Kinds Of Strategies Research Articles

On Speech Acts

This paper is intended to give insights to the readers about the development of speech act theories which include categories, characteristics, validities, and strategies. The research begins with the classification of speech acts done by some experts and continues with the description of characteristics and validities carried out especially by Austin and Searle, and ends with speech act strategies developed by Parker and Riley, using examples taken from Indonesian, Javanese, Balinese, and English, four languages that the writer masters relatively well. Most Indonesian, Balinese, and Javanese data together with their context are created intuitively as a native or nearly-native speaker while some English utterances are created and the others extracted from pragmatic textbooks used as references in this study. Research findings show that there are various types of speech acts, and each speech act has its own validity conditions. Among them, illocutionary acts constitute the focal point of pragmatics’ studies. The description shows that every expert of pragmatics uses different categories in classifying illocutionary acts, and the kinds of strategies used to express them.Keywords: pragmatics, speech act, speech act strategy.

Climate Change Effects on Water Resources and Need of Dams in Pakistan

Climate change is a global phenomenon; its outcome affects societies around the world. Climate change has become the greatest severe issue of the 21st century. Climate change has a large influence on the atmosphere, farming, health zone, flood, ecology, marine and water levels in Pakistan. When these environmental changes affect the natural system, they may affect the living being indirectly or directly. Due to global warming, Pakistan is frequently suffering climate changes and water resources decline. Pakistan has the 135th position in terms of (CO2) releases but unfortunately has been ranked 7thposition in terms of vulnerability to climate changes. The present study explored how climate change has affected the water resources of Pakistan, why the dams are necessary and what consequences might seem in the upcoming and what kind of strategies should be adopted by the government. There is a need that concerned departments should take action on an emergency basis to increase water storage capacity and construct dams in the interest of future generations.

Transition Metal Catalyzed Enantioselective Borylative Cyclization Reactions

AbstractDue to the significance of corresponding products, enantioselective borylative cyclization reactions have been studied intensively in recent years. Many groups have developed efficient methods to transform unsaturated system into asymmetric cyclic organoboron compounds with the ring‐size range from three‐membered to six‐membered in general. Notably, in some cases, fused rings which contain more than two contiguous chiral centers could be obtained by this kind of strategies. This review summarized and reviewed the recent advances in this field and classified these work according to the species of metal catalysts.

Promotional Marketing Campaigns in Pandemic Times

Research background: CoVid19 was a shock for governments, organizations as well as people. At the beginning of the pandemic, everyone was stunned and companies tried to adapt to the “new reality”, as some sectors were forced either to diminish their offer due to the downfall of demand, or even to fully stop offering products or services as a result of the lockdown restrictions, as in the case of tourism and events sector. Imminent health, social and economic crises seemed inevitable, and with more destructive power than the 2008 economic crises. Purpose of the article: Almost all organizations and companies were affected to a certain extent by this global crisis. On one hand, companies manufacturing medical products, drugs, devices, disinfectants, construction, digital industries, courier companies had an increase in the demand, while others like: automotive, aerospace, construction, hotels, spas, cultural and creative industries had a fall of demand due to the lockdown restrictions. Methods: In order to discover the steps taken by organizations from different industries, we analyzed several promotional marketing campaigns and we deployed research among the potential customers in order to discover their opinion towards these kinds of strategies. Findings & Value added: Organizations that encountered difficulties in the pandemic time appealed to promotional marketing campaigns bearing in mind several objectives, like: boosting sales, increase brand notoriety of the products or services offered and even gain more customers having a mixed expansion of the market, not only intensive or extensive growth.

