Kind Of Review Research Articles

A Review of the Americanist Literature for 1982

The volume of Americanist literature continues to grow at a rapid pace with the publication of new works and the addition of new journals. A brief guide to the organization of the Americanist descriptive literature, which cannot be systematically covered in this kind of review, is provided. The contributions in 1982 to cultural resource management, field techniques, lithic studies, trace element analyses and ecological and evolutionary studies are reviewed in detail. In addition, another field which has attracted renewed attention-seriation and classification-is introduced, and a brief history is provided to place the developments of 1982 in context. Finally, note is taken of important work in the areas of symbolic/structural approaches and philosophy of science, although these fields are not presented in detail. Apart from a breakdown of the distinction between American and British approaches, no new trends are evident in the Americanist literature for 1982. The relation between the conduct and structure of cultural resource management and the needs of the discipline, and the lack of any general theoretical integration of the field continue to be the most pressing problems. There are no major breakthroughs in either area, but the discipline as a whole continues to have an increasing sophistication in data analysis that is offsetting an earlier tendency to over-interpret archaeological materials.

Atmospheric radiation: 1975–1983

Rarely, in the press of day‐to‐day scientific work, is there a quiet moment to stand back and survey our part of the geophysical landscape. These quadrennial reviews, it seems to me, are the ideal place in which to do so. But too often we have had a deadening recitation of details rather than a lively forum. I could not write that kind of review.

Side effects of antineoplastic therapy on the nervous system in children

This review attempts to summarize side effects of radiation and chemotherapy on the nervous system of the child. Special consideration is given to long-term effects, which become apparent years after therapy and which are often irreversible. This kind of review was made possible only by the impressive therapeutic achievements in this field of pediatric oncology in recent years. Therefore, this review intends to indicate possible toxicity which may not be apparent clinically but should be considered in the therapeutic planning without decreasing the benefits of the therapy.

Foreword

FOREWORD By KARL RAHNER My Dear Colleague, You have written a book-length study: Personal Becoming: The Concept of Person in Karl Rahner's Transcendental Anthropology . This is naturally a great honor for me and I thank you sincerely and warmly for it. You have asked me to write a brief Foreword to your study. This Foreword can certainly not be the occasion of summarizing it in a kind of review and of judging it from my own standpoint. To do so would be to exceed the possibilities and the limits of such a Foreword, which can only be the sign of my thanks for the attention you have paid my work, a work theological and to a certain extent also philosophical. You have, however, in our correspondence, proposed three questions to me and suggested that in this Foreword I say something briefly in response to these three questions. Such answers can also perhaps be of some small service to the readers of your study and facilitate for them, in some small way, their understanding of your work. I will therefore try to answer your questions insofar as I can do so briefly. I. You ask me whether it is also my own view that personal becoming [das personale Werden], becoming a person [Personwerden ], is the central idea of my philosophico-theological anthropology . Before I try to answer this question, may I point out to the readers of this Foreword that you ask about the central idea of my anthropology? As a theologian, of course, I ask also about God, Christ, and the Church, thus about themes in which becoming a person can naturally not be simply the key concept, the central idea, even though I myself have always striven to show that in Christianity theology and anthropology mutually interpenetrate and condition one another more than is evident in the Church and in theology as it wa.s 1 KARL RAHNER usually taught. Your question thus refers-and your readers must keep this clearly in mind right from the start-to my anthropology. But once this is clear, and I may then come to my reply to your question, I become unsure. I could give a straightforward answer " Yes " to the question, on the condition that it is presupposed that one always keeps clear that the concept of becoming a person, on the one hand, does not exclude but rather includes the concept of an original constituting of the person through the creative act of God, by which act the person already is, and, on the other hand, that the fact that person is constituted originally means right from the start precisely a becoming in which this person must first become in the history of his freedom, until he is definitively perfected in freedom in the presence of God. But if I thus answer your first question with a " Yes," then I must come back and ask myself whether such a concept of becoming a person is not selfevident for a Christian theologian (and philosopher), and whether it ought not be a central idea for everyonei even if perhaps expressed .in other words. If that were the case then it could hardly be so " original " a concept as to be made the central idea precisely of my anthropology. But perhaps your question does not intend a special particularity and originality of my anthropology (which I am not claiming) but rather inquires only about a principle of organization according to which the membra disi,ecta of an anthropology can be gathered, an anthropology which I have never written as a structured whole. If, under these conditions, one makes becoming a person the key concept, the central idea of my anthropology (which is possible, as I have said), then of course everything comes down to the exact content one gives this concept, thereby doing justice to my anthropology or, better yet, to the things themselves. In this context it is decisive, as you emphasize in your letter, that one notice that the transcendence of man as finite spirit toward God, the absolute being in person, toward mystery in the fullest sense, is necessarily mediated through the (finite) other (das (en

