Kind Of Speech Research Articles

The liberal conception of free speech and its limits

ABSTRACT Unfortunately, many people today see the regulation of lies, disinformation, hate speech, and fake news as an infringement of free speech, at least when such speech is ‘political,’ despite the damage that such speech can do. But this very protective attitude toward speech rests on a mistaken understanding of the role of free speech in a liberal society. The right to free speech is based on the liberal value of freedom, and as such can be no broader than freedom itself. And freedom has always been subject to reasonable limits in a liberal society. Indeed, while the principles of toleration and neutrality are often cited as supporting a broad interpretation of the right to free speech, they also tell us that certain limits apply to that right. We need not tolerate speech that encourages intolerance, and while government should be neutral between reasonable conceptions of the good, it need not be neutral between reasonable and unreasonable conceptions. These ideas form the framework of liberal society, and as I shall show, also provide a guide for understanding what kind of speech is protected in a liberal society and what it is not.

Philosophical Intuitions about Socially Significant Language

Abstract As we theorize about philosophy of language that bears on social and political issues, it is worth revisiting the methodological question of how we as theorists rely on our philosophical and linguistic intuitions, and what assumptions underlie our justification of such a reliance. Two threads in the philosophical literature are relevant to this question: the discussion of situatedness in feminist epistemology and the debate about philosophical expertise and philosophical intuitions. I argue that philosophers examining social and political philosophy of language should be careful—perhaps more careful than we have been—when we rely on our intuitions to draw conclusions about socially significant language, such as racist, sexist, homophobic, and other derogatory speech. I don’t claim we should give up relying on our intuitions. Instead, I argue that we should be more explicit that our intuitions are limited, and open to the possibility that they might not align with the intuitions of those who have more experience with the kinds of speech we are analyzing. As a result, we might find that the conclusions we draw from our intuitions have to be revised or qualified.

Beyond Needle and Thread

Beyond Needle and Thread

Novel approach of Predicting Human Sentiment using Deep Learning

Due to its interactive and real-time character, gathering public opinion through the analysis of massive social data has garnered considerable attention. Recent research have used sentiment analysis and social media to do this in order to follow major events by monitoring people's behavior. In this article, we provide a flexible approach to sentiment analysis that instantly pulls user opinions from social media postings and evaluates them. As time passed, an increasing number of people shared their opinions on social media. More individuals can now communicate with one another as a result. Along with these advantages, it also has certain drawbacks that cause resentment in some people. Hate speech is another possibility. Hate speech impacts the community when it contains insulting or threatening language. Before it spreads, this kind of speech has to be identified and deleted from social media platforms. The process of determining whether a text's feelings reflect hatred or not involves sentiment analysis. Python language was used to analyze the Twitter dataset. There were 5000 Tweets in total in this dataset, and we used deep learning to improve the machine learning model's accuracy. The experimental outcome in both cases of the Twitter dataset uses the Random Forest approach, which has a 99 percent accuracy rate.

SCHOOLCHILDREN APPREHENSION OF THE SURZHYK IN THE CONTEXT OF POST-TOTALITARIAN DEFORMATIONS OF THE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN UKRAINE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 2IST CENTURY

Introduction. The article focuses on the problem of Ukrainian-Russian oral speech forms mixing, known as Surzhyk in Ukraine. In particular, it traces approaches to the terminology of the concept in Ukrainian linguistics. It was emphasized that the conclusion about the destructive nature of the lingual mix resulting in the Surzhyk was made at the beginning of the 20th century, when the linguistic phenomena arising as a result of the Russian-Ukrainian linguistic interaction became the subject of linguistic analysis.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to investigate the ways of linguistic understanding the notion of Surzhyk by contemporary Ukrainian adolescents, to ascertain whether the young speakers associate the emergence of a Surzhyk with the language policy of previous historicalperiods.Methods. The research is based on the analysis of adolescents' comments to the open questions of the sociolinguistic questionnaire, which they filled in personally during the targeted survey: the questionnaire surveys were conducted in Kyiv, Zhytomyr, Bila Tserkva, Poltava, Cherkasy in the spring of 2014; 500 questionnaires were collected.Results. The paper analyzes the ways of conceptualizing the notion of “Surzhyk” in the linguistic consciousness of contemporary Ukrainian adolescents, which testify the negative attitude towards mixed forms of oral Ukrainian-Russian speech. It is concluded that the idea of adolescents about Surzhyk as a mixture of Ukrainian and Russian languages, littered, unclean or as a separate language, arising from the merger of two languages into a new language or through the “Blurring” of the borders between languages, or generally as a “Non-language” reflects the destructive nature of the interaction between Russian and Ukrainian languages, which is typical of the linguistic situation in Ukraine of the Soviet and post-Soviet times, which resulted in the hybridization of the oral speech of a significant number of Ukrainians.Conclusion. The paper arises the idea of excluding the questions on Surzhyk from questionnaires for mass interviewing as there is no criteria yet to describe such kind of speech as Surzhyk.

