Kinds Of Resins Research Articles

Photo‐curable resins and evaluation methods for UV‐nanoimprint lithography

AbstractFive kinds of photo‐curable resins were prepared, and their thermal properties, mechanical properties, and suitability for the imprint process were experimentally evaluated. Measurements of thermal properties using the TG method, TM‐DSC method, and laser interferometric method indicated that determination of the thermally stable temperature, glass transition temperature, and coefficient of linear expansion of the resins was possible. Measurements of mechanical properties using nanoindentation were also made. Measurements of the Young's modulus of the thin resin film on the substrate were found to be possible by this method. To determine suitability for the imprint process, we investigated the effects of mold release treatment and their durability for two kinds of resins by measuring the adhesive force. It was found that the difference in the durability of mold release treatment effects depends on the resin type. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(11): 51–56, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10136

INFLUÊNCIA DA DENSIDADE E DO TIPO DE RESINA NAS PROPRIEDADES TECNOLÓGICAS DE PAINÉIS OSB DE Pinus taeda L.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com objetivo de avaliar a influência de dois níveis de densidade de chapa e três tipos de resinas nas propriedades de painéis OSB de Pinus taeda L. Os painéis foram produzidos com densidade nominal de 0,65 e 0,90 g/cm³, utilizando resinas fenol-formaldeído (FF), melamina-ureia-formaldeído (MUF) e fenol-melamina-ureia-formaldeído (PMUF), em quantidade de 6% de sólido resinoso. O aumento na densidade dos painéis melhorou as propriedades de MOE e MOR paralelo, ligação interna e absorção de água, entretanto o inchamento em espessura 24 horas foi prejudicado. Não foram constatados os efeitos da densidade e dos tipos de resinas no MOE e MOR perpendicular. Os painéis produzidos com resina FF apresentaram melhores resultados para todas as propriedades avaliadas, com exceção de MOE e MOR perpendicular. Os resultados de MOE e MOR, obtidos para os painéis OSB produzidos com densidade nominal de 0,65 e 0,90 g/cm³ e resinas FF, MUF e PMUF atendem ao requisito mínimo da norma CSA 0437 (1993).

Efeito da resina fenólica nas propriedades de tijolos de Al2O3-SiC-C

Os tijolos refratários do sistema Al2O3-SiC-C foram introduzidos nos revestimentos para carros-torpedo na década de 80. A formação de trincas paralelas à face quente desses tijolos com posterior lascamento da porção afetada é o principal motivo da redução da vida útil desse revestimento. As modificações microestruturais nesses tijolos, combinadas com esforços de natureza mecânica e térmica, são apontadas como a causa mais freqüente da fratura desses refratários. Os resultados da caracterização realizada em amostras de tijolos refratários novos, cuja formulação comercial foi intencionalmente modificada, indicaram que o tipo de resina fenólica, utilizado como ligante das partículas cerâmicas dos refratários para carro-torpedo, exerce efeitos significativos nas propriedades desses tijolos.

Synthesis and evaluation of water-reducible acrylic–alkyd resins with high hydrolytic stability

Relatively poor hydrolytic stability is one of the major drawbacks of waterborne alkyd resins. Therefore, the shelf life of the paints containing these kinds of resins is usually short. In this research, the hydrolytic stability of water-reducible alkyd resins has been improved by employing polyacid acrylic copolymers in alkyd resins structure. In addition, the effect of other raw materials (such as neutralizing agent) and synthesis conditions on the resins properties was investigated. The results showed that the optimum synthesized water-reducible acrylic–alkyd resins had a high hydrolytic stability and their acid values increased only 23.5% after 4 months storage at ambient temperature. The synthesized resin was also used in an air-drying water-reducible lacquer formulation and its physical and mechanical properties were evaluated.

