Kinds Of Roots Research Articles

Effects of cinnamic acid on the root growth of cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) and figleaf ground (cucurbita ficifolia bouché) seedlings

Effect of cinnamic acid (CA) on growth and endogenous hormone content in the roots of cucumber and figleaf gourd seedlings were studied and explained the reason why figleaf gourd was better in resisting CA stress than cucumber using their seedlings as experimental materials. The effect of CA at different concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 mmol/l) was analysed on primary root elongation, total root elongation, average diameter of total roots, total root volume, and total root tips as well as the effects of 0 and 0.25 mmol/l CA on root growth, root density, root hair growth rate, indole acetic acid (IAA) content and ethylene (ET) production rate. The results showed that CA stress decreased the primary root elongation, total root elongation, total root tips, Grade III root and root hair growth rates of both plants. The inhibiting effect of CA was stronger on cucumber than figleaf gourd. Besides, CA stress increased their average diameters of total roots and root hair densities. The increase in the average diameter of total roots of cucumber was larger than that of figleaf gourd while its increase in root hair density was far lower. Apart from that, 0.25 mmol/l CA stress increased the IAA contents and ET production rates in both kinds of roots. The increase in IAA content in cucumber root was 16% higher than in figleaf gourd. However, the increase in the ET production rate of cucumber root was 51% lower than figleaf gourd root. In conclusion, higher concentration IAA could inhibit root growth. Under CA stress, the increase in the IAA content in figleaf gourd root was lower than that in cucumber root, indicating that CA exerted a weaker inhibiting influence on figleaf gourd. Besides, higher ET production rate contributed to the increase in root hair density. Under CA stress, figleaf gourd root had a higher ET production rate than cucumber root, thus having more root hairs. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(3): 703-710, 2024 (September) Special

Differential distribution of phytochemicals in Scutellariae Radix and Scutellariae Amoenae Radix using microscopic mass spectrometry imaging

Scutellariae Radix, the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, is widely applied in China for the treatment of fever, ulcer, bronchitis, hepatitis and inflammatory symptoms. Sctuellariae Amoenae Radix, the root of Scutellaria amoena C.H. Wright, is often prescribed as the substitute for Scutellariae Radix. Up to now, no attempt has been made to unveil and compare the localization of phytochemicals in Scutellariae Radix and its succedaneum. This investigation succeeded to look into the differential distribution of natural compounds in Scutellariae Radix and Scutellariae Amoenae Radix using microscopic mass spectrometry imaging. Compounds presenting different distribution modes in two kinds of roots were sorted out, then a quick method for the differentiation between Scutellariae Radix and Scutellariae Amoenae Radix was established. Accumulation sites of baicalein, baicalin, wogonin and wogonoside in Scutellariae Radix were also uncovered using microscopic mass spectrometry imaging. Moreover, the application of matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry allowed the on-tissue dissociation of major flavonoids. Overall, the utilization of microscopic mass spectrometry imaging and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry provided a novel perspective for the discovery of natural compounds within medicinal plants.

The odd roots of Campylocentrum (Angraeciinae-Orchidaceae): an anatomical study of its morphologically variable roots

Abstract Although some anatomical studies have been performed in Angraecinae, knowledge about the anatomy of the genus Campylocentrum is as yet incipient. The aim of this study is to anatomically characterize the structure of the different kinds of roots in the genus. Roots from 12 species were analyzed, including all the morphological variation in the genus (smooth and granulose surface). The leafless species are characterized by endovelamen, exodermal and endodermal cell walls thicker than in the leafy species. The species with terete leaves can be split in two groups: one constituting C. poeppigii, whose roots have a granulose surface produced by numerous unicellular, absorbent hairs; the second formed by six species from the Atlantic Forest. In this second group, the same granulose root appearance is produced by tufts of epivelamen in addition to the unicellular, absorbent root hairs. The other species in the genus, with conduplicate leaves, do not present a pattern for grouping. Some of them, such as C. serranum and C. micranthum, share a similar structure with the leafless species, but with thinner exodermal and endodermal cell walls. Other species, such as C. crassirhizum and C. jamaicense, are the only ones in the genus with ○-thickened cells in the exodermis.

