Kind Of Responsibility Research Articles

Identifying roles of formulas in inconsistency under Priest's minimally inconsistent logic of paradox

It has been increasingly recognized that identifying roles of formulas of a knowledge base in the inconsistency of that base can help us better look inside the inconsistency. However, there are few approaches to identifying such roles of formulas from a perspective of models in some paraconsistent logic, one of typical tools used to characterize inconsistency in semantics. In this paper, we characterize the role of each formula in the inconsistency arising in a knowledge base from informational as well as causal aspects in the framework of Priest's minimally inconsistent logic of paradox. At first, we identify the causal responsibility of a formula for the inconsistency based on the counterfactual dependence of the inconsistency on the formula under some contingency in semantics. Then we incorporate the change on semantic information in the framework of causal responsibility to develop the informational responsibility of a formula for the inconsistency to capture the contribution made by the formula for the inconsistent information. This incorporation makes the informational responsibility interpretable from the point of view of causality, and capable of catching the role of a formula in inconsistent information concisely. In addition, we propose notions of naive and quasi naive responsibilities as two auxiliaries to describe special relations between inconsistency and formulas in semantic sense. Some intuitive and interesting properties of the two kinds of responsibilities are also discussed.

Kommentar zur Herbsttagung 2023 „Aufarbeitung sexualisierter Gewalt in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Erziehungswissenschaft. Konsequenzen, Desiderata und Ausblick“

Following in the footsteps of numerous other social organizations and associations, the German Educational Research Association (GERA) has also begun to address the problem of sexualized violence. The article emphasizes the need to continue this process. The various levels on which the Society for Educational Science has different kinds of responsibility are differentiated and the intensification of future activities in all parts of the educational field is demanded.

A careful approach to artificial intelligence: the struggles with epistemic responsibility of healthcare professionals

ABSTRACT Machine learning approaches are being developed to contribute to the treatment of patients and the organisation of care. These new approaches are created in complex environments that include data and computational models as well as new practices, roles and competencies. In such settings, individualised conceptions of agents bearing responsibility need rethinking. In response, we elaborate on the concept of epistemic responsibility based on De la Bellacasa’s work on care (Bellacasa, M.P. de la. (2017). Matters of care: Speculative ethics in more than human worlds. University of Minnesota Press). To better understand these complex environments and the dynamics of responsibility, we use an ethnographic approach and followed Dutch healthcare professionals who learned the basics of (supervised) machine learning, while they pursued a project in their organisations during a four-month-long course. The professionals struggled with different interdependencies and this brought responsibility-in-the-making into relief. Rather than seeing (growing) relations and impure entanglements as standing in the way of responsibility, we show how connections are worthy of inquiry. We argue that connections are essential to knowledge and that producing epistemic responsibility means considering these embedded relations. In contrast to calls for control and clarification of machine learning techniques, and warnings that they create irresponsible black boxes, our care approach shows how responsibility-in-the-making reveals opportunities for ethical reflection and action. Our approach attends to how humans and non-humans are engaged in caring, reveals patterns around kinds of responsibility, and points to opportunities for avoiding neglect and irresponsibility.

Patterns of Third-Molar-Pericoronitis-Related Pain: A Morphometrical Observational Retrospective Study.