Pet-directed speech improves horses\u2019 attention toward humans

In a recent experiment, we showed that horses are sensitive to pet-directed speech (PDS), a kind of speech used to talk to companion animals that is characterized by high pitch and wide pitch variations. When talked to in PDS rather than adult-directed speech (ADS), horses reacted more favorably during grooming and in a pointing task. However, the mechanism behind their response remains unclear: does PDS draw horses’ attention and arouse them, or does it make their emotional state more positive? In this study, we used an innovative paradigm in which female horses watched videos of humans speaking in PDS or ADS to better understand this phenomenon. Horses reacted differently to the videos of PDS and ADS: they were significantly more attentive and their heart rates increased significantly more during PDS than during ADS. We found no difference in the expressions of negative or positive emotional states during PDS and ADS videos. Thus, we confirm that horses’ perception of humans can be studied by means of video projections, and we conclude that PDS attracts attention and has an arousing effect in horses, with consequences on the use of PDS in daily interactions with them.

Populist Soap Opera by Donald Trump

This text seeks to draw attention to the connection between Trump’s political career and his participation in media spectacles. Through this connection, the text emphasizes the power of a completely new medium - comments on social networks. These comments enabled the kind of speech that of trends in hate speech. The media dimension of Trumpism testifies the participation and importance of the media for any formation or maintenance of power.

Freedom of speech: A relational defence

Much of the recent literature on freedom of speech has focused on the arguments for and against the regulation of certain kinds of speech. Discussions of hate speech and offensive speech, for example, abound in this literature, as do debates concerning the permissibility of pornography. Less attention has been paid, however, at least recently, to the normative foundations of freedom of speech where three classic justifications still prevail, based on the values of truth, autonomy and democracy. In this paper we argue, first, that none of these justifications meet all four intuitive desiderata for an adequate theory of free speech. We go on to sketch an original relational view of free speech, one which grounds its value in the recognition that speakers grant each other when engaging in speech practices, and its limits in the republican ideal of non-dominated co-exercisable liberty. We briefly illustrate the relational approach’s implications for the debate on hate speech regulation and for the response to fake news.

Poetry and Prose and the Compound in Abu Sulayman Al-Sijistani

This study reveals Abu Sulayman Al-Sijistani's unprecedented approach in regard to poetry and prose and the relationship between them, allowing them to undergo logical standards by borrowing some ideas from Aristotle’s books The Poetics and Rhetoric through the ancient Arabic translations, explanations, and summaries of them by Muslim philosophers. The end result is that Sijistani presented deep critical insights about the essence of poetry and prose, the functions assigned to them, and the expected results of their creative material. This theoretician also spoke of a new type of speech, which he referred to as "Almorakab Minhoma": “The compound,” which was a product of his fertile thought, and which he advocated, considering it the kind of speech where preferences among writers occur, surpassing such preferences that are steered by self-interest or external social and cultural factors. With that, he recorded a quality contribution in the dialectical circle about the relationship between poetry and prose and the preference of one over the other Keywords: Poetry, Prose, Aristotle, Sijistani, Compound.

