Kind Of Speech Research Articles

Surat Jerami di Meja Austin

Many hermeneutical approaches have been developed in response to interpretive difficulties arising from the reading of text, especially sacred writings. The linguistic ontology developed by John Langshaw Austin (1911-1960) might offer a novel perspective for “reading” such an utterance. For Austin, there are multiple kinds of speech effected in the instance of human uttering. A given action therefore results out of a person’s given speech. Austin terms “performative utterance” that action performed by way of speech. Further explicating his speech-act theory, Austin outlines that the action exemplified by a given speech are, in fact, three simultaneous acts—first the “locutionary act,” as the compilation of the particular words uttered; next the “illocutionary act,” as the force rendered by this given speech; then the “perlocutionary act,” as the effect consequentially achieved upon a speech’s audience. By proposing that Austin’s approach be deployed to interpret the Epistle of James, I consider a number of ways in which such an interpretation would be demonstrably enriched via speech-act theory. I contend that an interpreter of James’ letter must distinguish among the three kinds of acts being performed in the work of the epistolary author. The culminating aim, then, is to discern what outcomes might have been intended by the epistolary author, in relation to the letter’s original audience.

The Role Of Buddhist Ethics And Communication In The Contemporary World Crisis

<p><em>In reality, man cannot live without communication; at least, he communicates something with himself, thoughts, for instance. In order to successfully communicate something as such, ethics concerning any kinds of communication should be taken into a critical examination; what kind of speech one should speak out, what kind of speech one should not speak out. In this article, an attempt was purposely made to discuss the role of Buddhist ethics and communication in the contemporary world crisis. In this, it is argued by Buddhist ethics that the communication should be subject to ethics because of man’s ideal life, without it, such communication will pose the danger to the chance in obtaining the goal, ideal life. </em></p>

Renewing the religious discourse in Egypt: Attitudes of the youth towards the new Islamic preachers’ discourse & its impact on them

For the Egyptian youth (study sample) the new preachers’ religious discourse is modern and meets the updates in Egypt and in the whole world, and their programs came as number one in the whole religious programs, as they see the new preachers’ speech helps them to realize the correct concept of Islam, to take positive actions, and to form their values to follow prophet Mohamad (PBUH) correctly. Egyptian youth clarify that there are many features have attracted them to follow the new preachers, such as their simple language, they don’t depend on threat or intimidation in their speech, their modern discourse which focuses on the realistic issues, which also doesn’t relate between the religion and the latest life only, besides the different available means of communication to contact with them and follow their sermons and shows. There are main privileges in their religious speech, as it is cleared by the youth, that they depend mainly on simplified explanation for the holy Qur’an and on the actions of prophet Mohamad (PBUH) and the history of attractive and successful Islamic characters, Egyptian youth see that this kind of speech is appropriate for all Muslims.

THE SPEECH ACT ANALYSIS OF DIRECT UTTERANCES ON SHORT STORY "THE LOST BEAUTIFULNESS� BY ANZIA YEZIERSKA

This research aimed to investigate (1) the form of direct sentences on short story entitled The Lost �Beautifulness�, (2) analyze the purpose of the direct utterances in the short story, (3) show the kind of direct utterances in short story The Lost �Beautifulness�. The object used in this research are direct utterances of short story The Lost �Beautifulness�. The data were collected by observation method. The writer selecting the direct utterances which can be found in the short story. The result of the research showed that: (1) three forms of the direct utterances are declarative, interrogative and imperative sentence; (2) purposes of the utterances depend on the four factors; locution, illocution, perlocution and social context; (3) seven kinds of speech acts are assertive, performative, verdictive, expressive, directive, commisive and phatic utterances.Keywords: Speech act, Direct Utterance, Short Story

La vida de María Bautista y de sus milagros, sus adversidades y su ascensión a los cielos

Este artículo describe el manuscrito, fechado en 1664, que recoge la vida de la Venerable madre María Bautista del convento de las Comendadoras de Santiago de Toledo como una biografía o «vida» de monjas. Las «vidas» de monjas fueron obras escritas dentro del convento que, a la sazón, era el espacio privilegiado para la escritura femenina, y fueron concebidas como discursos edificantes. La biografía de María Bautista, parte crónica, parte discurso edificante, recoge la estructura básica de este tipo de discurso y al construir un relato ejemplificador, se erige un modelo de santidad cuya finalidad última es desarrollar el paradigma de la «esposa de Cristo».