Mandibular third molar (M3M) removal and the management of postoperative complications represent a common matter of interest in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Pain represents a great symptom for patients affected by pericoronitis and it is the most common indication for third molar removal. The aim of the present article is to search for patterns of pre-operative pain in patients before undergoing third molar surgery and to test for a relation between some patterns of symptoms, such as pain intensity, site of symptomatic tooth, and referred area of pain. This retrospective observational study enrolled a total of 86 patients, aged (mean ± SD) 34.54 ± 13.62 years (range 17-78 years), scheduled for outpatient third molar extraction at the Oral Surgery School, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Policlinico "Le Scotte", University of Siena. Pericoronitis and pain were the symptoms of the patients and the indication of extraction. Inclusion criteria were the presence of partially impacted third molars, confirmed with a preoperative panoramic radiograph, and preoperative pain. Exclusion criteria were known neurological disease (such as previous trigeminal or facial nerve injuries), impaired communicative or cognitive disease, diagnosed diabetes mellitus, and oral surgical intervention within 30 days before data collection. Patients were visited and asked to answer a morphometric analytic questionnaire about their perception of pain referred to the third molar. Analyses were performed on statistical evaluation on age, age ranges, patient gender, prior third molar extraction, site of pericoronitis, pain score (1-10), and pain area. Two-tailed p values of less than 0.05 were considered significant if not otherwise specified. No correlations were found between age, gender, previous extraction, tooth site (maxillar on mandible), pain score, and pain area. Patterns of third molar pericoronitis pain among 86 patients were reported. A significant correlation was found between pain score and pain area (p = 0.0111, rs = 0.3131). Pain intensity has indeed some kind of responsibility in determining the orofacial distribution of pain. The pain area referral patterns of the present article could be considered as a pain model resulting from the pericoronitis of maxillar and mandibular third molars.

Взаимосвязь ответственности и смысла

The article analyzes the connection between two fundamental categories of human life: responsibility and meaning. The study of the interconnection is conducted on the level of individual development of a personality and on the social level. The main emphasis is made on the practical, bivalent and social nature of these two phenomena. Two kinds of responsibility are distinguished: «pre-meaning» and «post-meaning», according to their acceptance concerning the existence of meaning of the subject. The main consequences of the lack of one of the considered phenomena in the presence of the other are analyzed.

Medical Responsibility for Victims of Medical Malpractice Crimes

The responsibility of the medical world to victims of criminal acts of medical malpractice is that the responsibility for the practice is an error of omission or negligence when determining the execution that results in injury or death, besides that there are no mistakes made by wrongful considerations for which the responsibility is asked. From that explanation, the formulation of the problem: the factors that cause doctors to malpractice, the regulation of medical malpractice according to Indonesian criminal law, what kind of responsibility is carried out by a medical person for malpractice according to health law, the method used is normative juridical, namely by reviewing books and also health law literature, sources of data obtained are primary and secondary legal materials consisting of the Criminal Code, Health Act and secondary legal materials consisting of books, literature and journals. The data collection technique is carried out by how to review and review legal books related to health law. The results of this study are expected that a doctor is always careful in carrying out a medical practice so that malpractice does not occur in addition to the need for a patient to understand and also consult his illness so that a doctor understand understand the illness he suffers, for the law

Happy to Be a Boss? Cultural Moderators of Relationships Between Supervisory Responsibility and Job Satisfaction.

This paper addresses whether supervisory responsibility is a challenging job demand in the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model in different cultural contexts. We investigate how job satisfaction responds to a supervisory role with job control and selected cultural dimensions using a cross-cultural dataset of 14 countries with more than 43,000 adults using ordered logit regression models. We find that a supervisory role enhances job satisfaction and appears to be a challenging job demand. However, no studied cultural dimension, masculinity, power distance, individualism, or uncertainty avoidance, increases job satisfaction derived from this kind of responsibility. Our study indicates that there might be stereotypical assumptions about cultural dimensions concerning the job satisfaction of supervisors.

Organizational and Moral Portraits of Responsibility

This article aims to argue in favour of two different kinds of responsibility: moral and organizational. I present the notion of moral responsibility and, specifically, moral accountability, which stands at the centre of the later discussion. I address Coleen Macnamara’s view of accountability, a model of enforcement involved in setting demands and sanctions. Then I account for some cases of morally impaired persons’ failure to respond adequately to moral demands, in contrast to their capacity to respond effectively to organizational demands. I take the latter findings to show that there are two distinct kinds of accountability, moral and organizational. While moral accountability is connected to the arousal of emotions, I claim that organizational accountability is related to inner-organizational reactive procedures associated with employment benefits (such as promotion and other employment rewards) or sanctions. However, this can be distant from emotions.