Root clustering of words

Six kinds of both of primitivity and periodicity of words, introduced by Ito and Lischke [M. Ito and G. Lischke, Math. Log. Quart. 53 (2007) 91–106; Corrigendum in Math. Log. Quart. 53 (2007) 642–643], give rise to defining six kinds of roots of a nonempty word. For 1 ≤ k ≤ 6, a k -root word is a word which has exactly k different roots, and a k -cluster is a set of k -root words u where the roots of u fulfil a given prefix relationship. We show that out of the 89 different clusters that can be considered at all, in fact only 30 exist, and we give their quasi-lexicographically smallest elements. Also we give a sufficient condition for words to belong to the only existing 6-cluster. These words are also called Lohmann words. Further we show that, with the exception of a single cluster, each of the existing clusters contains either only periodic words, or only primitive words.

Difference evaluation of three kinds of root of Aconitum carmichaelii in Sichuan based on UPLC analysis of six alkaloids and chemometrics

An ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method was established and validated to simultaneously determine the contents of six aconitum alkaloids in mother, daughter and fibrous roots of 19 batches of Aconitum carmichaelii from Sichuan province. The separation of the six alkaloids was achieved on a ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (2.1 mm x 100 mm, 1.7 microm) column at 40 degrees C with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile in 30 mmol x L(-1) ammonium acetate buffer solution (adjusted to pH 10.0 with aqueous ammonia) in gradient mode. The data and plots showed that the six aconitum alkaloids have different distributions. Four aconitum alkaloids were almost same in mother and daughter root except benzoylmesaconine and mesaconitine, while the fibrous root differed from the other two roots. The comparisons of significant differences of six aconitum alkaloids between the mother and daughter roots definitely demonstrated that benzoylmesaconine and mesaconitine were the representative components. The 38 detecting samples were classified as two clusters by hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principle component analysis (PCA), the results indicated that the mother root was different from the daughter root on chemical material basis. The study might contribute to the reasonable clinical application of A. carmichaelii.

Rytų baltų <em>CiR</em> tipo veiksmažodžiai

Rytų baltų <em>CiR</em> tipo veiksmažodžiai

Lower order roots more palatable to herbivores: a case study with two temperate tree species

Determining which kinds of roots are likely to be consumed by root herbivores may improve our understanding of the mechanistic control on fine root dynamics. Here, we tested the hypothesis that root herbivores prefer to consume the distal lower order roots in their branching networks. Insecticide was applied to soil to quantify effects of root herbivores on root biomass and production in the first five orders (the distal roots numbered as first-order) in Fraxinus mandshurica and Larix gmelinii plantations from May 2008 to July 2009. Root morphology, chemistry, anatomy and physiology were measured simultaneously across branching orders. Among the first five order roots, significant consumptions by herbivores were found only for the two distal lower order roots throughout growing seasons, with 62% of biomass and 57% of production for F. mandshurica, and 71% and 79% for L. gmelinii, respectively. Our results suggest that the distal lower order roots are more palatable and attractive to root herbivores in both plantations, probably because they have higher tissue N, greater respiration rates and lower cellulose. Thus, overlooking herbivore consumption may lead to large underestimation in root biomass and production, which are critical in determining C budget and nutrient cycles in forest ecosystems.