Evaluation of the Advertising Strategies of Automobile Companies within the Scope of Localization During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Reklamların amacı en genel tanımıyla bir ürünü belirli bir kitleye tanıtmak, sevdirmek ve satın alınmasını sağlamaktır. Her toplum farklı bir kültürel kimliğe sahiptir. Farklı değerlere, önceliklere ve en önemlisi farklı dillere sahip toplumların sınırsız muadili bulunan belirli bir ürünü tercih etmesini sağlamak için firmalar reklam kampanyaları aracılığı ile birbirleriyle yarışmaktadırlar. Sınırların ortadan kalktığı ve ekonominin aksamadan faaliyetlerini sürdürmesinin hedeflendiği küresel yeni dünya düzeninde, dünyanın büyük bir köye dönüşeceği ve farklılıkların ortadan kalkacağı ütopyası gerçekçi bir yaklaşım olmaktan uzaklaşarak toplumların kendi kültürel kimliklerini sürdürmeye ve korumaya daha da önem vermeye başladıkları gözlemlenmektedir. Farklı pazarlardaki hedef kitlenin kültürel değerlerini, dil, din, aile yapısı gibi unsurların çözümlenmesi ve elde edilen bulgular ışığında o kitleye ürünü sevdirecek ve satın almaya teşvik edecek, dilsel dünyalarında olumlu bir imaj yaratacak iletişim stratejisinin belirlenmesi küresel firmaların ürünlerinin reklamlarının amacına ulaşması açısından büyük öneme sahiptir. Bu bağlamda global firmalar reklam stratejilerinde daha kültür odaklı yaklaşımlar tercih etmek zorunda kalmaktadırlar. Covid-19 Pandemisi ise dünyada tüm kuralları bir anda alt üst eden bir olgu olarak kendini göstermiştir. Tüm dünyanın bir anda eş zamanlı olarak yavaşladığı, üretimlerin aksadığı ve insanların ihtiyaçlarının ve önceliklerinin değiştiği, sokaklar boşalırken evlerin dolduğu global bir sorun olarak tüm dünyayı etkisi altına almıştır. Reklam firmaları da bu dönemde stratejilerini yeni ihtiyaçlar bağlamında gözden geçirmişlerdir. Mobil olmayı amaçlayan otomobil reklamları acaba pandemi döneminde nasıl bir strateji izlemiştir? Bu çalışmada, tüm dünyayı meşgul eden ve ortak bir paydada buluşturan Covid-19 Pandemisi döneminde, otomobil reklamları üzerinden Türk ve Alman pazarları için hazırlanan reklam stratejileri incelenecektir. Reklamların kültürel çözümlemeleri yapılacak, çeviri stratejileri incelenecek ve reklam anlayışı olarak global ve glokal arasında nasıl bir tercih yapıldığı saptanacaktır.

Teacher’s Strategies and Classroom Management Techniques in Teaching English at SMP Inklusi TPA Jember

The research aims at explaining the teacher’s strategies and classroom management techniques applied in teaching English to mental retardation students at SMP Inklusi TPA Jember. This is a descriptive qualitative research. The subject of the research was an English teacher at SMP Inklusi TPA Jember. The data were collected through a non-participant observation and interview. The data were analyzed through identification, classification, data reduction, and description. The findings were: 1) the teacherused three kinds of strategies, i.e. imitation and modeling strategy, demonstration strategy, and active strategy with imitation and modeling strategy as the most used; 2) from 7 classroom management techniques listed by Sarosdy, Bencze, Poor and Vadnay (2016), there were only 5 techniques applied by the teacher including showing respect for students, showing professionalism, applying class techniques, applying positive attitude of teacher’s role and knowing the students.
 Keywords: Mental Retardation, Teachers Strategies, Classroom Management, Teaching Disable

Institutions, Networks and Activism Inside the State: Women’s Health and Environmental Policy in Brazil

ABSTRACT This article examines institutional activism between 2011 and 2018 in two Brazilian government programs, ‘Green Grants’ and the 'Stork Network’. Institutional activism is defined as collective action in the defense of contentious causes conducted within the boundaries of state institutions. The two policies were designed and implemented by bureaucrats committed to social movement causes, environmentalism and women’s health, respectively. The environmentalist bureaucrats were mostly permanent public employees with few ties to movement networks, while the women’s health group included mostly temporary employees with long histories of civil society activism. I argue that diverse locations in state institutions and movement networks gave these groups access to different combinations of institutional and relational resources. In dialogue with theories of situated agency and activist strategy, I show how those differences both led actors to engage in different kinds of strategies and influenced the way those strategies changed as political conditions became increasingly hostile.

COVID‐19 induced emergent knowledge strategies

The pandemic of COVID‐19 is considered the most complex global process generated so far due to its unprecedented power of disruption, interconnection, and lockdowns in all the domains of our life, from health to economy, education, research, culture, sports, and social isolation. The COVID‐19 crisis came like any other natural disaster, finding people and organizations unprepared for disruptive power and social nexus. The unthinkable became a reality, and people realized that organizations and governments have no strategies to fight against such a pandemic. They found out that the strategic knowledge gap is enormous, and the only way to navigate this crisis is to create emergent knowledge strategies. This paper aims to analyze the characteristics of emergent knowledge strategies by comparing them with deliberate knowledge strategies and showing how people can develop such new kinds of strategies. The analysis is based on criteria like time perception, systems thinking, type of knowledge, type of changes, and complexity.