The temptation of luck: The Machiavellian prince and the Hobbesian sovereign facing moral and honour-motivated responsibilities

In political philosophy, brute or circumstantial luck entails responsibilities. Even so, leaders may be tempted to capitalize on lucky endowments or circumstances that turn in their favour without giving too much attention to moral responsibility. This is because besides moral responsibility, there is another kind of responsibility that flows out of luck. Machiavelli and Hobbes provide the classic philosophical accounts of honour-based responsibility and universal moral responsibility. While this distinction is only suggested by Machiavelli, Hobbes explicitly develops an account of the laws of honour and the laws of nature that make the essential difference between a political community and a community where the state of war becomes less visible, although still ongoing.

War and Intelligence

I ventured to think during the war. I wrote several blogs on the topic "War and Intelligence". Everything seems out of place here. War requires action (participation, protection, assistance), and thought wants concentration in peace. I am not engaged in scientific research, I just think about what I can, what I have, and what I carry with me, without referring to sources and reference books. I'm thinking about this very: how does the event of the war relate to the ability — and maybe even the duty — to think. I wrote two posts. They consider intelligence (intellectus) as a kind of responsibility. All knowledge, awareness, concepts, sciences, discursive practices, etc. — are secondary. They make sense in the primary context of responsibility. All intellectual pursuits have meaning and meaning as aspects of the answer to the question that constitutes a human being as human. This is being-in-question.

Who should fight domination? Individual responsibility and structural injustice

Who is responsible for fighting domination? Answering this question, I argue, requires taking the structural dimension of domination seriously to avoid unwillingly reproducing domination in the name of justice. Having cast domination as a structural injustice that refers to structurally constituted positions of power and disempowerment, I show that the outcome-based, the capacity-based and the social connection model suggested in literature on responsibility, fail to fully meet this challenge. Drawing on insights from all of them, I propose an account that proves more sensitive towards the power dynamics at play in fighting domination. It is based on a fundamental duty of justice, which gives rise to two kinds of responsibility. Dominators, dominated and peripheral agents share political responsibility for domination in virtue of reproducing domination by occupying a position within structures of dominating power; they are required to acknowledge and undermine their position of power or disempowerment rather than simply using and thus tacitly reaffirming it. Political responsibility for domination is distinct from moral responsibility for acting within contexts of domination; in fact, ignoring this difference risks reproducing rather than transforming relations of domination. Bystanders who are not implicated in reproducing domination bear limited remedial responsibility to support this struggle.

The University at the Crossroads of Eco-Social Challenges: Pedagogy of Care and the Community of Life for a Transformative Learning

What kind of responsibility do universities have with regard to the current emergency created by ecological and socio-economic collapse? This work begins by considering the colonization of universities by neoliberal globalization. Education is one of the areas that appears as a fundamental source of business in the globalized economy, thus reorienting the role of the State in accordance with the New Public Managements (NPM's) educational policy. The NPM is the main instrument responsible for modifying the structure and culture of state services by means of introducing privatization and market-specific mechanisms. But, in so doing, something very important is created: a process of “re-culturing,” the establishment of the “one-track thinking.” It is “endogenous neoliberalism” that promotes the construction of a new identity: the neoliberal view of education from the “entrepreneurial self.” Next, and based on the criticism of the Frankfurt School, we question whether the use of reason—as instrumental reason—exists in neoliberal logic, and how it use is related to morals and ethics. We need alternative ideas that configure a new worldview for a new scenario, one which facilitates a deep civilizational reconstruction. The Community of Life is the fundamental certainty on which we can base a new worldview. We are one human family and, even more, one Earth Community with a common destiny. This perspective exists at an even more inclusive level, in order to integrate all living beings. We need care for the community of life with understanding, compassion, and love. It implies a synthesis, which places us at the doors of wisdom. The ethics of care and its educational translation as Pedagogy of Care, should have, as its main objective, the experiential learning of our reconnection with the Community of Life. Therefore, it would be necessary a truly transformative learning that we, as humanity, will need to carry out. This is where universities are called on to play a strategic role. The changes that must take place in universities have to be based on a new worldview: the Ethics of Care of the Community of Life. Finally, some practical consequences are proposed in this sense.

