Kinds Of Sensor Nodes Research Articles

Semi Markov process inspired selfish aware co-operative scheme for wireless sensor networks (SMPISCS)

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), energy and packet forwarding tendencies of sensor nodes plays a potential role in ensuring a maximum degree of co-operation under data delivery. This quantified level of co-operation signifies the performance of the network in terms of increased throughput, packet delivery rate and decreased delay depending on the data being aggregated and level of control overhead. The performance of a sensor network is highly inclined by the selfish behaving nature of sensor nodes that gets revealed when the residual energy ranges below a bearable level of activeness in packet forwarding. The selfish sensor node needs to be identified in future through reliable forecasting mechanism for improving the lifetime and packet delivery rate. Semi Markov Process Inspired Selfish aware Co-operative Scheme (SMPISCS) is propounded for making an attempt to mitigate selfish nodes for prolonging the lifetime of the network and balancing energy consumptions of the network. SMPISCS model provides a kind of sensor node’s behavior for quantifying and future forecasting the probability with which the node could turn into selfish. Simulation experiments are carried out through Network Simulator 2 and the performance are analyzed based on varying the number of selfish sensor nodes, number of sensor nodes and range of detection threshold.

Investigation and Implementation Ultra-Low Power PIC-Based Sensor Node Network with Renewable Energy Source and Decision-Making Unit

Advancing technology has enabled the production of smaller, more energy efficient and cheaper electronic components. Therefore, previously existing many computer and electronics science-engineering ideas have become feasible. One of them is the technology of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which has become the realization of the necessary technical requirements applicable today with low energy consumption. First, the sensing tasks and the potential sensor networks applications have explored, and reviews of factors influencing the design of sensor networks have provided. Then, the communication architectures for sensor networks have been outlined. PIC-based microcontrollers have used in the design of the sensor nodes. The design of the sensor node has supported with ultra-low power nanowatt technology for very low-cost design. Processing, memory and wireless communication units have integrated on to the sensor nodes and sensors to be used in the designed system which have allowed to be connected to any kind of sensor node. The designed sensor node’s operating system has written with the PIC C language, and PIC operating system has allowed different features such as measuring humidity, temperature, light sensitive and smoke sensor. Computer software has developed for data that can be recorded and monitored from a central location. Decision-making unit has created in the software algorithm and hardware modules for the implementation of decisions taken by the developed sensor nodes. Developed PIC-based sensor nodes have supported a unique voltage unit with renewable energy sources such as solar panel, rechargeable battery, and supercapacitor for energy production and saving. The results of this study are expected to be helpful for the development of WSN especially with renewable energy sources.

A Study on the Implementation of Dynamic Routing Algorithm to Improve Efficiency for Wireless Sensor Networks

The development of wireless communication and electronic technology leads to wireless sensor networks in various fields. Wireless sensor networks can exchange the data that generated from near environment field observation between other sensor nodes. Generally, Wireless sensor networks consist of multi sensor nodes and one or more sink nodes The sensor sensing data that nodes detected transmit from sensor networks to base station and deliver to users through internet. However sensor networks are restricted in the aspects of communication, processing data and energy consumption. Because of the low capacity batteries with devices of sensor networks, it is important to increase the lifespan operation life of sensor nodes by using energy efficiently. In this kind of sensor nodes, the energy consumption for message sending and receiving is very important for the maintenance of sensor nodes. In the existing static routing method, it consumes more energy for the maintenance of sensor network than dynamic routing method because data transmits repeatedly when the sensor data begin to spread. In this study, based on the difference in the cycle of information gathering in accordance with the characteristic of the sensor in sensor network and the cycle of demands from the sink in accordance with the characteristic of application layer, dynamic routing of wireless sensor network is proposed which actively responds to its various needs.

