Kinds Of Ships Research Articles

시뮬레이션을 이용한 함정 운용 시나리오 검증 자동화 연구: 승조원을 고려한 Crew Messroom 운용성 검증을 중심으로

The Korea Navy has been making constant efforts to apply M&S (modeling and simulation) to naval ship development, and the generalization of M&S for ship development is a trend. M&S for ship design is used for the V&V (verification and validation) of its design and operation, including design verification and ergonomic design that considers the crew using the Naval Ship Product Model. In addition, many parts of this M&S are repeatedly accomplished regardless of the kinds of ships. This study aims to standardize M&S, which repeatedly applies similar verifications for operation scenarios. A congestion assessment simulation for the major spaces of ships was the subject of the standardization based on the leading research results of various researchers, and a simulation automation solution was suggested. An information model using XML was proposed through the simulation automation concept, and a prototype system based on it was implemented. The usability was shown through a case study that verified the operability performance of the crew messroom.

A hybrid ant colony-computer simulation approach for optimum planning and control of maritime traffic

Ant colony optimisation (ACO) is a meta-heuristic approach to tackle hard combinatorial optimisation problems which has been used to solve several optimisation problems in various fields of engineering. Its basic component is a probabilistic solution construction mechanism. Discrete event simulation (DES) is a method which is used to model real world systems capable of being decomposed into a set of logically separate processes autonomously progressing through time. Each event occurs at an instant of time and indicates a change of state in the system. In this paper, we present the application of ant colony optimisation (ACO) model in discrete event simulation of marine traffic. We use this methodology to compare different distribution functions and to find the best distribution with its associated parameters. We experimentally show that exponential distribution has the best results for creating the simulation events of maritime traffic in Arvand river, Iran. Also, the integrated ACO-DES finds the best exponential distribution parameters for arrival (planning and control) of different kinds of ships in one of the most hazardous, crowded, and potentially dangerous rivers in the world. This is the first study that integrates ACO with DES for identification and optimisation of maritime traffic.

DETECTION OF SHIP PATHS ON DOCKING AND QUAY OCCUPATION ANALYSIS BASED ON A VIDEO-IMAGERY SYSTEM AS SUPPORT TO PORT MANAGEMENT

To manage a quay it is necessary to know the level of activity that is being developed on it. This is an imperative parameter for determining the trend of terminal capacity. This allows, among other things, to improve investments previsions, a better ship waiting time management and to select what kind of ship must operate in the terminal. In Spain, Port Authorities have to apply activity fares to ships and terminal operators, based on their activity level and occupation data. In many cases there are not automated protocols to control this information, or it is directly provided by the operator. From a probabilistic focus of the problem, R.O.M. 0.0. (2001) pointed out the necessity to assume a risk in the development of port activities. This work goes toward this goal by obtaining the areas where a greater density of activity is taking place on a dock. This information allows us to establish a probability map and then, determining a risk. To this end, ship trajectories must be monitored. The trajectories condition the availability of maneuver areas on the dock, the existence of interferences between different kind of ships and they provide fundamental information for the design of mooring systems (fenders, for instance). As a product of knowing ship trajectories we can obtain ship speed and approximation angle (both are data very dependent of each quay geometry and location) and other ship parameters. The aim of this work has been to develop a video - monitoring system of port activities (Molina, R. et al. (2007)), that provides us quay use statistics and areas with greater probability of occupation (for instance, the probability of interaction between big cargo ships and leisure crafts or fishing boats). It is a real time information acquisition system, automated, low cost and able to cover extent areas. Because Port Authorities have disposal of communication infrastructures to serve security and access control, we propose to give them an additional use.

Computation of Longitudinal Lauching for a Multi-Purpose Cargo Ship

Ship launching is an important step in the whole process of ship construction. In modern shipbuilding industry, longitudinal gravity launching method is suitable for most kinds of ships, and is still widely used in many shipyards. Exactly calculation of the ship’s floating state and force acting on the hull and sliders is very important for security of launching ships. The present paper investigated the floating state and hydrostatic force and moment acting on a multi-purpose cargo ship based on some useful data such as Bonjean curves, distribution of ship mass, coefficients of ship form and arrangement of slipway. The variations of buoyancy and draughts at bow and stern with slipping distance are calculated and compared for two cases.

Generation of Extreme Wave Sequences – From Capsizing Ships to Offshore Structures in Hurricanes

Ocean waves are modeled in wave basins to quantify their effect on all kinds of ships and offshore structures. This modeling requires the consideration of various phenomena such as the non-linear character of real ocean waves, wave groups and short-crestedness. These aspects are described in this paper and their complex problems are highlighted by examples.