Study on Flame Expansion Phenomenon in Pool Fire Extinguished by Water Mist

The theoretical and experimental studies on the phenomenon of flame expansion in pool fire extinguishment with water mist are presented in the paper. Firstly, the theoretical analysis on fire expansion phenomenon is made. It's found that, both the interaction of water mist with flame and hot fuel lead to the flame expansion phenomenon in liquid pool fire extinguishment with water mist. The impacting on fuel vapor by water mist jet flow, which corresponding to the interaction of water mist and flame, and the azeotropic effects, which corresponding to the interaction of water mist and hot fuel, are these two kinds of root causes for fire expansion phenomenon. And the theoretical analysis also indicates that the flame characteristics, the interaction of water mist and pool fire, the momentum of water mist are the key factors to leading to an expanded fire. Then, three groups of experiments are set to study the above factors. The experimental results show that the impacting effects of the water mist jet flow to fuel vapor and the azeotropic effects of the mixtures of water and hot fuel are the main causes for fire expanding. And the flame characteristics, the momentum of water mist are important to the size of expanded fire. The existence of a certain amount of fuel vapor in the fuel vapor rich core of pool fire and the impacting of water mist with adequately large momentum are the prerequisites for fire expansion. It's also found in the experiments that the fire expansion start from the bottom of the pool fire and not much related to the far-end of the flame. The experimental results indicate that the theoretical analysis are fit the fire expansion phenomenon well.

열풍건조와 동결건조에 따른 수창포(Acorous calamus L.) 분말의 부위별 이화학적 특성

수창포의 부위별 건조조건을 달리한 분말의 일반성분, 당 및 클로로필 등을 분석 검토하였다. 각 부위별 수분의 함량은 모두 온도가 증가할수록 낮았고, 동결건조를 실시한 시료가 가장 낮았다. 회분함량은 온도가 증가할수록 같거나 높아졌으며 동결 건조한 시료의 함량이 가장 낮았다. 조지방과 조단백 함량은 각 부위별 건조방법에 따라 유의적 차이가 없었다. 색도 중 잎의 품질특성에 중요한 a*값은 잎상부가 하부에 비하여 a*값이 낮아 품질 면에서 우수하였다. 클로로필 함량 역시 잎상부가 하부에 비하여 함량이 높았다. 환원 당함량은 뿌리에 높았으며, 특히 40℃ 열풍 건조한 시료가 가장 높았으며, 총당 함량은 건조조건별로 차이가 없었으며 잎상부가 가장 높았다. 총 폴리페놀은 창포의 잎에서 상당히 높은 함량은 보였으며, 건조조건에 따라서 유의성 검정 결과 큰 차이는 없었지만 잎이 뿌리보다 상당히 높은 함량은 나타내었다. 총 플라보노이드는 뿌리와 잎에서 고른 분포를 나타내었으나 잎상부가 더 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 위의 결과로 시료의 품질저하를 막기 위해서는 동결건조를 실시하는 것이 유리할 것으로 생각된다.

Microbiologic and Cultural Interchange

“...I did develop...a kind of root down in Atlanta,” confided Hale Woodruff during an oral history interview, “You may have heard of it. It was called the ‘Outhouse School’ and, frankly, it was given such a name as this by one of the press writers because we used to paint landscapes in and around Atlanta in our art classes and the hillsides were just dotted with outdoor toilets” (1). The understated and self-effacing Woodruff was referring to the Atlanta School, an alliance he developed among black artists in the 1940s, which flourished into national activities, among them an annual art exhibit. At the inaugural, philosopher Alain Locke, spokesman of the Negro Movement, known in the 1920s and 1930s as Harlem Renaissance, praised the exhibit for encouraging “a healthy and representational art of the people with its roots in its own soil” (2). Painter, muralist, printmaker, experimenter, educator, organizer Woodruff became art director at Atlanta University, where he founded the art department and permanent collection and later painted the Art of the Negro murals. Born in Cairo, Illinois, the only child of a widowed mother, who was “very, very skillful with the pencil and the pen,” he grew up in Nashville, Tennessee, and showed early talent as high school newspaper cartoonist and later, during his studies at the John Herron Art Institute in Indianapolis, as weekly political cartoonist for the Indianapolis Ledger (1). Later, Woodruff studied at Harvard University and the Art Institute of Chicago (3). He arrived in Atlanta “to paint the red clay of Georgia” by way of Paris, France, where he lived on a shoestring for 4 years, attending the Academie Moderne and Academie Scandinave at the time Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, Josephine Baker, Henry O. Tanner, Palmer Hayden, and other American expatriates made Paris their home. Exposure to cubism in Paris guided his transition from realistic scenes of everyday life in the rural South to bold abstraction and invention. During a summer in Mexico, he studied with Diego Rivera, “I wanted to paint great significant murals in fresco and I went down there to...learn his technique” (1). Rivera’s murals, which mingled culture, history, and folklore with sociopolitical and communal elements, were cre-