SPEECH ACTS ANALYSIS OF PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS AND STUDENTS AT SMK NEGERI 1 SINGARAJA

This research aims to analyze the kind of speech act used by pre-service teachers and students of SMK Negeri 1 Singaraja in WhatsApp as learning media. Investigate the most dominant speech act used by pre-service teachers and students, and analyze the kind of instructional function used by the pre-service teachers. The data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative. The subject of this research is the pre-service teacher and students in SMK Negeri 1 Singaraja. The data were collected through observation and interview. The data from the observation was collected using an observation sheet which developed from Searle’s (1969) theory of speech act and Johnson’s (1997) theory of instructional function. The interview has been done semi-structured using an interview guide. The result shows that the pre-service teacher use four speech act in the learning activity; representative, directive, commissive, and expressive. The pre-service teacher uses directive speech to act dominantly to make the students active in the learning process. Meanwhile, the students use four speech act, including representative, directive, commissive, and expressive. The students use representative in dominant to be active and getting feedback in the learning activity. The kinds of the instructional function used by the pre-service teacher are control, organize, and motivational. It was found that the directive speech act functioned as control. Commissive functioned as organize. And expressive as motivational function

Conceptual Explorations around “Politics”

This article discusses the ways of conceptualizing politics in parliamentary debates. When the politics-vocabulary is ubiquitous in them, which kind of speech act lies in emphasizing the political aspect? Focusing on thematized uses allows us to identify conceptual revisions in the politics-vocabulary in digitalized plenary debates of the German Bundestag from 1949 to 2017. My fourfold scheme for conceptualizing politics (polity, policy, politicization, politicking) provides the analytical apparatus. The units of analysis in this study are compound words around politics written as single words, a German language specialty. Their frequency has remarkably risen in the Bundestag debates, and the search engine can easily find them. This research interest allows me to speculate with changes in the understanding and appreciation of politics in postwar (West)Germany.

Conceptual Explorations around “Politics”

Abstract This article discusses the ways of conceptualizing politics in parliamentary debates. When the politics-vocabulary is ubiquitous in them, which kind of speech act lies in emphasizing the political aspect? Focusing on thematized uses allows us to identify conceptual revisions in the politics-vocabulary in digitalized plenary debates of the German Bundestag from 1949 to 2017. My fourfold scheme for conceptualizing politics (polity, policy, politicization, politicking) provides the analytical apparatus. The units of analysis in this study are compound words around politics written as single words, a German language specialty. Their frequency has remarkably risen in the Bundestag debates, and the search engine can easily find them. This research interest allows me to speculate with changes in the understanding and appreciation of politics in postwar (West)Germany

Language and Power Relations in Selected Marriage Ceremonies’ Songs among the Agikuyu and Akamba Communities of Kenya

The genre of songs is a critical component of marriage discourse among many African communities. Language use in the songs within this premise is a means of conveying messages that enable the participants to express some commonsense assumptions that are implicit in the conventions according to which people interact linguistically. The focus of this paper is to illuminate the connections between language and elements of social life such as gender and power within this social practice and how these may define a society’s worldview, articulate societal consciousness, social emancipation and enhancement of social justice. A random sample of marriage ceremony songs from the two communities have been analyzed with a view of discussing how language within this discourse context has been used to give shape and meaning to the world, how language constructions are central in drawing the relationships between language and thought, how we understand abstract meanings and how context influences meaning. The study is grounded on the principles of Wodak and Meyer’s (2004) Discourse Historical Approach where expressions in the songs have been qualitatively examined leading to the argument that language is significant in the production and maintenance of social relations of power and this contributes to the shaping of societal understanding, thoughts and feelings, defining people’s relationships with each other, establishing the kind of speech that one is involved in as well as describing societal ideologies. The findings of this paper are of benefit to leaders and policy makers in our society who are charged with the responsibility of guiding the development of indigenous knowledge systems for posterity. The general public too as consumers of cultural knowledge would benefit from these insights since they contribute to their understanding of the perceptions and meanings embedded in the songs that they so love to participate in.

