Kind Of Speech Research Articles

Enhancement of Non-Air Conducted Speech Based on Wavelet-Packet Adaptive Threshold

This study developed a new kind of speech detecting method by using millimeter wave. Because of the advantage of the millimeter wave, this speech detecting method has great potential application and may provide some exciting possibility for wide applications. However, the MMW conduct speech is in less intelligible and poor audibility since it is corrupted by additive combined noise. This paper, therefore, also developed an algorithm of wavelet packet threshold by using hard threshold and soft threshold for removing noise based on the good capability of wavelet packet for analyzing time-frequency signal. Comparing to traditional speech enhancement algorithm, the results from both simulation and listening evaluation suggest that the proposed algorithm takes on a better performance on noise removing while the distortion of MMW radar speech remains acceptable, the enhanced speech also sounds more pleasant to human listeners, resulting in improved results over classical speech enhancement algorithms. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i1.1879

What Makes a Contemporary Werewolf? The Semiological Analysis of Articles about the “Werewolf of Tamnava County”

The paper offers a semiological analysis of narratives about the “werewolf of Tamnava County” which were published in Serbian daily newspapers in June 2005. I will attempt to show the ways in which the folk appropriation of terms from scientific discourse is used to lend legitimacy to stories about the mysterious pest, and how this kind of speech about werewolves is nothing new. Narratives about the “werewolf of Tamnava County” will be broken down to their constitutive elements which will be interpreted singularly. Finally, the paper will offer a number of possible interpretations of the function these narratives hold within the specific context of human-animal relations in which they are created.

Book Review: The Offensive Internet: Speech, Privacy, and Reputation, edited by Saul Levmore and Martha C. Nussbaum

The Offensive Internet: Privacy, and Reputation. Saul Levmore and Martha C. Nussbaum, eds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010. 312 pp. $27.95 hbk. $18.95 pbk.The editors of this significant collection-Saul Levmore is the William B. Graham Professor of Law, and Martha C. Nussbaum is the Ernst Freud Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics, both at the University of Chicago-have successfully examined The Offensive from a novel vantage point.While speech on the has long been critiqued, this collection applies older media frameworks to the seemingly unquestioned power of free speech in cyberspace. The editors encourage us to understand that many concerns with speech, particularly offensive speech, have been dealt with in the past with older media technologies. They emphasize that the has created a kind of village, where the global and local are now intermixed. The main issue with this, especially when it comes to privacy and speech, is the number of communicators in the system. In the past, for example, if one was bullied, it was kept to a small group and wouldn't necessarily affect one's reputation beyond the localized context. Now, that kind of interaction has both lingering and wide-reaching effects, but there are few laws set in place that punish the hosts of defamatory language.The contributors to these thirteen chapters-examining issues ranging from the expected to Internet misogyny, free speech and cyber-cesspools, and social media challenges for academic administrators-attempt to grapple with First Amendment issues while working under the framework that free speech has always been limited in certain circumstances. Therefore, many of the authors rightfully start with examples drawn from older media restrictions and regulations to understand these case studies on the Internet. The book is organized in four sections-The and Its Problems, Reputation, Speech, and Privacy-although many of these issues overlap.In particular, several chapters deal with privacy on the Internet. An overarching argument throughout much of the book is the idea that service providers, who are not liable for slanderous or defamatory discourse on their networks, have too much protection under the Communication Decency Act. The issue is that there are not protections put in place for individuals against negative and unwarranted attacks on their character.In addition, some of the authors believe that there should be different categories of speech under the law. Legal scholar Geoffrey R. Stone of the University of Chicago Law School, for example, examines how case law has loosely defined low-value speech as primarily being communication that is highly negative and doesn't advance political discourse. Stone argues that this kind of speech shouldn't enjoy the same protections under the First Amendment as other kinds of speech. He also argues that the newsworthiness of information may change depending on the size of an audience. …

Words as Weapons

Words as Weapons

‘Is the Headscarf Oppressive or Emancipatory?’ Field Notes from the Multicultural Debate