РОЛЬ ПРИРОДОВЕДЧЕСКИХ ТРОП В ОБРАЗОВАНИИ И ВОСПИТАНИИ УЧАЩИХСЯ ОСНОВНОЙ ШКОЛЫ

The rapid progress of science and technologies continuously influences our living conditions. It makes us to change ourselves. The new problems which require new solutions appear. Along with the growth of information amount there is a necessity to develop teaching and learning process using different teaching methods and forms. Ecological problems and problems which deal with nature protection grow and it requires the teaching and learning process to be connected with natural processes even more. To know the nature better, students need to be more in natural environment. That is why I offer to pay attention to those teaching forms which have a direct contact with nature, for example, paths of information. With a help of information paths students are able to learn to know the nature, historical and cultural facts and values, they develop their social skills. Information paths make students’ health better and promote a positive attitude towards nature and humankind. There are several cognitive trails described (in the park, school yard, school corridor and classroom, in a natural mildness in a city territory, in a suburb). To know the cognitive trail as a method practically eight cognitive trails were made and gone through together with pupils. They were: a cognitive trail of the right bank of the Daugava called „Daugava Stream”, a dendrologic cognitive trail „City Path” made by the social organization „Green Crow”, a cognitive trail in the classroom called „Variety of Buds”, a cognitive trail in the classroom „Kinds of Roots”, a cognitive trail in the classroom called „Sprout Conversions”, a cognitive trail in the corridor called „Kinds of Boles and Leaves”, a cognitive trail in the school yard called „School Yard”, a cognitive trail in mildness of Riga city called „Vakarbulli”. Each of these cognitive trails were different in their location and theme. Such difference has been chosen to carry out a more detailed study and to try out more teaching methods during the research. Cognitive interest of pupils is developed by cognitive trails. The mental outlook is broadened, pupils learn to observe things in connections and interactions, they strengthen their theoretical knowledge by practice. A cognitive trail is not an end in itself, but its aim is to help to acquire knowledge in school subjects better, to develop skills. The advantage of a cognitive trail is that a direct perception is used. During the work in cognitive trails it was possible to notice students being positive towards each other. All students participated and were active in work, although it was known that some of them did not like biology as a subject and it was not interesting for them. It is possible to conclude that the use of new and interesting teaching methods helps to develop an interest in learning. The information path does not just give new information but it is enjoyable for students, it makes them feel enthusiastic and it creates positive emotions in the learning process. It could be called ‘a short way towards the understanding of nature in people’s mind and hearts’. Keywords: the didactics of biology, cognitive trails, educating.

Root Development and Nutrient Uptake

Root system formation proceeds in close coordination with shoot growth. Accordingly, root growth and its functions are regulated tightly by the shoot through materials cycling between roots and shoots. A plant root system consists of different kinds of roots that differ in morphology and functions. The spatial configuration and distribution of these roots determine root system architecture in the soil, which in turn primarily regulates the acquisition of soil resources like nutrients and water. Morphological and physiological properties of each root and the concomitant tissues further affect nutrient uptake and transport, while the root traits that are related to such acquisition also depend on the kinds of nutrients and their mobility in the soil. In addition, mechanisms involved in the uptake and transport of mineral nutrients recently have been elucidated at the molecular level. A number of genes for acquisition and transport of various mineral nutrients have been identified in model plant systems such as Arabidopsis thaliana, and rice, and in other plant species. An integration of studies on nutrient behavior in soils and the morphological and physiological functions of root systems will further elucidate the mechanism of plant nutrient uptake and transport by roots, and offer a real possibility of genetically improving crop productivity in problem soils. Referee: Dr. Bobbie McMichael, Plant Physiologist, USDA-ARS, Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, 3810 4th St., Lubbock, Texas 79415