El misterio del poder en el pensamiento de N.A. Berdyaev: Un estudio literario y filosófico

El propósito de este artículo es replantear la cuestión del poder y su esencia en el contexto de cómo lo ve la filosofía religiosa rusa, en este caso, N. A. Berdyaev. Sus reflexiones cobran relevancia porque plantea el problema en un sentido universal, vinculándolo con la esencia del hombre y los hechos históricos que lo rodean. La ontología histórica se revela en la filosofía del pensador ruso como un misterio infinito, cuyas definiciones racionales son muy difíciles. La metodología de este trabajo está tomada de los trabajos del programa sobre la historia de la filosofía rusa de V. V. Zenkovsky y N. O. Lossky y consiste en crear una base comparativa para comparar los principales conceptos de poder en la filosofía occidental y la filosofía rusa. Incluso un análisis aproximado muestra que el gobierno elude el discurso y evita las definiciones racionales, de lo contrario sería posible explicar la revolución en Rusia por su carácter fundamental. El material del artículo puede ser utilizado en estudios sociales y antropológicos del poder, lo que aumenta y extiende su influencia incluso a las relaciones más simples pero en lugar de reducirla. Los creadores de nuevas épocas siempre enfrentan un nuevo tipo de responsabilidad en el sentido de que son responsables ante las generaciones vivas de cómo usan el poder y si es para bien o para mal.

Educational failure as a potential opening to real teaching – The case of teaching unaccompanied minors in Norway

ABSTRACT This article explores the complexity of classroom interaction between teachers and unaccompanied teenagers seeking asylum in Norway. These teenagers find themselves within legal and political ‘grey areas’ where educational goals specific to their extreme situations are unavailable to them, and they end up being either forgotten in the system or closely monitored for possible failure. Their teachers encounter these teenagers in their realities; new to a culture, new language, new ways of being and doing, in addition to past traumatic experiences and overt monitoring by authorities. These unaccompanied teenagers have varied school experiences, lacking in many ways the cultural and educational knowledge in addition to language competencies needed to be in a high school. We explore what it might mean to teach in such circumstances where unresolvable dilemmas exist within a political school system that is ambivalent towards them and seems to be setting them on an exclusion trajectory within schools. Based on interviews with teachers and observations in two high schools on the west coast of Norway, we describe and interpret anecdotal narrative examples in the light of the continental phenomenology of practice methodology. We explore the existential educational possibilities that lie in moments when teaching appears to have failed, teachers seem not to know what to do, what kind of responsibility to take, or what kind of repercussions their actions might have on their students. The article argues that when education is controlled to the degree of possible outcomes, it thwarts meaningful encounters that would have been possible between the teachers and their young students.

Revisiting Max Weber's Ethic of Responsibility by Etienne de Villiers (review)