This essay examines the discursive contours of the multicultural debate in Europe, and the ways in which it is cast in gendered terms. It does so by investigating one particular albeit highly contentious issue, notably the headscarf controversy. In recent years, this sartorial practice has turned into an important object of debate and controversy in various Western European countries, often structured around the question ‘is the headscarf oppressive or emancipatory?’. Rather than engaging substantially with this question, or with the various meanings or significations of hijab as a sartorial practice, we seek to reflect upon the performative effects of this question, and do so more specifically in the Belgian context. What kind of imaginaries does the headscarf debate in general, and this question in particular, limit or shape? And what kinds of speeches and actions does it enable or conceal? We argue that the headscarf debate is functional to the constitution of a specific idea of ‘neutrality’ on the one hand, and of an ‘emancipated gender identity’ (agency) on the other, which is primarily grasped in liberal and secular terms (through the language of ‘rights’). More than simply tracing the performative effects of this discussion, we also try to account for the possibilities of overcoming these discursive conditionalities and the capacity of rendering other forms of agency intelligible.

An Ode of Ibn Insha - An Urdu Poet

Poets are specially gifted human beings who diagnose the real pains and suggest the true remedy in generally in a palatable manner and where they feel that the evil has gone deep and it needs deeper probe they carefully operate to remove such cancer. A physician or surgeon is always sympathetic to the patient and his every action and advice and recipe is in the betterment of the patient. During this process sometime there is reaction which he tolerates patiently. Poets who are sincere also have no vested interest. They point out the lackings in behaviour which if made good and corrected advancement and progress is achieved. If ignored the poet is to live his span of life the loss is born by the people. Ibn Insha was no less visionary and sympathiser of our deplorable condition. His name will remain ever alive in Urdu poetry for his vision and suggestions. I have translated this poetical composition as a humble student of Urdu, the national language of Pakistan, towards which we all must give due attention by contributing our articles and writings. It is encouraging that several efforts are being made at private and public sectors. World has become a global village and science and technology has become a useful instrument in the hands of mankind to utilize it to enhance the dignity of mankind. Languages of the world are sisters and have a place and role according as to their capacity. Urdu is no exception to it. It has all the potentials to play its role in human development on all fronts. It has the potential to assimilate many words of all the foreign languages easily. Instead of hostility a fraternal behaviour among languages of the world is the need of the time as all the languages are creations of Allah Almighty, hence those are to be respected and served to the extent we can do. Prose and poetry are two kinds of speech. Poetry is the language of the imagination or emotions expressed rhythmically. It is the artistic expression of thought in emotional language. It is all that which appeals to the sense of ideal beauty. He is one of the most versatile poets and writers of his generation. His most famous ghazal “Insha Ji Uttho” is a modern day classic. His other works include a number of travelogues recorded with a touch of humour.

“Is the Headscarf Oppressive or Emancipatory?” Field Notes on the Gendrification of the ‘Multicultural Debate’

This essay examines the discursive contours of the multicultural debate in Europe, and the ways in which it is cast in gendered terms. It does so by investigating one particular albeit highly contentious issue, notably the headscarf controversy. In recent years, this sartorial practice has turned into an important object of debate and controversy in various Western European countries, often structured around the question ‘is the headscarf oppressive or emancipatory?’. Rather than engaging substantially with this question, or with the various meanings or significations of hijab as a sartorial practice, we seek to reflect upon the performative effects of this question, and do so more specifically in the Belgian context. What kind of imaginaries does the headscarf debate in general, and this question in particular, limit or shape? And what kinds of speeches and actions does it enable or conceal? We argue that the headscarf debate is functional to the constitution of a specific idea of ‘neutrality’ on the one hand, and of an ‘emancipated gender identity’ (agency) on the other, which is primarily grasped in liberal and secular terms (through the language of ‘rights’). More than simply tracing the performative effects of this discussion, we also try to account for the possibilities of overcoming these discursive conditionalities and the capacity of rendering other forms of agency intelligible.