Efeito de auxinas e condições de cultivo no enraizamento in vitro de porta-enxertos de macieira 'M-9'

A utilização de mudas com características desejáveis, tanto genéticas quanto sanitárias, é um fator importante para o sucesso na produção de mudas. A micropropagação, em comparação às formas tradicionais de propagação vegetativa, possibilita aumentar a produção e a qualidade das mudas. Nesta técnica, a rizogênese é uma etapa crucial para o desenvolvimento das plantas propagadas in vitro. Neste contexto, objetivou-se testar condições de cultivo, tipos e concentrações de auxinas para o enraizamento in vitro do porta-enxerto de macieira M-9. Como explantes, foram utilizadas brotações (1cm), as quais foram cultivadas em meio MS/2. As auxinas utilizadas foram AIA, ANA e AIB, nas concentrações de 0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 5,0; 10; 20; 50 e 100miM. Foram testadas duas condições de incubação: na primeira, os frascos foram mantidos sob luz (30 dias) e, na segunda, os frascos foram mantidos por cinco dias no escuro com posterior transferência para luz (25 dias). Em ambas as condições, os explantes foram expostos a tratamentos com auxina, durante todo o tempo ou apenas por dez dias, com posterior transferência para meio sem auxina. As variáveis analisadas foram: porcentagem de enraizamento, número e comprimento de raiz, tipo de raiz e porcentagem de sobrevivência de plantas na fase de aclimatização. O AIA induziu maior porcentagem de enraizamento, plantas com melhor sistema radicular e parte aérea nas concentrações mais altas; porém, quando foi utilizado AIB e ANA, essas características foram observadas nas concentrações mais baixas. Os tratamentos em que os explantes foram cultivados por apenas dez dias, em meios com auxinas, apresentaram, em geral, melhores respostas. Observou-se maior porcentagem de plantas aclimatizadas nos tratamentos com AIA.

Regulated expression of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase and chalcone synthase during root development in sweet potato

The phase transition in sweet potato root during tuber differentiationis a complex developmental process that involves changes in gene expression andmorphogenesis. Among the three kinds of root in sweet potato (white fibrousroot, thick-pigmented root and lateral root), ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase(AGPase) and chalcone synthases (CHS) are expressed only in thick-pigmentedroots after 3 weeks, and this also depends on the developmental stage. Sinceexposing roots to the light or culturing under hydroponic conditions inhibitstuber formation in sweet potato, the expression of AGPase and CHS was studiedunder light and dark conditions. AGPase and CHS expression in sweet potatorootswas suppressed very sensitively by light or water stress, similar to rootdevelopmental patterns. Based on an analysis of AGPase and CHS expression indifferent kinds of root tissues and in different developmental stages, thesegenes were shown to be closely associated with the differentiation ofthickeningpigmented roots.

How early ferns became trees.

A new anatomically preserved fern, discovered from the basalmost Carboniferous of Australia, shows a unique combination of very primitive anatomical characters (solid centrarch cauline protostele) with the elaboration of an original model of the arborescent habit. This plant possessed a false trunk composed of a repetitive branching system of very small stems, which established it as the oldest tree-fern known to date. The potential of this primitive zygopterid fern to produce such an unusual growth form-without real equivalent among living plants-is related to the possession of two kinds of roots that have complementary functional roles: (i) large roots produced by stems with immediate positive geotropism, strongly adapted to mechanical support and water uptake from the soil; and (ii) small roots borne either on large roots or on petiole bases for absorbing humidity inside the false trunk.

Gravitropic reaction in the growth of tea roots.