[MWS 21.1 (2021) 125–138] ISSN 1470-8078 doi: 10.15543/maxweberstudies.21.1.125© Max Weber Studies 2021, Global Policy Institute, University House, Coventry University London, 109 Middlesex Street, London E1 7JF. Book Reviews Etienne de Villiers, Revisiting Max Weber’s Ethic of Responsibility (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2018), xi + 243pp. (pbk). ISBN 9783161558160. €49.00. For better or worse, this is an unusual book. True to its title, the book spends most of its pages revisiting Weber’s ethic of responsibility. Still, the ultimate end of this exercise is not just to offer a new or original reading of it. Its aim is rather to dust off Weber to underwrite the author’s own proposal for an ethical outlook befitting the political, social, economic, and cultural predicaments of our time. For this purpose, the author wants to advocate what he calls a ‘secondlevel normative ethical approach characterized by comprehensive responsibility’ (228). For it would help revitalize our late/postmodern ethical life impoverished by secularization, fragmentation, and bureau­ cratization—or, in short, ‘rationalization’ à la Weber. It is because the author basically accepts this cultural-pessimistic diagnosis of modernity, albeit with reservation, gradation, and modification, that he also turns to Weber’s ethic of responsibility as an inspiration for and prototype of his own ‘ethical approach.’ As such, it is concerned neither with applied virtue ethics for specialized professions and segmented value spheres, nor with the metaethical or moral-metaphysical search for universal principles—thus, its designation, ‘second-level.’ Instead, this avowedly via media ethic touts ‘comprehensive responsibility’ (i.e., both prospective and retrospective) as the cardinal virtue for our ethical modus vivendi. The author believes that it would enable the contemporary moral agents to live richer ethical lives by bracketing out vastly different, even conflicting, ‘thick’ moral principles and sharing ‘thinner’ normative values, the procedural rules of communication, and practical yardsticks for ethical judgment. As a general proposition, this pragmatist ethic of sorts may be promising, potentially agreeable, even attractive once fully developed. Be that as it may, the way this ethical landscape is painted— that is, with very broad strokes, drawing liberally from Aristotle to Levinas, Christian theology to business sociology—would make it hard for any reviewer to assess the proposition at an analytically adequate 126 Max Weber Studies© Max Weber Studies 2021. level. On Weber’s ethic of responsibility proper, in comparison, this book makes revealing contributions along the way, and those, mostly by way of clearly charting the terrain of questions raised by Weber’s ethic of responsibility. Despite, or due to, the brevity with which it was presented in Politik als Beruf, the meaning of responsibility has been much debated ever since its debut in 1919. Are the ethics of conviction and responsibility value-neutral ideal types for the existing political-ethical orientations or themselves reflective of Weber’s own ethical partialities coming from his subjective values? Do they overlap neatly with the deontological and utilitarian ethical outlooks or otherwise? Is the ethic of responsibility valid in politics only or universally applicable to other value spheres as well? In other words, is it to be taken as a first-order, applied ethic guiding professional practices or a second-order, reflexive moral principle with universal validity? In the final analysis, are conviction and responsibility mutually contradictory or complimentary to each other, and if the latter, how so? Does the ethic of responsibility that Weber advocates involve that towards consequences only or that for the convictions as well? Granted that Weber was deeply stirred by Luther’s dictum at the Diet of Worms, ‘Hier stehe ich; ich kann nicht anders,’ but how is the ethic of responsibility in this existentialist garb at all different from the ethic of conviction that Weber reproaches? For Weber, Luther’s dictum represents an ethic of responsibility in an augmented sense with reference to one’s conviction. Such a (prospective) responsibility means abiding by conviction unflinchingly even while soberly confronting its consequences both intended and not. This ambivalence sounds like a recipe for radical fanaticism wherein lies the vulnerability of Weber’s politico-ethical project. Is Weber prescribing one kind of responsibility or conflating two very different ethical orientations under...

Cum iubim? Coduri de gen în romanul de dragoste românesc

My paper aims to present how the Romanian romance novel written between late 19th century and the Second World War fictionalized some of the gender codes active in that particular timeframe in social and familial contexts. A very popular subgenre amid the unprofessional readers, romance fiction rises a new kind of responsibility for literary critics and historians, that traditionally gave little to no attention to the matter of toxic gender codes found in these novels. This article attempts to analyse, by means of both close and distant reading tools, a few narrative aspects that encoded gender inequality.