On Metaphoring: A Research Proposal

In this working paper that is a summary of the lecture I gave at the CNR in Rome in 1999 I attempt to claim that metaphors may be seen as acts similar to assertions, promises, criticisms, or lying. In some respect my proposal hints at viewing metaphor as a special kind of speech acts (I metaphor that X…).

Stanisław Barańczak jako krytyk języka. Wokół dwóch esejów z tomu Poezja i duch Uogólnienia

The articles derives from a conviction that the later essays writing of Stanisław Barańczak in one of its important aspects is a criticism of the morally destructive features of the language. His theory of poetry as a particular kind of speech – directed to the concrete, multimeaning, always individual – is a simple consequence of a conviction abot what should be the language in general results from the deeply ethical objection to the generality, exaggerated abstractness, one-sidedness of an opinion. Manifestations of such “a laying the language in charge”, to use Barańczak’s own words, I can be found mostly in his two late essays titled Człowiek, Który Za Dużo Wie [The Man Who Knows Too Much] and Poezja i duch Uogólnienia [Poetry and the Spirit of Generalisation]. In their rhetoric I am looking for the supplement of his relation to language.

The Ladder and the Cage

A contribution to the sixth installment of the Common Knowledge symposium “Apology for Quietism,” this article compares the worldview of Qoheleth (Ecclesiastes) and the quietism that it presumably entails to the early Wittgenstein's worldview and his quietism. The first section of the article treats a relevant paradox in the worldview of the early Wittgenstein: his positive exhortations for certain types of speech and silence, for certain types of action and inaction, seem in conflict with his statement that, in the world, “there is no value—and if there were, it would be of no value.” The second section examines an internal paradox in the worldview of Qoheleth, who commends the enjoyment of a world that he considers meaningless and vain. The third and final section of the article compares these paradoxes as constitutive of the texts in which they appear. Conveying no univocal message, while both writers exhibit quietism, they also gesture toward kinds of speech and action.

La communication conflictuelle

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Pluralism in Scholarship and Experience

Ira Katznelson Pluralism in Scholarship and Experience I HAVE KNOWN ARISTIDE ZOLBERG FOR 40 YEARS. WE HAVE BEEN colleagues at the University of Chicago and the New School for Social Research. We have taught together and have edited a book together (Katznelson and Zolberg 1986). To have had the privilege of reading, w orking with, observing, and participating w ith an intellectual and personal friend whose analytical power probes fundam ental questions w ith great acuity has been one of life’s best privileges. If I had chosen the title for this conference about Aristide’s schol­ arship, it would have been th at of a book w ritten by another form er colleague at the University of Chicago, the late Wayne Booth, the great literary critic who w rote Critical Understanding: The Power and Limits of Pluralism. From the beginning, Aristide’s w ork has explored the power and limits of pluralism. His has not been a rom antic embrace—a simple w arm support for m ultiple cultures—for he has always understood that w ith pluralism comes danger, sometimes death. But he also has cele­ brated deep pluralism for offering hum ankind some of its most noble, m ost profound, and m ost m oving experiences. Probing this range, Aristide has always insisted on the quest for critical understanding, a search that has taken him on m any expeditions, some literal, others conceptual and analytical. He has taught many deep lessons about why, what, and how to study. The why always comes first. Only spend tim e and energy, he counsels (and this is w hat he practices) w hen the questions at hand are im portant, and not just for scholars. Only study, he advises, w hat you passionately wish to understand because the answers m ight m atter. social research Vol 77 : No 1 : Spring 2010 405 Do so, he recommends, by being open to using the full kitbag of tools available to social scientists (thus refuse to waste time in sterile m eth­ odological warfare), but always with a historical, a comparative, and an institutional sensibility. We once lived together in a political science departm ent in the Midwest. At m any m eetings concerned w ith faculty hiring, one of a small num ber of distinguished Straussian political theorists would justify a grudging vote for someone w ho did statistical research by deploying imagery, quoting the ancients, about the full body, explain­ ing that a body needs all its parts, including its feet. W ith that, they could vote for a left toe. Aristide would get incredibly im patient w ith th at kind of speech; sooner or later he would explode, saying some­ thing like, “You are the left toe!” Here, as elsewhere, he refused the choice between theory and in-the-trenches work, knowing that both, together, are required for powerful social studies to proceed. Not only has he hated bias about research methods, he has used a variety of approaches to chase after an understanding about hum an heterogeneity, knowing that these m atters have been embedded from the start w ithin the history and lineage of the W estern liberal tradition, a tradition to w hich Aristide is indebted and w hich he would like to strengthen, but not credulously. His realism is normative. The challenges he has probed are rooted in liberalism ’s found­ ing m om ents, including Magna Carta of 1215. That great docum ent contains 63 chapters or clauses that were forced on King John by rebel­ lious m agnates who w anted rights and liberties. W hat makes Magna Carta so significant is how it put everyone, including the king, under the rule of law. “All these customs and liberties we have granted shall be observed in our kingdom insofar as they concern our own relations w ith our own subjects,” it proclaimed. W ith this first codification of the m odern notion of rights came the question that Aristide has chased for m any decades, the question of membership. W ho gets those rights? W ho are “our own subjects” eligible for rights. W ho belongs? Other key Zolbergian them es already appear...