In Japan, tea (Camellia sinenis (L.) Kuntze) seedlings are propagated by cutting. A root system of clonal plants by cutting consists of adventitious roots and lateral roots. Most of the roots grow horizontally, which results in a shallow distribution of the root system. Such a shallow root system could be one of the factors contributing to the deterioration of nutrient uptake and resistance to water stress. Gravitropism of the roots is considered to be a decisive factor that controls the depth of a root system. The authors have investigated changes in the growth direction of roots to gravitative stimulus, using several kinds of roots (seminal roots, lateral roots and adventitious roots). Furthermore, amyloplasts in the root-cap cells, which are considered to be an equipment sensing gravistimulus, were observed. Seminal roots prominently showed orthogravitropism and contained many amyloplast particles in their root cap cells. Most lateral and adventitious roots showed plagiogravitropism, growing in an angle to gravistimulus, and lacked observable amyloplast particles in their root cap cells. The results suggest that the shallowing of root systems of elonal tea plants could be attributed to a gravitropic reaction of the adventitious and lateral roots composing the root system. There could also be a close relationship between the growth direction of roots and the presence of amyloplasts in root-cap cells.

Classical differential cross sections in surface scattering

A formula for the differential cross section for classical scattering of structureless particles from a solid surface is derived. In this process energy can be exchanged, so that a 3×3 Jacobian is needed for the description. Using this derived differential cross section, the definition of rainbows is reconsidered. For elastic scattering from a hard wall it is then proven that a rainbow occurs if and only if a catastrophe occurs. Examples of rainbows are given corresponding to several kinds of roots of the Jacobian, including ones where no individual elements of the Jacobian are zero. Finally, an example of an analytic expression for a cross section for inelastic scattering is presented.

Déterminisme de l'organogénèse racinaire de Jussiaea repens L.

Summary Floating stems of Jussiaea repens L. develop two kinds of roots: absorbing downward growing roots and spongy, upward growing roots. The determination of this developmental pattern was studied. Apex and leaves had inhibiting and stimulating effects, respectively on root organogenesis. Changes of dorsiventral polarity and growth-regulator applications (NAA, GA, BAP) induced modifications of root organogenesis and differentiation. The results suggest that root differentiation is controlled by the ratio of auxins and cytokinins.

Rôle des différents territoires foliaires dans le phénomène de la tubérisation chez la patate douce

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., Convolvulaceae) leaf cuttings initiate several kinds of roots, some of which develop tubers. The influence of different parts of the lamina on the root tuberization rate was tested by means of excision and incision of lamina pieces. Following the ablation, it has been shown that: (i) retention of half of the whole symmetrical structure of the lamina is necessary for optimal root tuberization, equivalent to that of the intact leaf; (ii) below this limit, root tuberization rate depends on the size of the assimilating surface of the leaf; (iii) when the median veins are affected there is a significant decrease of tuberization rate compared with an equivalent lamina excision which does not affect these veins. We conclude therefore that these median veins may have a particular role in the metabolite translocation which controls, to a large extent, the root tuberization process.

Roots of Kac-Moody Lie algebras

The notion of Kac-Moody Lie algebras has recently been introduced and studied as a natural generalization of a finite dimensional split semisimple Lie algebra with successful applications to Macdonald type identities(cf. Lepowsky [3]). Such a Lie algebra has a root system, which is a natural analogue of the usual root systems in the sense of Bourbaki [1]. In this paper, we will give a characterization of positive root systems of Kac-Moody Lie algebras as a subset of a lattice. (See Proposition 1 and Theorem 1 below.) Let A be a generalized Cartan matrix and L the Kac-Moody Lie algebra associated with A, and let A (resp. A+) be the root system (resp. the positive root system) of L (for the definition,see §1). In §2, we will consider the special positive root system P(A) associated with L. This system P(A) satisfiesthe conditions (XI), (X2), (Yl), (Y2) and (Y3), which are specifiedin §2. Conversely we will show that any set satisfying these conditions coincides with the system P(A) arising from some Kac-Moody Lie algebra. In particular, A+ is uniquely determined by (Yl), (Y2) and (Y3) when A is given. On the other hand, there are two kinds of roots in A, called real roots and imaginary roots respectively. In §3, we will present a characterization of imaginary roots. In §4, we will give a way to produce the roots of L inductively