ПОЕТИКА ПОЕМИ ОРІЄНЦІЯ “COMMONITORIUM”

Poetry is a kind of discourse distinct from ordinary, everyday speech; it is an institution, a kind of speech that a society has marked as special, with special rules applying to its production and reception. Didactic poetry is a kind of poetry that it aims to instruct (Toohey, 2013: 2). In didactic poetry the reader is invited to consider not just the message and the brilliant language of its exposition, but what lies behind the message, the human values and the vision which the poem embodies. The article analyzes the work of Orientius “Commonitorium” and his role as an innovative writer of Latin didactic poetry as well as his position in the landscape of late antique literature of the 5th century AD. The aim of the article is to show to what extent the defining characteristics of the genre can be found in Orientius’ poem “Commonitorium” and to trace the permutations of these features throughout the text. A full range of issues, which scholarship on Orientius has hitherto neglected, will be studied: the “poetics” of the work, that is the poetic selfawareness expressed in the poem, as well as techniques of composition, rhetorical argumentation, strategies of persuasion and narration, intertextual allusions, relationship with contemporary works and other aspects. Scientific novelty. Whereas Latin poetry flourished under the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD) and the first century AD, only few poetic works survived which were produced in the later second and third century AD. After a long period of silence, Latin poetry had its comeback in late antiquity when in the 4th century AD various writers started composing poetic genres again. Instead of Rome, other locations became important breeding grounds for the production of literature, especially Gaul, where writers such as Ausonius, Paulinus of Nola, Sulpicius Severus, Sidonius Apollinaris and others were active. Whereas the genres composed by late antique writers were more or less the same as in Classical literature, most of their works differ in content and meaning (Gasparov, 1982: 2; Johnson, 2000: 335–337). Late antique writers were deeply familiar with their Classical literary predecessors, but due to the influence of Christian religion, the character of Latin literature produced in late antiquity also differs significantly from the works which were written by pagan writers in the preceding centuries. This article discusses the work of a poet who has been rarely studied so far. Orientius, whom the majority of scholars now identify with the homonymous bishop of Augusta Ausciorum (modern Auch, France) in Southern Gaul, is an important representative of didactic poetry and his work constitutes an important example in the history of the genre. His didactic poem with the title “Commonitorium”, in elegiacs was probably written around 430 AD. In conclusion, the “Commonitorium” presents itself as a serious poem concerned with issues of paramount importance to humanity. The question of what exactly the “Commonitorium” endeavours to teach is indeed of major importance for understanding the work. It claims to be truly universal work, encompassing everything that exists. Within two books, Orientius reveals to his readers/students the way to reach salvation, both gives us specific, concrete information and tells us how we should live our lives, how we should relate to our fellow human beings and to God.

Free Speech and Anti-Democratic Violence

The resurgence of far-right extremist groups—like “sovereign” militias, white supremacists, and avowedly fascist gangs—has exposed the First Amendment’s vulnerabilities to the “leaderless resistance” model of extremist organizing. This model, first popularized by white supremacist Louis Beam, specifically aims to insulate extremist leaders from liability when their followers engage in violence. It does so through fragmented structures and coded messages: Leaders use indirect references in speaking to disparate followers, without specificity (of targets) or immediacy (of corresponding violence), as required, e.g., for “incitement” under Brandenburg v. Ohio. This Article makes two contributions. First, it articulates this “gap” with precision, drawing upon recent, mostly overlooked cases while explaining the limits of extant free speech exceptions. Second, it reformulates Professor Clay Calvert’s recent proposal for opening extremist group leaders to vicarious liability, including a discussion of how to avoid overly broad adjustments that may impinge on other kinds of speech.

Language as Cultural Expression: The Case of Limbu Mundhum and Ritual* Ramesh Kumar Limbu

An anthropological study of „religious /ritual language‟ concerns the relationship between the study of language and the study of culture. This article, using ethnolinguistics and ethnographies of communication as tools of study, examines how the Mundhum language distinctively maintains ethnographic communication by use of the ritual language, and communicates the social worldviews and cultural cognition of Limbu community. The Limbu, known also by endonym "Yakthung", are one of historically notable indigenous communities of Nepal. They have their own distinctive culture based on traditional ritual performances guided by Mundhum. The Mundhum is narrated and recited by Limbu ritual/religious actants/officiants in cultural/ritual observations, that is, rituals from pre-birth to after death. The study focuses on the issue how the Mundhum language, also known as Ritual Language (RL), is distinctive to the everyday language or Ordinary Language (OL) and helps express their cultural perceptions, behaviours and way of life. In doing so, it also shows the way this ritual/liturgical language influences not merely the kinds of speech but also the aspects of tradition, culture and way of life.