Feelings in Literature

In this article it is argued that feelings are all important to the function of literature. In contradiction to music that is concerned with the inwardness of humankind, literature has, because of language, the capacity to create fictional worlds that in many respects are similar to and related to the life world within which we live. One of the most important reasons for our emotional engagement in literature is our empathy with others and our constant imagining and hypothesizing on possible developments in our interactions with them. Hence, we understand and engage ourselves in fictional worlds. It is further claimed and exemplified, how poetic texts are very good at rhetorically engage and manipulate our feelings. Finally, with reference to the important work of Ellen Dissanayake, it is pointed out that the first kind of communication in which we engage, that between mother and infant, is a kind of speech that positively engages the infant in a dialogue with the mother by means of poetic devices.

The Brandenburg Paradigm and Other First Amendments

This article addresses fracturing of modern First Amendment law into multiple different sets of rules and rationales for protection of depending on what kind of speech is an issue. It is no longer accurate to say that there is one universal First Amendment jurisprudence; indeed, it is no longer accurate to say that there is one First Amendment. Today there are many different - often very different - First Amendments for different types of speech. On a practical level, this fracturing of First Amendment law creates difficulties only in that it requires litigators and judges addressing First Amendment issues to identify category or categories into which a particular example of speech fits. But on a theoretical level, fracturing of First Amendment jurisprudence is much more problematic. These theoretical problems arise because First Amendment jurisprudence is not just a collection of narrow rules and doctrines. These rules and doctrines are based on series of presuppositions about nature of individuals, proper relationship between government and its citizens, extent to which society should accept risks posed by dangerous or antisocial ideas, and liability of speakers for consequences of their speech. The problem is that courts make one set of assumptions when dealing with one area of expression and very different (and often contradictory) assumptions when dealing with other areas of expression. The article starts by describing baseline for all free speech jurisprudence - jurisprudence that applies to political advocacy. It then distills from Court's major political speech cases a set of principles that will be called the Brandenburg paradigm. The remainder of article discusses whether theoretical assumptions made in Brandenburg paradigm should also be applied to areas of speech other than political advocacy. Several areas of expression are addressed specifically, including threats, obscenity, teaching speech, and student speech in public schools. An assessment of these different speech categories indicates that there is no good reason to ignore Brandenburg paradigm outside political advocacy category. Indeed, there is one very good reason to apply Brandenburg paradigm to entire range of First Amendment issues: The assumptions that underlie Brandenburg - for example, that citizens control government rather than vice versa, that citizens should develop their own value systems free of government coercion, and that government should suppress ideas it dislikes only in face of serious, concrete harms stemming from that expression - should not be regarded solely as artifacts of First Amendment, but rather as indispensable elements of constitutional democracy itself.