Guidance from the Senior Engineers during the Undergraduate Training-A Case Study

Senior Engineers have an ethical responsibility to enhance the engineering knowledge and professional experience of trainee engineers who work under their authority through proper supervision and guidance. This research paper investigates the incidents where senior engineers have neglected such kinds of responsibilities as perceived by final year engineering students of a state university in Sri Lanka during their industrial training period as a case study followed with a qualitative survey. An open-ended question was given to 200 final year engineering undergraduates of a state university in Sri Lanka as per the convenient sampling strategy to describe any ethical violation observed or experienced by them during their industrial training. Only 30% had reported such incidents while the rest of the incidents belong to the violation of health and safety practices and integrity issues in engineering practice. Incidents which only belong to less supportive behaviour of senior engineers were selected and analyzed following inductive thematic analysis. This study reveals the emergence of 4 major themes. They are the senior engineers’ unwillingness to guide, assigning inappropriate tasks, unnecessarily blaming and negligence of training schedules. One-sided data collection is the major drawback of this research and further investigations can be done to identify the possible causes for the less supportive behaviour by having a few interviews with selected senior engineers in the industry. The outcomes of this case study will raise the awareness of senior engineers regarding their ethical responsibilities in guiding and supervision of trainee engineers to ensure proper professional development.

CLIENT RETENTION STRATEGIES AND CUSTOMER LOYALTY DEVELOPMENT

Since satisfied clients are the most significant resources of an organization, organizations have been concentrating on creating client maintenance and dedication programs. The key reason for client maintenance endeavors is to guarantee keeping up associations with esteem including clients by diminishing their abandonment rate. Making client satisfiedness is basic for the endurance of the organization in exceptionally serious markets. In this manner, this section begins with demonstrating the noteworthiness of client maintenance promoting procedures for the organization by uncovering the financial aspects of maintenance advertising programs. Prerequisites for creating powerful client maintenance systems are clarified. At last, in the wake of talking about kinds of responsibility, this section finishes by clarifying faithfulness projects and win-back systems.

The meaning of professionalism in activation work: frontline managers’ perspectives

ABSTRACT The issue of professionalism in activation work is at the forefront of scholarly discussions. Due to the importance ascribed to the organisational setting of professional work, it is crucial to investigate if professionalism is requested by organisations and what professionalism means from the perspective of managers acting on their behalf. This article focuses on frontline managers: those who recruit activation workers and are in a position to make judgements about what competencies and qualities are needed. Using interviews with frontline managers and job advertisements for frontline positions in the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV), we investigate whether frontline managers look for professionalism in activation work and, if so, what perceptions of professionalism they hold and what kinds of responsibilities they expect frontline workers to assume. The analysis demonstrates that, in the perception of managers, activation work requires both (1) professional knowledge, skills and capabilities to make discretionary judgements; and (2) responsibility to the professional self, the quality of the work and the social contract of the work as mediated through the mission of the organisation. Ultimately, professional responsibility involves balancing clients’ needs with responsibilities and balancing conflicting values in activation work.

Guilt, Desert, Fittingness, and the Good

Desert-realists maintain that those who do wrong without an excuse deserve blame. Desert-skeptics deny this, holding that though we may be responsible for our actions in some sense, we lack the kind of responsibility needed to deserve blame. In two recent papers, Randolph Clarke (Philosophical Explorations 16:153–164, 2013 and Journal of Ethics 20:121–137, 2016) advances an innovative defense of desert-realism. He argues for deserved-guilt, the thesis that the guilty deserve to feel guilt. In his 2013 paper, Clarke suggests two strategies for defending deserved-guilt: the fitting-guilt strategy and the good-guilt strategy. In his 2016 paper, Clarke issues a challenge to the desert-skeptic: he calls on them to provide a non-desert based account of guilt’s fittingness. In the first two thirds of the paper, I respond to Clarke’s challenge to the desert-skeptic, showing that guilt felt by the guilty is alethic-fitting, reason-fitting, and value-fitting. None of these notions of fittingness, I argue, are desert based. In the last third of the paper, I show how the work done in previous sections affords us the tools to finely diagnose the failures of both the fitting-guilt and the good-guilt strategies. Here, I draw on one of Clarke’s own insights—namely, that desert is intimately connected to the value of justice. I propose that showing that guilt is fitting, or again non-instrumentally good, fails to show that it is deserved because to show that it is deserved one must show that guilt is fitting or good in a sense that implicates justice.