Acoustic research in the Hudson River Estuary at the Stevens Maritime Security Laboratory.

Stevens Institute of Technology has established a Maritime Security Laboratory (MSL) as a national laboratory resource for government, industry, and universities to advance technologies for the protection of USN maritime infrastructure. Experiment instrumentation includes research vessels, a multiplicity of hydrophones and emitters, stand alone acoustic buoys, diver acoustic simulators, unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs), and precision instrumentation placement capabilities. The in‐river experiments are controlled remotely from a Visualization Center on campus. Acoustic research is supported by sound speed profile measurements, integrated video and acoustic tracking of surface events, and global positionlng system tracking of live divers. Recent results include determination of parameters defining the detection distance of a threat: source level, transmission loss, and ambient noise. The combination of acoustic noise with video data for different kinds of ships in the Hudson River enables estimation of sound attenuation in a wide frequency band. The establishment of a library of various estuarine signatures, including divers, boats, ships, UUVs, construction equipment, and so forth, is underway. This knowledge can be used in a variety of intruder detection scenarios and for optimal methods of threat detection. [This work was supported by ONR Project N00014‐05‐1‐0632: Navy Force Protection Technology Assessment Project.]

A Study on the Correlation Analysis of the Present Status of Positive Displacement Pumps Installed in Ships

Various kinds of ship are operated to transport cargo or passengers at sea in the world. Most of the important auxiliary machineries installed in those ships are fluid machineries such as pumps, compressors, and fans. A large percentage of fluid machinery is pumps which are classified turbo and positive displacement pumps. This paper analyzes only positive displacement pumps. This thesis has two aims: (a) to analyze the present status of pumps installed in merchant and training ships and (b) to find the correlation among sea going pump ㎾, port pump ㎾, total pump kW, GE ㎾, ME MCR, number of pumps, ME kgf, pump kgf. Based on ship's type, this paper seeks to find special characteristics as a result of analyzing head, flow rate, and ㎾. Moreover this paper analyzes and compares number of pumps, pump kW/ME MCR, pump ㎾/GE ㎾ under the conditions of seagoing and berthing according to ship's type.

In Situ Characterization and Noise Mapping of Ships Moored in the Port of Venice

The acoustical characterization and the mapping of noise emitted from ships were carried out on behalf of the Venice Port Authorithy in the frame of the European Project NoMEPorts (Noise Management in European Ports). According to the Directive 2002/49/CE (END), different noise sources (like roads, railways, aircraft, industrial sites, ports) have to be considered and mapped separately; so, in the first step, the acoustical characterization of ships is required. Annex IV of the Directive, in particular, establishes that the strategic noise maps for agglomerations shall put a special emphasis on the noise emitted by, inter alia, industrial activities, including ports. Three kinds of ships were investigated, using the Italian technical standards UNI 10855 and UNI 11143: 1. inland navigation ships (along wharves); 2. ferries (along wharves and when maneuvering); 3. cruises (along wharves and when maneuvering). As for the maneuvering, it could be said that a supplementary noise indicator is needed, as the END, Annex I, forsees in the case the average number of noise events in one or more of the day periods is very low (for example, less than one noise event an hour).

Acoustic noise produced by ship traffic in the Hudson River estuary

This paper presents results of measurements of acoustic noise in Hudson River Estuary near Manhattan in the frequency band 10–100 kHz. The Estuary has very complex sound propagation conditions due to the extremely shallow and high time- and space variability of the water characteristics. The acoustic noise was recorded by a set of hydrophones and the acoustic measurements were accompanied by ship traffic video recording using the video-based Surface Traffic Surveillance system. This video system allowed us to map various boats and ships and to find distances between them and the hydrophone system. The measurements provided acoustic noise data for different kinds of ships in Hudson River, their dependencies on frequencies, and distances. The measurements of noise for various distances were applied for estimation of sound attenuation in a wide frequency band. We calculated the sound attenuation coefficient showing the attenuation loss of an acoustic signal in addition to cylindrically spreading loss. The recorded levels of acoustic noise and estimation of transmission loss were used for estimations of detection distances of underwater threats that are presented in our other paper. [This work was supported by ONR Project No. N00014-05-1-0632: Navy Force Protection Technology Assessment Project.]