The Prominence Value of the Temporal Anchor of Free Indirect Discourse: A Comparison with the Perspectival Center

Free indirect discourse (FID) is a kind of speech or thought representation that lacks specific marking. The entity to whom the speech or thought is attributed (the perspectival center) has been shown to be a contextually available prominent protagonist (see Hinterwimmer, 2019). A shortcoming of the literature is that it ignores the problem of the temporal anchoring of FID events. The present article is dedicated to such anchors. It focuses on their prominence value and discusses their relevant properties. It shows that FID has a strong tendency to be temporally anchored to a prominent time point. Thus, the protagonist and the anchor time point share the trait of prominence.

Internet Access, Hate Speech and the First Amendment

This article deals with the problem of hate speech on the Internet. The very mode of the Internet is access and the Internet's ready access for ideas is in many ways its most attractive feature. Indeed the Internet is a harbor for all kinds of speech, including hate speech. But as recent events in Charleston, Pittsburgh and El Paso demonstrate, hate speech, such as white supremacist websites, has lethal consequences. The interactivity of a social media platform, the camaraderie that it engenders, the rage that it fosters, provides a means of radicalization unknown to the more traditional media. A federal statute, 47 U.S.C. Sec. 230(c)(1) plays a significant role here. The theme of this provision is to free online service providers from whatever harmful effects that flow from the content they transmit. Furthermore, under First Amendment law, hate speech is generally speaking, protected speech. The Supreme Court has dealt with hate speech in non-internet contexts. This case law is analyzed in determining what guidelines it provides for the new phenomenon of hate speech on the Internet. In addition, the article suggests a possible amendment to Sec. 230 (c)(1).

Commissive Speech Act in the Movie John Wick Chapter 2

Commisive is kind of speech acts that used by the speakers to commit themselves to some future course action. They express the speaker’s attention to do something on some future action. This study concerned on finding out types of commissive speech act used by characters in the movie John Wick Chapter 2, as well as analyzing the meaning of the utterances. This study applied the theory of pragmatics from Yule (1996) to find out the types of commissive speech act, theory of meaning from Thomas (1995) to analyse the implied meaning and supported by the theory of context of situation from Halliday and Hasan (1989). The data were collected by using observation method and analysed by descriptive qualitative method. The finding is presented in formal and informal way. Our finding shows that there are four types of commisive speech acts which predominantly used by the characters in the movie John Wick Chapter 2, they are: refusal (12%), warning (48%), promise (12%) and threat (28%). 
 
 Keywords: commissive, speech act, utterance, meaning

Особистісні смисли у висловлюваннях дітей дошкільного віку

Using the methods of comparing, generalizing the results of the analysis of scientific principles the attempt to distinguish some procedural and substantive characteristics of personal meaning in the expressions of preschoolers was made in order to determine the integration perspectives for optimizing the personal development of a child, that became the purpose of the article.The scientific and categorical analysis of the understanding the concept of personal meaning and the factors influencing its formation has been made. The interconnection and interdependence of personal meaning in the speech activity of preschool children is shown.According to the results of the study, it is pointed out that individual personality traits are manifested in the speech expression as a product of speech activity in the following characteristics: 1) proper linguistic (linguistic, speech and semantic); 2) psychological (motivational, cognitive, emotional, productive and resultative). From the point of view of modern psycholinguistics, the peculiarities of the personal meaning in the preschoolers’ expressions are considered as a multidimensional process, in which the structures of individual experience, characterized by the subjective content, are determinative. It is stated that the utterance is a kind of speech and it refers to stories with the sequence of events. It is noted that a child of preschool age acquires personality-based meaning by cognizing or experiencing various information, life situations, set of circumstances of social interpersonal interaction. On the basis of the theoretical analysis it is proved that actualization of the personality-based meaning in the utterances of preschool children is conditioned by: a) interaction; b) dialogic speech; c) intentional organization of expression and its implication. On the basis of them it is possible to determine the conditions of formation of personal meanings in preschool childhood and the specificity of their expression by preschoolers in speech stories. The expediency of using an interactive approach in interpreting preschool students’ oral stories in situations of everyday life in interpersonal speech communication is proved. It is concluded that manifestations of personality-based meaning in children utterances are the major marker of interpersonal speech communication, which is considered as a semantic interaction of its subjects. It provides the presence of such speech abilities as speaking and listening, the functional unit of which is the utterance related with lexical-semantic meanings of the word.