Forensic Media: Reconstructing Accidents in Accelerated Modernity by Greg Siegel

Reviewed by: Forensic Media: Reconstructing Accidents in Accelerated Modernity by Greg Siegel Amy Gangloff (bio) Forensic Media: Reconstructing Accidents in Accelerated Modernity. By Greg Siegel. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014. Pp. ix+ 260. $24.95. In Forensic Media, professor of film and media studies Greg Siegel explores the roles various media play in helping to “transmute the disruptive event of the accident … into a coherent and dispassionate story of casual concatenation” (p. 21). While accidents have been a constant of the human condition, the advent of modernity made accidents particularly more disruptive and violent, necessitating some sort of rationalizing discourse. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, efforts focused on controlling the organic component of accidents, whether it was horses or human operators. However, as modes of transportation became ever faster and accidents more violent, a shift in the discourse took place, moving from controlling the driver to making the technology safer for passengers when the inevitable accident occurs. While this transition is familiar to those who study the history of accidents, risk, and safety, especially the history of automobile accidents, Siegel adds a new dimension by focusing on the media that accident investigators use. Throughout Forensic Media, Siegel explores the “cultural fantasy that underwrites accident forensics” (p. 20), namely that we can somehow lessen the horror of modern accidents by reconstructing them, learning lessons, and applying those lessons to the future. In chapter 1, Siegel explores the development and role of the forensics investigator in helping to medicalize the accident, redeeming it by making it useful for future generations. The second chapter focuses on the cumbersome method of tracings, using machines to produce lines on paper or metal strips that represented various factors for nineteenth-century railroads and steamships. These tracings led to the black box, the ultimate recording device for accelerated modernity, which is the focus of the third chapter. The cacophony of sounds emerging from these devices demanded hours of analysis and interpretation to turn the often unintelligible into a kind of speech. The final chapter turns to the role of the high-speed camera in capturing those split seconds between initial impact and the second collision, when the car’s occupant strikes the interior. In those moments, too quick for human perception, the driver and passengers essentially become [End Page 295] inanimate objects, responding to nature, unable to shape it. The high-speed camera offered a promise of sight into these unknowable moments. Siegel is at his best while discussing the strengths and limitations of these technologies. For example, the black box “truths” must be mediated through discursive frameworks that are treated as if they are common sense. These discourses have a history. Siegel weaves together a fascinating story, deftly using available theory, though his use of historiography could be stronger. The book’s theoretical emphasis can leave those unfamiliar with the author’s litany of names and concepts in the dark, so the book is probably not appropriate for an undergraduate course. Overall, this is a complex and enjoyable book that pushes the reader to think on multiple levels about accidents, our need to rationalize them, and the strengths and limitations of the technologies we rely on to make us safe. Amy Gangloff Amy Gangloff is an associate professor of history at Lindenwood University-Belleville. She researches risk and automobile safety. Copyright © 2017 Labor and Working-Class History Association

Analyzing students’ speech construction through their recorded videos

Report of the research and pedagogical process developed in foreign language’s teaching with the Intermediate level conversational group of the Language Center. This project is focus on the observation, description and implementation of different activities in order to analyze all communicative strategies used by students to construct their own oral English performance, taking as a start-point the development of short video emissions based on four different kinds of speeches in English.

Aristotle’s Rhetoric in Trump’s Hate Speech

In this article I intend to prove Trump’s presidential campaign speech that can be seen in Aristotle’s work The Rhetoric. Through Dialectic, we can find different kinds of speech in order to move the people’s passions to decide on many things like: The fate of the country, to elect a ruler or to make a point; among those kinds of speech there is hate. Generating hate against all those things doesn’t let “America be great again”. I gathered this affirmation from Trump’s Presidential Announcement Speech.