Energy consumption monitoring for sensor nodes in SNAP

As energy is one of most important aspects for evaluating algorithms' performance, it's crucial to provide a tool to measure the energy consumed. There still was not satisfying solution to monitor energy consumption of every sensor node in large-scale wireless sensor network. In this paper, we propose a new real-time energy monitoring schema as a function component of WSN testbed sensor network assistant platform, SNAP. Our monitoring schema has the following advantages: real-time accurate energy measurement, the ability to cope with large-scale WSN, side effect free to the monitored nodes, highly adaptive to different kinds of sensor nodes and supporting further energy efficiency analysis on nodes. Noted that all of these advantages are based on SNAP, we introduce the architecture and implementation of our proposed schema together with the counterpart of SNAP. Then we use experimental results to evaluate and demonstrate the performance of this energy consumption monitoring schema.

An Energy-Efficient Distributed Algorithm for Virtual Backbone Construction with Cellular Structure in WSN

The construction of virtual backbone within wireless sensor network (WSN) is an important means to reduce the redundant transmission and conserve limited energy resources. However, if there is not a rotation scheme for the virtual backbone, the network lifetime is still considerably limited due to the quick exhaustion of the backbone nodes' energy. In this paper, we propose an Energy-efficient Distributed algorithm for virtual backbone construction with Cellular structure (EDBC) in WSN. The algorithm combines optimal coverage theory based on cellular structure and energy consumption model for different kinds of sensor nodes to achieve the construction and rotation of backbone in multiple rounds. The simulation results have shown that it improves the balance of energy consumption among sensor nodes and extends the network lifetime. It also provides good network stability as the number of backbone nodes selected in each round remains small and relatively constant.

The Design and Realization of the Internet of Things Gateway Based on RFID and WSN Technology

Based on the two core technologies of internet of things -RFID and WSN , this essay puts forward the realization of a heterogeneity gateway equipment which can support all kinds of sensor network and access network. This equipment can support different kind of sensor node and access mode, so it can be used to shield different sensor network and access network, which make the application program only need to pay attention to the data process of the application environment, meanwhile the operation is also simplified. This equipment also has a good market expectation and popularization value.

사례 연구: 녹거노인 일상 활동 모니터링 시스템의 실제 주택에서의 장기간 실험

Abstract: This paper describes analysis of long-term experiments on a monitoring system to assess the daily activities of the elderly who live alone. The developed system is composed of an in-house sensing system and a server system. The in-house sensing system installed in their own houses is a typical wireless sensor network system including three kinds of wireless sensors. The server system has a database server and an assessment server. We have installed the system into an elderly house, collected data during over two years continuously, then analyze the data. From the analysis, we could measure the energy consumption profile of three kinds of sensor nodes. The experiment shows all kinds of nodes can operate over one year with two AA-size alkaline batteries. Using a measure of reliability of the monitoring system called ‘deadzone’, the system has showed the failure operation for 842 hours (4.66 %) during over 18,000 hours total operation period.Keywords: case study, elderly, monitoring system, reliability analysis, long-term experiments

A Reusable Device Driver Framework for the Sensor Nodes in Internet of Things

Due to the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT), kinds of sensor nodes have been introduced to the different applications. Because of the variety of MCUs, sensors and radio modules, it’s challenging to reuse the device drivers between different sensor node platforms. To address this issue, a reusable device driver framework is proposed in this paper. Comparing with existed work, our framework is flexible, efficient, and easy to learn. The flexibility is achieved by layered encapsulation, which decouples the device driver with the sensor node operating system kernel. Our framework gives the reusability at the source code level, so it’s efficient. At the end, our framework is implemented in C programming language, which is the most common tool adopted by embedded system developing. This framework has applied to SenSpire OS, a micro-kernel real-time operating system for IoT sensor nodes.