造波抵抗と砕波の低減を目的とした船型改良法に関する研究

Ships with underwater acoustic equipments are required high propulsive performance and low noise. This requirement means, from view point of wave-making characteristics, these kinds of ships need hull form with low wave-making resistance and small wave-breaking. In general, the operation speed between cruising and observing are different. In other words, it is necessary to improve different wave-making characteristics at two different speeds. The present paper proposes a hull optimization method for reducing wave-making resistance and wave-breaking, using the real-coded genetic algorithms. The real-coded genetic algorithm of the optimization method, employs a crossover operator for combining of the methods called LUNDX-m(UNDX on m Latent Variables) and EDX(Extrapolation-Directed Crossover), and employs POSS (Pareto Optimal Selection Strategy) as a generation-alternation model. Panel-shift type Rankine source method is used for the calculation of wave-making resistance as the first objective function. The gradient of calculated wave-height is used as the second objective function for an indicator of wave-breaking. The hull optimization for Model 5415 is carried out using the program which is based on the present method. In the optimization, many Pareto solutions are obtained. It is confirmed that these hull forms have low wave-making resistance and small wave- breaking comparing with the original form, by the Rankine source method.

Wake distribution prediction on the propeller plane in ship design using artificial intelligence

In this study, a new neuro-fuzzy technique is applied to estimate the wake field distribution on propeller plane of ship. The wake distribution data of stern flow fields have been collected systematically by model tests of ship. When a correlation between geometrical hull information and wake distribution of ship is grasped through the collected data, the obtained correlation can be helpful in designing similar kinds of ships. Characteristics of the wake distribution by the change of stern hull form can be figured out easily by using a neuro-fuzzy system with the collected data. The neuro-fuzzy technique is applied to the ship designing, which is well known as one of the prospective methods for prediction, classification and diagnosis of real complicated problems. To prove the proposed method, three-dimensional stern hull forms and nominal wake values from a model test are structured as processing elements of input and output layers, respectively. In order to embody three-dimensional hull forms in a neuro-fuzzy system at the same time to avoid excessive increase in the input data, angle values of certain points of the hull form are used to avoid excessive increase in the input data and simultaneously in order to embody three-dimensional hull form in a neuro-fuzzy system. This method proved satisfactory in obtaining safe predictive results. The results from this study may give advanced information to hull form designers for evaluation and optimization of stern hull form by predicting a ship wake distribution at the initial designing stage.

実船の操縦性能推定法に関する研究

Since International Maritime Organization (IMO) has adopted "The Standards of Ship Maneuverability" as IMO Resolution MSC.137(76), the ship maneuverability is evaluated under this standard. Therefore, we have to know the accurate ship maneuvering characteristics at the design stage, especially the initial design stage. On the prediction method of ship maneuverability, there are many papers for estimating method of the maneuverability of a ship based on the model test, but there are few papers for predicting the maneuverability of a full-scale ship practically. The authors have already proposed the simple, accurate and practical prediction method for the ship maneuverability of model ship. So, we need to develop the practical prediction method for ship maneuverability of a full-scale ship in the deep water. In this paper, we propose the approximate formula of the interaction coefficient, γ and ωR0, obtained by comparing the predicted maneuvering motion with the measured results of the sea trial for twelve full-scale ships. We confirm the effectiveness of the practical prediction method using the approximate formula of the interaction coefficient for ship maneuverability of a full-scale ship. Though this approach must be validated in many kinds of ship as the next step, it will be expected that this method is very useful for predicting ship maneuvering characteristics at design stage on conventional ship.

荒天下での水面上巨大構造船の定常航行性能

The steady-state cruising performance of a large passenger ship and a PCC under heavy wind and waves are presented in this paper. These kinds of ships have specifications with very large hull and superstructures above sea level. Strong wind causes large drift, heel and rudder angles to ships and exerts great influence on the ships' cruising performance. From safety and economical aspects the assessment of added resistance under such wind and wave loadings is very important for those ships. Formulation of the steady-state equations is based on the MMG model for a ship manoeuvring simulation to obtain the steady ship condition. The wind and wave loads on the ships are calculated using the latest methods proposed by the authors. From this analysis, the special specifications of the steady condition for the large passenger ship and the PCC are clearly understood. Moreover, speed loss and DHP increase of those ships in the sea around Japan are revealed in this paper. It is cleared in the calculated results that wind effect has a very important role for the ships with large superstructures. Finally using the results of steady-state cruising performances, the optimum ship routing in wind and waves is presented by the dynamic programming method in order to find the route for reducing the navigating time of the ships.

高分解能衛星画像を用いた船舶の観測

In recent years, the practical use range of satellite images has spread focusing on the civil engineering and urban planning field. We expect that the satellite images will be utilized also for a maritime field in the near future. For example, it is expected that satellite images are utilized for analysis of marine traffic capacity or density or investigation of the maritime accidents. Therefore, we should know features of each ship image to find and distinguish specified ships from others. For this purpose, we distinguish various ships from the high-resolution images of the IKONOS satellite, and examine the appearances of the ships in the satellite images. High-resolution images of the vessel in a satellite photograph are classified for several kinds of ship and some examples of ship image feature are shown in this paper.