Canadian Immigration: A New Law and a New Approach to Management

The long-awaited Immigration Bill now before the Canadian House of Commons, together with a companion bill to create a Commission on Employment and Immigration, represent radical new departures in Canadian immigration particularly in the field of planning and manage? ment. The Immigration Bill is the immediate outcome of a three-year period of study and consultation by government on the desirable future directions of Canadian immigration policy. The new Commission, to be created through a merger between the present Department of Manpower and Immigration and our Unemployment Insurance Commission, is to be a central element in the Canadian government's new employment strategy. This strategy is intended to facilitate a more integrated approach to the planning and administration of employment, unemployment and immigration programs in Canada and thereby?among other objectives?to tackle in a more effective way the problem of persistently high unemployment in Canada, particularly in our less prosperous provinces. We have certainly waited a long time for this Immigration Bill. The idea of improving or replacing our basic statute in this field, the Immigration Act of 1952, has been on and off the agenda of successive federal governments for twenty years. The Act was a poor and illiberal piece of legislation which vested an embarrassing amount of undefined discretionary power in the hands of the Minister and his officials and provoked almost immediate disatisfaction on the part of those who had to administer it, the legal profession and others. In 1955, the then Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, J.W. Pickersgill, secured the approval in principle of Cabinet to make some substantive changes in the Act, but in the end no action was taken; and this was the first of a long series of half? hearted efforts to revise the law itself, all of which came to nothing. Since 1952, improvements in immigration policy and process?with very few exceptions?have always been made by regulation, since no government, minister or group of officials until recently has had the foresight or stamina to undertake the kind of review which began three years ago, or

The Nature of Theory and Its Validation: Transpacific Origins?

children in the community first suggested that the observations were incorrect. Our analysis of a 1965 job survey also cast doubt on the inadequate male role hypothesis, and this was confirmed in a later resurvey of occupations in 1968 (Ch. 4). Later analysis of family data, also collected during subsequent field research, clearly established the very adequate nature of male role-playing (Ch. 5, see especially Marital Relations, pp. 45-46, and Parent-Child Relations, p. 46). Keber's apparent benevolent racism and her selective reading (or comprehension) have so distorted her criticism of our book that we feel it is not the kind of review one

Problems of Methods in Parent-Child Research

Even most charitably, research in parent-child relations cannot be viewed as a field in which methodology is exemplary and in which evidence is firm and consistent. But even most critically or despairingly, this field cannot be dismissed as unimportant in behavioral or developmental theory. Despite or because of these facts, how parents bring up their children and how parental characteristics are infused into child personality are questions that continue to inspire research. The motivations for this paper grow out of the feeling that critical and positive stocktaking can contribute toward better research on socialization processes. Two kinds of reviews need to go hand in hand. One is an evaluation of substantive findings on relations between maternal behavior and child characteristics, an accounting of relations that have stood up with impressive consistency. Unfortunately, there has been no recent general review of the extensive body of data on childrearing and associated child characteristics, the kind of review that is concerned with the extent to which relations have been replicated and discrepant reports reconciled. A second kind of review is needed which concerns itself with the methods by which data on childrearing are obtained and the nature of inferences about these data. This discussion is concerned primarily with the latter issue-how research on socialization is done. Its starting point is the tremendous discrepancy which exists between the sophistication of theory and the sophistication of methods as they meet in research on parent-child relations. Hypotheses from psychoanalytic, learning, and cognitive theories are abundant and provocative regarding parental influences upon the child, but their fruits are in great measure lost on findings that rest on extremely shaky sources of evidence.

The Temporal Position of Reviews

As the reader who has followed the literature pertaining to review well knows, it has seemed logical to many authorities that the first review exercises should appear soon after learning and be comparatively frequent, with less frequent appearances being required as time goes on. This teach ing has been deduced from the negatively accelerated character of the Eb binghaus curve of forgetting. In attempting to appraise it, it is fitting to inquire what the object of review is. If it is to maintain at any cost a given functional level of attained knowledge, probably no one will question the soundness of the teaching. If the issue is that of the most economical method of securing lasting benefits from learning through the expediency of review, the problem is whether it is more economical in the long run to maintain a given func tional level of knowledge or to regain it. Or, to put the question more directly, does a number of repetitions, employed as review, add more to the permanency of knowledge when indulged in soon after learning, before very much is forgotten, than at a more remote date, after much has been forgotten ? It may serve to clarify the issue to note that there are, in effect, two general kinds of review, or two general methods of reviewing: (1) recall or symbolical review, as in silent or oral rehearsal, written reproduction? verbatim or in substance, and response to various forms of objective tests, (2) reimpression, as in rereading, where the original performance is re peated, in whole or in part. There is no a priori reason why the two kinds of review should be affected alike by variations in experimental or class room procedure. In fact, the published research, as recounted in brief sub sequently, shows that the varying of temporal positions affects these two kinds of review differently. 618

The Founding of ‘Blackfriars’

It must have been early in 1919, the time when Father Bede resumed his weekly walk with me, that he spoke of his desire for a monthly review; of the need for a new Catholic review in England; a periodical, fearless, outspoken, zealous for truth; not primarily theological; a review that would present, in intelligible fashion, Catholic teaching on social justice, comment on passing events, give adequate space to literature, strike the human note. A Dominican review—acceptable to the unlearned—and, perhaps this was harder, a review the learned would not disdain. The articles must not be heavy, nor yet be too abstruse for the plain man. Scientific technicalities were to be avoided, humour not discouraged. A Dominican review that would appeal to the laity and, no doubt, might be read by the clergy. In all its criticism of books and political activities, and in the inevitable controversies that would be provoked, the review, while not allowing truth to be obscured by feelings of charity must not let the plea of truth excuse want of charity. All cocksureness, arrogance, identification of personal opinions with eternal verities—in short, all pontificating by lay-writers on matters by no means de fide was to be deprecated, as far as possible excluded.So, in many talks, Father Bede discussed the review he projected, the kind of review he wanted, that he believed there was room for; a review that would find its public. Of course he knew quite well that Catholics in England are not addicted to the habit of reading, preferring in their newspapers startling headlines rather than sober statement or reasoned argument. Aware of this disadvantage, equally aware that a large body of Anglicans read Catholic literature, Father Bede reached a definite decision—a monthly Dominican review should be established.