Why Do Virtual Communities Regulate Speech?

Virtual community research argues that regulations restricting the kinds of speech in a virtual community decrease the utility to members. However, many virtual communities enact regulations on speech within the virtual community. This research explores the contradiction through a cross-case analysis of virtual communities. It explains the contradiction between research and practice using the theory of collective identity. Communication is important for creating collective identity in virtual communities. However, multiple collective identities can arise. When one collective identity within a virtual community defines itself as adversarial to another, silencing speech emerges as adversarial collective identity creates enduring noise and flames. When the target collective identity creates formal regulations suppressing the adversarial collective identity, communication to foster the target collective identity emerges.

Genus of learning relationships: mentoring and coaching as communicative interaction

Purpose – This essay aims to emphasize the genus of learning relationships as comprised by interaction among the partners. The genus of both mentoring and coaching is a learning relationship characterized by communicative interactionDesign/methodology/approach – Conventional mentoring and coaching prescriptions are compared in terms of their treatment communicative interaction. Currently popular distinctions between coaching and mentoring are based on formal and conventional beliefs about what each endeavor is supposed to do. Although assumed to be distinct, each is incompletely understood as a communicative enterprise, and inconsistent prescriptions abound in the popular literature. Four kinds of learning goals are identified, and these are aligned with four kinds of relationship characterized by the employment of different kinds of speech acts.Findings – The paper finds that coaching and mentoring are perhaps better examined by way of the learning relationships constructed by the communicative interacti...

Doing and Speaking, Created and Uncreated

Doing and Speaking, Created and Uncreated Guy Mansini (bio) "When all is said and done, more is said than done." This (I think) modern proverb nicely expresses a sort of typically American penchant for results, a penchant for "practical results," for "getting the job done," that we alternately deplore or take satisfaction in. It is a sort of proverb of our popular pragmatism. Just as stated, however, it seems to be true. In human affairs, where many alternatives are explored in speech before a course of action is decided on, more things are spoken of than enacted. There are many designs for a new World Trade Center, but only one will be built. There are more World Trade Centers that are said, that exist in speech, than will be done or built. Just as stated, moreover, the proverb brings to speech what is doubtless a very important, a very basic, distinction, the distinction between human speaking and human doing. When we do something, we change things, we rearrange the furnishings of the world. When we speak, on the other hand, we display what is but do not change anything. Of course, we may change someone's mind about some practical course to be taken, a course that involves "doing" something, and it may be our purpose so to change another's mind, and [End Page 105] so to have the world changed in the proposed way. For St. Thomas, practical reason is not only apprehensive but causative, and one who commands another causes what happens "as imposing necessity."1 But in the first place, a mind is not a thing, and changing a mind or informing a mind with a command is not directly to change the world of mice and microbes, electrons and elephants. To change a mind is to change how things appear to it. But "appearing" itself is not one of the things that appears, though doubtless it, too, can be made to appear to the philosophical mind.2 In the second place, if the world does get changed through my changing someone's mind, it gets changed only through being displayed in a certain way.3 In speech, I contrast what is and what could be, and thereby show the desirability of what could be, its goodness, and in that way I persuade another to act directly on the world. My persuading or presenting something as to be done would be a moral act, praxis, but it would not be poesis. And of course, in the third place, sometimes we speak purely and entirely only to display the world, simply to show it, and perhaps to show it in such a way as to make manifest that it cannot be changed, or cannot be changed by us, or maybe should not be changed by us. We could say, in other words, that among the illocutionary speech acts, such things as promising and pronouncing judgment and persuading, there is also simple description or the giving of information.4 We could say that in addition to practical reason, there is speculative reason. The distinction between doing and saying is sometimes occluded. This happens popularly and politically where speech, or some kind of speech, is said to be not only an incitement to violence but itself a form of violence, and name-calling is made to be battery. This happens more speculatively where there is a theoretical attempt to reduce human speech to animal signaling.5 Speech then turns out to be only one of the species of doing by which animals alter their environment. Evolutionary epistemology pushes things in this direction. Going the other way, things like the liturgy or architecture or couture are likened to language or said to be languages. This is not [End Page 106] said without justice since the articulations we make in speech can be embedded in the way we act in or arrange the world, in worship, in buildings, and in clothing.6 Where the embedding is a transcription of speech and has no immediate end except the very storing of the articulations of speech, there are books or document files. Where the embedding depends on or could be brought to the...