Análisis comparativo de la manipulación fraseológica en las lenguas china y española

Las unidades fraseológicas tanto en chino como en español presentan diversos tipos de manipulación creativa en el discurso para conseguir determinados efectos expresivos. El presente trabajo pretende analizar los procedimientos frecuentes de la modificación fraseológica de la lengua china para comparar con la fraseología española, a fin de poner de manifiesto sus coincidencias y diferencias. Se distinguen dos grupos principales: las modificaciones formales que afectan a la estructura sintáctica de una unidad fraseológica, las cuales comprenden los procedimientos como la adición, reducción, sustitución, modificación gramatical, fusión y combinación de diferentes modificaciones; y las modificaciones semánticas que afectan al significado canónico de la unidad, que son la doble actualización y la literalización.

The Structure of Modern Free Speech Doctrine: Strict Scrutiny: Intermediate Review, and 'Reasonableness' Balancing

The structure of modern First Amendment free speech doctrine has evolved consistent with the more formalized structure of doctrine under modern Equal Protection and Due Process review. This involves more explicit use of strict scrutiny, intermediate review, “reasonableness” balancing, and minimum rationality review. As discussed in Part II of this article, for regulations of free speech in a public forum or on individual private property, the Court uses strict scrutiny for content-based regulations and intermediate review for content-neutral regulations. As discussed in Part III, for regulations of speech in a government-owned non-public forum, or speech supported by government grants or subsidies, the Court uses strict scrutiny for viewpoint discrimination, and “reasonableness” balancing for subject-matter and content-neutral regulations.In some cases, certain kinds of speech do not trigger free speech protection at all. As discussed in Part IV, this includes cases of pure government speech or regulations of alleged symbolic speech that is viewed by the Court as involving conduct only. Other kinds of speech, like advocacy of illegal conduct, fighting words, or obscenity, get limited free speech protection: strict scrutiny for viewpoint discrimination, but otherwise no further free speech review, as discussed in Part V. When free speech principles do not apply, there is only then other kinds of constitutional review, such as minimum rationality review under the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses for social or economic regulations not involving fundamental rights.In addition to these categories of speech, content-based regulations of certain kind of speech in a public forum trigger less than normal strict scrutiny review. As discussed in Part VI, this can involve regulations of commercial speech, speech by government employees on matters of public concern, or alleged tortious speech, such as defamation or invasion of privacy, among others. Special First Amendment free speech doctrines for cases of prior restraints, injunctions, vagueness, substantial overbreadth, and other such matters are discussed in Part VII.This overall structure is reproduced in an Appendix, Table 2 to this article. In Appendix, Table 1, the same standards of review used in First Amendment free speech cases are presented as used in other parts of constitutional interpretation. Together, Tables 1 and 2 provide a general summary of standards of review currently used by the Supreme Court in individual rights adjudication.

Delving into the Speech Act of Accusation: A Case of Persian and English Newspapers and Magazines

The study of speech acts, which investigates an utterance as a functional unit in communication, began to influence greatly the teaching of language use. Numerous studies have been conducted on different kinds of speech acts in previous years. However, regarding literature, just one study has examined accusation speech act; therefore, this study intends to investigate the different types of accusation speech act used in Persian and English newspapers and magazines. To this end, 100 excerpts of reliable and popular newspapers and magazines in English and Persian, published from 2004 to 2014 were selected with the purpose of discovering the accusation units in them. Accusation units are the parts of excerpts which contains accusation sentences. The researchers used the Aristotle’s (1954, as cited in Demirdogen, 2010) modes of persuasion for coding the accusation units. It consists of three modes: Ethos, Pathos and Logos. The researchers also, employed the Kairos element in addition to Aristotle’s (1954) model in order to make the study more comprehensive. The chi-square formula was then utilized to find out whether there are any significant differences among the observed units. The findings revealed that there are significant differences between Persian and English newspapers and magazines in using accusation speech act. It was thus indicated that pathos was the most frequent accusation unit used in Persian newspapers and magazines while in English ones, logos was the most frequent one. Finally, the results were discussed and pedagogical implications were suggested in the context of second language learning.

