrainian art since the beginning of the 20th century? It is proposed to outline the main principles and approaches and some conceptual essays about approx.

The Ark and Other Bubbles: Jewish Philosophy and Surviving the Disaster

The story of Noah is the story of a near-total biocide. And yet, in popular imagination, it appears as more of a floating petting zoo, a charming menagerie that follows the far more serious Edenic storylines of Genesis 1–5. In this paper, the ark, and midrash it inspired, acts as a guide for a set of speculations and arguments about the role Jewish philosophy might play during the present ecological disaster. These speculations are guided by the following claim: Jewish philosophy best responds to ecological crises when it does not attempt to provide an ecological ethics “out of the sources of Judaism”—making expansive normative and metaphysical claims—but instead explores enclosures and spaces; when it thinks about our relation to disasters, rather than trying to prevent or solve them. In other words, there is an element of Jewish thought which attempts to think enclosures and protect small but important things in the midst of disasters, and it is this I wish to highlight. My goal is to demonstrate that this kind of thinking presents viable possibilities for ecological thought. Specifically, I will argue that Mara Benjamin’s work gives us an indication of where such philosophy can go and how it might get there.