Prediction Methods of Roll Damping of Ships and Their Application to Determine Optimum Stabilization Devices

About 25 years ago, the author developed a method for predicting the roll damping of a ship, and the method is widely used even now. The method is a component-based one, and each component is predicted by theoretical ways if possible, otherwise by empirical ways. For these 25 years, the methods have been modified to improve accuracy and to extend their applicability to other kinds of ships. In this paper the author reviews these continuing studies on the roll damping prediction of ships, and introduces the application to determine optimum size and location of bilge keels.

Operational Design of the Ferry Transportation System based on Simulation

This paper addresses on the development of a simulation model of a ferry transportation system. The system under study is Merak-Bakauheni ferry route, one of ferry routes in Indonesia. This route links Java and Sumatra islands. Merak is located in the western of Java and Bakauheni in the southern of Sumatra. This route crosses the Sunda Street and has a distance of fifteen miles. There are two kinds of ships - high-speed and ro-ro ships - serving this route. The focus of this study is the ferry system of ro-ro ships that are used to carry both passengers and various kinds of cars. The main inputs of the simulation model consists of a timetable, patterns of passenger and car arrivals, and ship capacities. In addition to initial experiment, two other types of experiments are carried out. The first is performed to determine a better timetable. The alternative timetables are generated and each is evaluated in terms of waiting times. The second one is carried out to determine the most suitable ship type (passenger and car capacities). By using the simulation model, each ship type is evaluated based on its total cost consisting of waiting time cost and ship running cost. The simulation model is developed by using a commercial simulation software, ProModel.

2309 船舶操縦におけるヒューマン・ファクターについて(OS7 人間・機械システム,ヒューマンインターフェース)

Safe navigation is realized by operator's performance under the condition of ship's maneuverability and the navigational environment. In recent years, many kinds of ships are appeared and the construction of airports on the sea and reconstruction of harbor are proceeded. As the effects of these situations, the navigational environments are changing drastically. It is very important issues that environment adapt to ship's maneuverability, in order to prevent maritime accidents such as grounding, collision. It is also important issues to prevent oil pollution caused by tanker's accidents. Human factor is one of important factors to decide ship's performance. Then to clarify the human performance is essential issue to understand the ship's performance. In this paper, human performance on handling ship in fairway where interaction with ship's performance and environmental condition are analyzed. The mathematical models on human performance are clarified based on position and speed control including steering rudder, controlling propeller revolution and boosting procedure that is to increase a propeller revolution for short time to recovers the rudder affect without increasing ship's speed.

A Stochastic State-transition and Safety Assessment for Marine Accidents Based on Human Factors

The thinking faculty and operating ability of ship operators tend to be affected by their mental workload under the pressure from navigation environment. The suitable safety measures have to be taken to cope with the relation between stress degrees of operators and human errors based on the state-transition during operating man-machine systems such as a ship maneuvering system.This paper, on the subject of the state-transition and stress degrees of operators, consists of (1) the estimation of accident incident probability based on the fault tree analysis and (2) the quantitative analysis of the tensional stresses by measuring the fractal nature of heart rate variability under mental work-load during maneuvering several kinds of ships. Then these results are compared with the environmental stress model proposed by K. Inoue et al., and the specific property of tensional stress generated under severe environment may be clarified with a view of to prevent marine accidents.

History of Warships: From Ancient Times to the Twenty-First Century

In a single volume, James L. George has attempted to surmount three problems: first, to cover the entire history of warships; second, to combine a description of ships and their historical characteristics with accounts of their operational use; third, to write for lay as well as expert readers. A former officer in the United States Navy and national security adviser in Washington, George has added to this ambitious undertaking the task of trying to point out "firsts" and "lasts" of different kinds of ships.

Review Articles: Tankships in the marine environment

There are a number of harmful effects that have been induced by emissions from large vessels carrying bulk liquids. These are reviewed. A number of hazards are cargo-specific. Of special concern are liquids which after discharge or spillage float on the surface of the sea. Sea birds are regularly victims of discharged oil, most of which, however, is discharged from machinery spaces from all kinds of ships. Marine mammals have been contaminated or killed after tankship spills. Water soluble discharges may accumulate in fish and shellfish, thus tainting or contaminating seafood. Spills and discharges of toxic substances create direct hazards to human health. There are also hazards which are not connected with the cargo. Tankships have large hulls which are covered with antifouling paint and consequently emit toxic chemicals. Empty sea-going tankships have to be ballasted with large quantities of water. By discharging the ballast water before loading, foreign material is introduced into that remote marine environment. Connected with this are hazards for the marine environment as well as for human health.