The Politics of the Pure Language in Seventeenth-Century Quakerism: Speech, Silence, and the Founding of Pennsylvania

This article revises a long-standing scholarly assumption that early Quaker language theory and practice attempted to reverse the effects of Babel or transcend language. Examining the writings of George Fox and seventeenth-century theorizations of the silent meeting, it argues that the Society of Friends practiced a silent attention to the “inner light” in order to generate a new kind of speech. Significantly, some Friends saw the primarily religious project of redeeming language as allowing for new political possibilities. When William Penn founded Pennsylvania, he attempted to apply Fox’s principles of the “pure language” to the political infrastructure, ideally creating a community based on linguistic transparency and free from state manipulation through language. Penn used the theory of the pure language to establish freedom of conscience as a central value in his commonwealth.

Speech Acts in Kris Aquino’s Tweets: A Content Analysis

Communication and interaction today happen in simply one mouse click away. Language and self-expression do not only develop as a recognized tool for oneself but is an avenue for others’ re-expression and identification. Through using Twitter, the elaboration of social interaction becomes easier and accessible. It becomes the primary method of doing things together and establishes a shared meaning that becomes the common ground of understanding by individuals and groups alike. The study aims to analyze the tweets of Kris Aquino, known as the Philippines’ Queen of Multimedia using speech act categories of Searle and predict the meaning based on the speech acts committed. The study used content analysis for it represents systematic and objective means of describing and quantifying phenomena (Schreier, 2012). The results showed that most tweets contained the ‘assertive’ label which refers to ‘those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not’. Further, her influence as a public figure contributed to the forceful implication of realizing the speech act reflected by her readers. Since impression is reality and intention cannot be quantified, what the general audience perceives on a certain person serves to be the truth (Alimuddin et al., 2012). Thus, misinterpretation develops due to poor judgment on the elucidation in the tweets of the posters, readers and vice-versa. Keywords - Sociolinguistics, speech act theory, Twitter, micro-blogging, SNS, qualitative, content analysis, Philippines

On the characteristics of verbal irony

AbstractDuring the last forty years there have been a number of attempts to understand verbal irony in relation to specific kinds of speech acts (negating, echoing, pretending, alluding). This article argues that these theories can account for certain subsets of ironic phenomena but not others precisely because of their focus on substantive kinds of speech acts rather than more general relational semiotic properties. The article proposes two conditions based on relational semiotic properties. These conditions, it is argued, allow for a unified account of ironic phenomena and a better understanding of irony in relation to other tropes.

How to Silence Content with Porn, Context and Loaded Questions

AbstractCatharine MacKinnon claimed that pornography silence's women's speech where this speech is protected by free speech legislation. MacKinnon's claim was attacked as confused because, so it seemed, pornography is not the kind of thing that can silence speech. Using ideas drawn from John Austin's account of speech acts, Rae Langton defended MacKinnon's claim against this attack by showing how speech can, in principle, be silenced by pornography. However, Langton's defence requires us to deviate from a widely held understanding of what kind of speech is protected; namely the expression of opinions, ideas, and thoughts. In this paper I provide an alternative defence of MacKinnon's claim which requires no such deviation. I argue that because the truth‐conditions of sentences are context‐sensitive it is possible for there to be contexts in which, when those in attendance believe rape myths, it is not possible to express certain opinions, ideas, or thoughts. Given that pornography is a significant contributor to rape myth acceptance, this argument addresses the accusation of confusion facing MacKinnon without the need for deviation. The cross‐examination of a complainant in a rape trial is used as an illustration.

An Non-Contact Speech Enhancement Algorithm Based on Lifting Scheme

The traditional method for detecting speech signal needs the help of microphone, which must be placed closely to the body of human beings. To some extent, this method would bring several inconveniences. Non-contact speech detection method breaks through the limitation of the traditional method, this new kind of speech obtaining method can detect speech signal quite well even in strong noisy background. However, this non-contact speech detecting system also produces some electromagnetic noise and circuit noise, which reduced the quality of radar speech signal. Therefore, based on the good time-frequency analyze performance, the lifting scheme was also proposed in this paper to remove noise from radar speech. Comparing to classical enhancement algorithm, such as spectral subtraction and Wiener filter, the proposed algorithm can remove the component of noise availably and reserve the original pure speech signal in a promising way.