The Strategies in Building an Active Learning Environment in English Classroom: Pre-service Teachers' Perceptions

The study is aimed to investigate the strategies and preparations for building an active learning environment. The study involved five students who had a good experience in teaching for at least one month to two months and are considered capable of creating an active learning environment in the classroom. The in-depth interview structure conducted in this study has two main objectives, namely: (1) to identify what kind of strategies that can be applied to implement the active learning environment in the classroom; and (2) to find out what must be prepared by the pre-service English teachers in conducting the teaching and learning process at school. The findings of the study showed that there are four main strategies and three main things that should be prepared by the participants in building an active learning environment. The strategies are: Combining student's interests with instructional media, Providing motivational videos to improve student's enthusiasm, Applying TPR method to enhance student's vocabulary, and Practicing English through web-based learning. Meanwhile, the preparations to run the strategies are: Adjusting the teaching environment, Selecting learning resources, and Supplying interactive media to increase student's interest in learning English. Thus, these findings can be used as reference for English teachers who are facing the problems in building an active learning environment during teaching and learning process.

Weather shocks, coping strategies and farmers’ income: A case of rural areas of district Multan, Punjab

Though most of the farmers in developing countries are vulnerable against extreme weather shocks, the constraints they face in coping with these shocks and the kind of strategies they adopt may vary significantly. This study estimates the impact of weather shocks on farmers’ income, followed by the evaluation of their perceptions and coping strategies against weather shocks, in the rural area of district Multan in Pakistani Punjab. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaire survey of 273 randomly selected farmers and were analyzed through descriptive statistics and regression techniques. Results revealed that farmers used different coping strategies against weather shocks. Furthermore, the household size, flood, frost, drought and heavy rains frequency negatively impact farm income, while the explanatory variables such as non-farm income, machinery possession, weather information, farm size, education, hailstorm frequency and age positively impact farm income. It is recommended that micro level adaptation can boost the coping capacities of farmers. Diversification of income and early warning system can reduce the risk of losing sustenance. Cash support is instrumental to recover the livelihood and enable them to use appropriate strategies to cope with weather shocks.

Between-class difference analysis based multidimensional RBC for multivariate fault isolation of industrial processes

In industrial process, fault isolation technology will identify the major variables leading to faults. The existing fault isolation methods usually have ”smearing effect”, cannot identify the sensitivity of the fault variables, or require too much calculation. To solve the above problems, a multivariate fault isolation method based on between-class difference analysis and multidimensional reconstruction-based contribution (RBC) is proposed in this work. First, two kind of strategies, i.e.,principle component analysis (PCA) and fisher discriminant analysis (FDA), are adopted to obtain the sensitivity indicators of the variables to the faults respectively, which is taken as the basis for determining the optimal reconstruction direction. Then, multidimensional RBC is used to determine the number of fault variables based on the selected reconstruction direction. Finally, the primary and secondary fault variables are isolated according to their fault sensitivities. The feasibility of the proposed method is illustrated by a numerical simulation example and TE process. To sum up, the proposed method provide sensitivity information of each fault variables and high diagnosis rate. Moreover, it also has an advantage in reducing the calculation time because of the preliminary selection of fault variables.

Data-driven robust day-ahead unit commitment model for hydro/thermal/wind/photovoltaic/nuclear power systems

According to the complementary characteristics of various power sources, this paper establishes a data-driven robust day-ahead unit commitment model for a hydro-thermal-wind-photovoltaic-nuclear power system that can be used by the independent system operaters (ISOs). A data-driven robust optimization method based on the robust kernel density estimation (RKDE) is employed to deal with the uncertainties of wind and photovoltaic (PV) power. That is, the distributional information of wind and PV power is extracted by RKDE from the big data, then it is incorporated into the data-driven uncertainty set, and finally a robust optimization model is formed. In view of the facts that the conventional water spillage methods fail to pay equal attention to the benefits of the basin and the individual hydro plants, eight kinds of strategies that can make the water spillages or hydropower curtailments distributed proportionally in each hydro plant are proposed. In addition, the operating model of nuclear power unit involved in peak load regulation is established to promote its operational flexibility. The numerical results and simulation on a modified New England 39-bus system verify the superiority and practicability of the proposed model.