VEHICULAR AD HOC AND SENSOR NETWORKS; PRINCIPLES AND CHALLENGES

The rapid increase of vehicular traffic and congestion on the highways began hampering the safe and efficient movement of traffic. Consequently, year by year, we see the ascending rate of car accidents and casualties in most of the countries. Therefore, exploiting the new technologies, e.g. wireless sensor networks, is required as a solution of reduction of these saddening and reprehensible statistics. This has motivated us to propose a novel and comprehensive system to utilize Wireless Sensor Networks for vehicular networks. We coin the vehicular network employing wireless Sensor networks as Vehicular Ad Hoc and Sensor Network, or VASNET in short. The proposed VASNET is particularly for highway traffic .VASNET is a self-organizing Ad Hoc and sensor network comprised of a large number of sensor nodes. In VASNET there are two kinds of sensor nodes, some are embedded on the vehicles-vehicular nodes- and others are deployed in predetermined distances besides the highway road, known as Road Side Sensor nodes (RSS). The vehicular nodes are used to sense the velocity of the vehicle for instance. We can have some Base Stations (BS) such as Police Traffic Station, Firefighting Group and Rescue Team. The base stations may be stationary or mobile. VASNET provides capability of wireless communication between vehicular nodes and stationary nodes, to increase safety and comfort for vehicles on the highway roads. In this paper we explain main fundamentals and challenges of VASNET.

Vehicular Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Principals and Challenges

The rapid increase of vehicular traffic and congestion on the highways began hampering the safe and efficient movement of traffic. Consequently, year by year, we see the ascending rate of car accidents and casualties in most of the countries. Therefore, exploiting the new technologies, e.g. wireless sensor networks, is required as a solution of reduction of these saddening and reprehensible statistics. This has motivated us to propose a novel and comprehensive system to utilize Wireless Sensor Networks for vehicular networks. We coin the vehicular network employing wireless Sensor networks as Vehicular Ad Hoc and Sensor Network, or VASNET in short. The proposed VASNET is particularly for highway traffic .VASNET is a self-organizing Ad Hoc and sensor network comprised of a large number of sensor nodes. In VASNET there are two kinds of sensor nodes, some are embedded on the vehicles-vehicular nodes- and others are deployed in predetermined distances besides the highway road, known as Road Side Sensor nodes (RSS). The vehicular nodes are used to sense the velocity of the vehicle for instance. We can have some Base Stations (BS) such as Police Traffic Station, Firefighting Group and Rescue Team. The base stations may be stationary or mobile. VASNET provides capability of wireless communication between vehicular nodes and stationary nodes, to increase safety and comfort for vehicles on the highway roads. In this paper we explain main fundamentals and challenges of VASNET.

A novel key predistribution scheme for wireless sensor networks based on hexagon deployment model

Key management is a fundamental security service in wireless sensor networks, which provides essential supports for other security services, such as encryption and authentication. Due to resource constrains as well as vulnerable to physical capture of sensor nodes, establishing pairwise keys in wireless sensor networks is not trivial task. Compared with traditional public key cryptography, symmetric key cryptography with key predistribution mechanism is more suitable for wireless sensor networks. However, most of previous solutions still have some issues on performance and security capabilities. In order to make further improvements, especially on resilience of node capture, in this paper, we present a novel key predistribution scheme based on hexagon grid deployment model by combining bivariate polynomials and node expected deployment knowledge. This scheme first classifies the whole sensor nodes into two kinds according to their IDs, and then preloads different kind of sensor nodes in each hexagon grid with their individual corresponding bivariate polynomial shares. Analysis and simulations show that our scheme has a better resilience to node capture attacks with the same memory cost compared with prior schemes, while possessing a high probability of direct key establishment and low communication overhead.

A Clustering Method for Wireless Sensor Networks with Heterogeneous Node Types

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are gradually moving toward the adoption of clustered heterogeneous designs, incorporating a mixture of variety kinds of sensor nodes with different radio coverage and battery capacity. Compared with homogeneous networks, heterogeneous networks are able to reduce the initial cost of the network or prolong the network lifetime. The architecture and routing protocol for this type of heterogeneous WSN should be energy aware in order to prolong the lifetime of the network. However, most of the existing clustering methods consider only initial energy of the sensor nodes and ignore the non-uniform energy drainage caused by many-to-one traffic near sink and/or cluster heads in heterogeneous network environment. In this paper, we propose a new clustering method for WSN with heterogeneous node types which selects cluster heads considering not only the transmission power and residual energy of each node but also those of its adjacent nodes. Simulation experiments show that the proposed method increases network lifetime by 80% and 60% more than that of the CC and HEED, respectively.