Thus Saith the Word: The theological relationship between biblical exposition and prophetic utterance in preaching

Preaching has often had something of an awkward place in Christian theology. Is it a reflection on the Word of God, proclamation of the Word of God, or is it the ‘Word of God’ itself? In many accounts, the event of preaching is seen as nothing more, nor less, than exegesis. Although this is what preaching should aim to be, it is more than the public interpretation and explanation of a biblical text. Preaching is a unique speech event in which the Spirit speaks prophetically, through Scripture. But is preacherly speech more authoritative than any kind of speech which attempts to interpret Scripture? Many theological conceptions of preaching maintain that there is a unique authority which may accompany the preacher’s words from the pulpit. Traditional Reformation accounts, particularly Calvin’s, stress the exposition of the biblical text as the primary ‘event’ of preaching, irrespective of any ‘fresh’ prophetic work of the Spirit which may occur. This article attempts to speak of preaching as a unique pneumatological event which nonetheless retains Scriptural exposition as the essential sermonic content. Preaching is the moment in which the biblical text is fully consummated as spoken proclamation, even as it speaks beyond the aesthetic confines of the text itself. Such an event maintains both the authority of Scripture and the ongoing – perhaps even ‘surprising’ – work of the Spirit in the interplay between biblical text, prophetic sermon and ecclesial context.

The Normativity of Using Prison to Control Hate Speech

We question the justice of using prison sentences to control hate speech. It is argued that prison sentences should be used only to deter offensive and hateful speech that harms others. However, the harm requirement cannot be satisfied merely by demonstrating theoretical harm in the abstract, as Jeremy Waldron does in his recent book. Instead, factual harm has to be demonstrated because prison is in fact very harmful for the expresser of the offensive and hateful speech. There is noting wrong with penal measures being used to deter this kind of speech, but harmful prison sentences should not be used to deter harmless speech. Waldron asserts that the United States should follow the British model, among others, of using prison to control and chill free (hate) speech. Waldron wants a model of unfree speech for some. We aim to show that the United States should resist enacting hate speech laws similar to the unjust laws found in Britain, where people have received long prison sentences for uttering offensive and hateful thoughts. To use prison sentences is to use a sledgehammer to crack a walnut: it is a grossly disproportionate and unjust penal response. Particular issue is taken with Waldron’s harm theory. The core element of the paper is the Waldron debate, because the type of vacuous harm theory he puts forward has the potential to be used by lawmakers to justify unjust penal responses such as harmful prison sentences for harmless (even though grossly offensive) speech.

Countering Stereotypes: Job, Disability, and Human Dignity

In the Book of Job, one finds a classic example of a person moving from able-bodied privilege to disability by means of a debilitating disease. This series of tragedies causes Job to become an outcast, alienated from his family and friends, and relegated to the outskirts of society. Throughout the Book of Job, one encounters some of the religious stereotypes regarding suffering, disease, and disability common to the Hebrew Bible, which relate to the many stereotypes and misguided perspectives that people with disabilities in today's society have to face—religion and theology quite often playing a negative role in transmitting and sustaining such harmful views. In the Book of Job, however, one also sees glimpses of a counter narrative that moves toward a new kind of speech regarding disability and theology, particularly with regard to what it means to be human. These glimpses of an alternative way of speaking about theology and disability serve as encouragement in our own journey to find different a kind of (theological) speech rooted in values such as human dignity, inclusion, and hospitality.

Conocer en la época post-metafísica: un hacer nada virtuoso

Although in this age philosophies abound everywhere, the time of the metaphysics as par excellence philosophy has happened. Many philosophers have shown the inability to continue holding a kind of speech that wonders about past foundlings, essences and it concentrates on the truth as the goal of reason. In this paper I will argue why today it is futile to support a metaphysical idea of knowledge, especially those who consider it a virtue of the philosopher, even those philosophers such as Heidegger who sought to break with metaphysics and ended up doing another. Assuming that there are enough reasons to distrust this kind of thinking and, with Habermas, it is risky to accept criteria of post-metaphysical thinking. However, the type of knowledge produced today does not seem to need the idea of the virtuous wise who knows to know.