Two-Level Game and Politics of the United States–North Korea Negotiation

When the second U.S.-North Korea Summit in Hanoi, Vietnam ended abruptly without a deal, critics and experts argued that U.S. President Trump, considering the domestic pressure, changed his goals and interests at the very last minute. To theoretically explain the negotiation process in Hanoi, this study analyzes the win-set structure of the United States and North Korea. This study also aims to examine the causes of the failure by comparing the agreement zones between the United States and North Korea’s win-sets before and after the summit. Two-level game theory explains how negotiating countries with conflicting interests achieve an agreement and what kinds of strategies the governments use to maximize their own national interests. The key assumption of the two-level game theory is the linkage between domestic politics and international affairs, and the interconnection was widely suggested by many scholars including Gabriel A. Almond, James N. Rosenau, and Bruce M. Russett. Building on to this literature, Putnam’s two-level game theory introduced the concept of a “win-set” and examined the international negotiation process thoroughly using this theoretical model. Based on the analysis of the two parties’ win-sets, this study finds that the United States intentionally ended the negotiation without a deal by contracting the size of its win-set. The United States shifted its interest from the original position, which is “trading partial (or symbolic) dismantlement of North Korean nuclear weapons with partial removal of economic sanctions,” to the new interest position including the abandonment of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) referred to as “Yongbyon Plus Alpha” and the agreement on a roadmap to denuclearization.

Strategies to prevent sexual harassment in the hospitality workplace in Sweden

Abstract Background Sexual harassment is a problem at workplaces, particularly in the hospitality business. These workplaces are known for having a lot of challenges for the psychosocial work environment such as working hours, leadership and the relation to alcohol, but also being workplaces with a high risk for being exposed to sexual harassment, from managers, coworkers as well as from guests. Sexual harassment is a kind of gendered violence and a work environmental problem that needs to be prevented in order to reduce work-related stress. The aim of this study was to analyze strategies to prevent sexual harassment in the hospitality business. A second aim was to analyze factors in these kind of workplaces that constitute barriers to effective prevention strategies. Methods Twenty-five employees and managers in the hotel and restaurant business were interviewed individually about their experiences of sexual harassment and what kind of strategies they use to cope, prevent and counteract sexual harassment at their work places. Results The preliminary results indicate a broad range of preventive measures that employers and managers deploy, stretching from the arrangement of the physical environment to team-building activities and onto efforts aimed at creating a common value-system. Workers, on their part, strategize collectively for instance by close communication with each other regarding “difficult” customers. Furthermore, individual workers use their bodily resources and clothing, to counteract harassment and threatening situations. Conclusions There are several conflicting aims and contradictions inherent in this industry, e.g. in terms of profit and the expectations of service and hospitality towards guests, no matter of their behavior. There are also gendered expectations on staff that increases the risk for sexual harassment from managers, coworkers as well as guests that make preventive work more challenging than in other types of businesses. Key messages Sexual harassment in the hospitality business is more challenging than in other work places, and thus need specific prevention strategies in order to promote a healthy psychosocial work environment. As gendered hierarchies in the hospitality business put women at risk for sexual harassment to a higher degree than men, there is a need for increased gender awareness in the preventive work.

The Relationship between Direct Language Learning Strategies and English Learning Proficiency at Senior High School Students

Learning strategies are applied by students to improve their studies. Suitable language learning strategies result in proficiency which is improved and greater self-confidence. Most researches observe the language learning strategies without dividing which affect more between direct and indirect strategy toward learning proficiency. Therefore, this research was conducted to find out whether the direct language learning strategies had a positive relationship and significant effect toward English learning proficiency on senior high school students. An ex-post-facto method with a correlational design was applied in this research. The population was 410 students at the eleventh grade of SMA Negeri 1 Baubau and selected 75 students as the sample using a simple random sampling technique. The instruments used were the SILL (Strategy Inventory for Language Learning) and the English proficiency test. The results of descriptive statistics indicate the compensation strategies were the most dominant learning strategy used by the eleventh-grade students with the mean score was 2.66. From the result of hypothesis testing, it was obtained the positive relationships and significant effect of those three kinds of strategies toward English proficiency on the eleventh-grade students. Besides, the memory strategies have the highest correction with the score of correlation is 0.756.