Some Issues in Infant Speech Perception: Do the Means Justify the Ends?

A major focus of research on language acquisition in infancy involves experimental studies of the infant's ability to discriminate various kinds of speech or speech-like stimuli. This research has demonstrated that infants are sensitive to many fine-grained differences in the acoustic properties of speech utterances. Furthermore, these empirical findings have led investigators to theorize about how the infants internally process and represent speech stimuli. This paper examines one particular experimental protocol frequently used in these experiments: the Head-Turn Preference Procedure. It will be shown that this procedure is methodologically flawed and the theoretical conclusions drawn from its results are not adequately warranted.

Emotional speech recognition: Resources, features, and methods

In this paper we overview emotional speech recognition having in mind three goals. The first goal is to provide an up-to-date record of the available emotional speech data collections. The number of emotional states, the language, the number of speakers, and the kind of speech are briefly addressed. The second goal is to present the most frequent acoustic features used for emotional speech recognition and to assess how the emotion affects them. Typical features are the pitch, the formants, the vocal tract cross-section areas, the mel-frequency cepstral coefficients, the Teager energy operator-based features, the intensity of the speech signal, and the speech rate. The third goal is to review appropriate techniques in order to classify speech into emotional states. We examine separately classification techniques that exploit timing information from which that ignore it. Classification techniques based on hidden Markov models, artificial neural networks, linear discriminant analysis, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machines are reviewed.

The Transparency of King Saul

While there exist many instances in the Tanakh of characters who are 'fraught with background'1 and whose internal workings are hidden, Saul could not be described as one of them. It is not just that his thoughts and feelings become public knowledge in the sense that the reader understands them clearly. In addition his internal life seems to be at the mercy of others, beyond his control. Such is his transparency that psychologists have found it easy to analyse his turmoil. Furthermore, there are literary devices which serve to highlight his openness and exposure compared to the opaqueness of other characters, in particular David. Clearly, to build a picture of this aspect of Saul various passages from around I Samuel must be gleaned. However, the main section on which this study is concentrated is that of chapters eighteen and nineteen which contains many examples of Saul's hidden world being exposed either directly or indirectly. In 18.8 we have the first encounter with Saul's inner world. He hears the song of the women of the cities of Israel which praises him but praises David to a greater extent and interprets this negatively. We hear him speak the words, 'They have ascribed unto David ten thousands, and to me they have ascribed but thousands; and all he lacks is the kingdom! ' This line is introduced with 'he said' but he is not saying this to anyone else. What we are really hearing is his thought process. After this song the narrator could have allowed Saul a dignified or even a brooding silence but instead Saul is totally transparent. In verse eleven, once the evil spirit has taken him over he says: 'I will smite David even to the wall'. Again this, in theory, is a record of his thought but the reader has total access to Saul's private world. In verses twelve and fifteen we understand that Saul is at first afraid of David and then in awe of him, both open emotions, but verse seventeen is even more interesting. Here, the idea that when Saul speaks he is not necessarily speaking aloud is reinforced. The first part of the verse describes Saul's open speech to David, offering his daughter to him and asking him to join his army. Then he speaks again and expands on his reasons for doing this in private speech. The verse is interrupted before this internal disclosure by the words, V Shaoul amar' which shows this is a separate kind of speech with a different quality about it.