Family Formation: an Intergenerational Comparison Subtitlte: The Relevance of Social Inequalities for Family Formation in a Transnational Migration Context

How do processes of family formation change over generations? What is the relevance of social inequalities for these processes and what kinds of strategies do family members develop to deal with them? Based on a case study of members of two generations from the same family using a biographical approach, we will demonstrate the diversity of family formation within one family. The article generates insights about the complexity of family formation processes, as previous research has shown that there is a fertility variation between and within migrant groups of different origins. The selected family is involved in a transnational migration process, originally from the former Yugoslavia, coming to Switzerland and then moving to Kosovo. Migration experiences started with the grandfathers’ seasonal work migration. The family members were affected by social inequalities based on class, gender and ethnicity that are analysed using the concept of socio-cultural boundaries. The results illustrate the ways restrictions on access to the labour market, discrimination, educational institutions and selective migration regimes influence and shape family formation processes. It reveals that members of the same family develop diverse strategies to deal with exclusion and discrimination processes comparing their positions in transnational fields. We show how these family negotiation processes are interrelated with ethnicity and class and change over the generations. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that the transmission of gender norms in this family is influenced by the experienced socio-cultural boundaries. In sum, we show the complexity of family formation processes and intergenerational changes in interaction with intersectional social inequalities that are also shaped by migration policies.

Review: Black Rights / White Wrongs: The Critique of Racial Liberalism, by Charles W. Mills

Review: Black Rights / White Wrongs: The Critique of Racial Liberalism, by Charles W. Mills

Implementing Comic in Learning English Vocabulary in Pharmacy Students of STIKes Buleleng

The success of the teaching-learning process is not only supported by the students but also by the teacher as central learning. In this case, students and teachers have an equally important role. The students will be enthusiastic in learning when they have good teachers in transfer information, material, and knowledge. Teaching English as a foreign language to adult students is not essay job to do. It needs kinds of strategies in teaching and method to transform knowledge into them. It is because English is difficult and not an essay to be learned for them. English language as a foreign language has so many challenges to be faced when learned it. Many factors showed that English is difficult to be learned by students at a higher level such as they are lack vocabulary, confusing to express their ideas, lazy to practice English, bored in teaching strategy, or media that lecture used. In this situation, the lecture should choose appropriate media, strategy, or method when teaching. And one of the media can be used is comic. Comics are a series of pictures that contain images and balloons to write a story. This research showed that learning by implementing comics was so significant to improve students’ willingness in learning vocabulary. It prof by the increasing mark of students in English objects, the present list was always full and the atmosphere of the classroom is so lively. The class was always happy, enthusiastic, and comfortable to follow the lesson.

A content analysis of transportation planning documents in Toronto and Montreal

In a well-designed public transportation system, planners aim for service to be frequent, fast and cost-effective. The absence of connectivity in a transit system results in public transportation becoming the least appealing mode of choice. This research focused on the last-mile problem (LMP) and its existing interventions in two Canadian cities. It explored the framework employed and language used within transportation planning documents in order to address the last-mile problem (LMP). Through a two-pronged content analysis method, 10 planning documents from Toronto and Montreal were examined to identify ways in which the last-mile problem is engaged and what kind of strategies are provided to address the issue. The manifest content analysis revealed that only two planning documents directly address the last-mile problem. However, the latent content analysis demonstrated ways in which the rest of the key-terms were utilized to further engage with the LMP, resulting in three recurring themes. Several policy recommendations expand on the three themes extracted from the content analysis with emphasis on shared-mobility, public-private partnerships and diversifying land-use as last-mile strategies.

RELEVANCE OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM OF THE TRIBES OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH IN CORONA PANDEMIC – AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH

Anthropology has always been interested in knowing different cultural aspects of different societies. Each culture has its ecological set up and historical background. The approach of cultural relativism has advocated the field workers to collect data out of field by preceding local people’s view point. Due to ongoing Covid-19 pandemic the whole country has been in lockdown since 24th of March, 2020 and when the author writes this article, it became 58 days lockdown and total confirmed case in India is 111601 (www.covid19india.org). Now we look at our study context i.e. Arunachal Pradesh. A 31-year man from Medo village in Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh, was the first case of corona virus in state, who attended a congregation in Delhi’s Nizamuddin West. He is recovered on 16th April, 2020 and since then no other cases are notified in the state. So, automatically the question is raised what kind of strategies help the people of Arunachal Pradesh specially tribal people from spreading the virus in large scale.