Durability of isocyanate resin adhesives for wood V: changes of color and chemical structure in photodegradation

The effect of ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation on the color and chemical structure of water-cured polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI) was investigated using a UV long-life fade meter. Control treatment was performed without UV light irradiation using a thermohygrostat for comparison. Two kinds of resin were used in this study: that to which only water had been added, and resin to which a small amount of polyol and water had been added. In addition, lauan (Shorea spp.) wood was used as a reference. The photodegradation of the resins over a period of up to 300 h was observed using a colorimeter and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. When the resins were treated with UV light, the color difference (ΔE * ab) of the resins increased signifi cantly in a short time, and then reached a near-constant value. For lightness, L * decreased rapidly for a few hours and then decreased gradually. The color darkened compared with that of the wood used. When treatment was performed without UV light irradiation, ΔE * ab and ΔL * of the resins showed negligible change. Based on the results of FT-IR analysis, severe degradation such as cleavage of the main chemical bond was hardly observed under UV light irradiation irrespective of the type of resin.

Efficient Protocol for Large-Scale Purification of Naringin with High Recovery from Fructus aurantii by Macroporous Resin Column Chromatography and HSCCC

Several kinds of resins were investigated in the first step and D101 macroporous resin was selected for cleaning-up naringin (NAR), a major flavonoid glycoside from Fructus aurantii. In the subsequent column chromatography, 10% aqueous ethanol was first used to elute the column to remove the undesired constituents and 70% aqueous ethanol was used to elute the target. The content of NAR was 57.1% with 95.7% recovery in this process. In the second step, the obtained crude sample was directly isolated by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system composed of ethyl acetate–n-butanol–water at a volume ratio of 2: 0.8: 3.2 (v/v/v), and 331 mg NAR with 98.3% purity was obtained from 600 mg crude extract in only one run. The recovery of the compound in this step was 95.0%. Thus, the total recovery of NAR was 90.9% after the two step purification. The established protocol for large-scale isolation and separation of NAR with high purity and recovery from F. aurantii was simple, efficient, and suitable for pharmace- utical and commercial use.

Study of Simulation of Micro-Cutting Process of Alternatively-Arranged Resin and Metal

For the planarization process of LSI wafers, metal bumps covered with a certain kind of resin are machined with a diamond tool before its stacking. In this study, the deformation process and temperature field in this process are analytically simulated with FEM. In order to analyze the cutting process for resin which has a viscosity, the cutting simulator first has to treat the visco-elastic-plastic material property. Secondly, to analyze the cutting at the micro-meter level depth of cut, the analysis model was scaled down. Finally, to simulate the cutting process of a LSI wafer, PVC and 70%Cu-30%Zn brass were assigned a resin and a metal part, respectively. As a result, it was clarified that the machining temperature during a resin cutting remains high even if the depth of cut is a micro-meter scale because of its poor thermal conductivity. In addition, the chip forming process showed very discriminative deformation at the boundary between the metal bump and a resin.

마이크로 패턴을 가진 초박육 사출성형의 성형성 개선

The rapid thermal response(RTR) molding is a novel process developed to raise the temperature of mold surface rapidly in the injection stage and then cool rapidly to the ejection temperature by air or water. The objectives of this paper are to investigate the effect of mold temperature, pressure and thickness of micro pattern molding and to provide a optimization of RTR injection molding for micro pattern from Moldflow simulation. Optimal minimum temperature and pressure was found without shortcut according to thickness. Filling percentage was influenced by glass transition temperature with the kinds of resin. Optimal temperature is slightly higher than glass transition temperature irrespectively of pressure, thickness, the kinds of resin in the micro pattern molding.

Photo-curable Resins and the Evaluation Methods for UV-Nanoimprint Lithography

We prepared five kinds of photo-curable resins, and conducted evaluation experiments for their thermal properties, mechanical properties, and application availability for the imprint process. Measurements of thermal properties using the TG method, TM-DSC method, and laser interferometric method were studied. From these measurements, it was found that the measurements of the thermally stable temperature, glass-transition temperature, and linear expansion coefficient of the resins were possible. Also, measurements of mechanical properties using the nano indentation were studied. In this method, the measurements of Young's modulus of the thin resin film on the substrate were possible. With respect to application availability for the imprint process, we investigated effects of the mold release treatment and their durability for two kinds of resins by measuring their adhesive force. It was observed that the difference in durability of mold release treatment effects depends on the resin type.

Study of Simulation of Micro-Cutting Process of Alternatively-Arranged Resin and Metal

For the planarization process of LSI wafers, metal bumps covered with a certain kind of resin are machined with a diamond tool before its stacking. In this study, the deformation process and temperature field in this process are analytically simulated with FEM. In order to analyze the cutting process for resin which has a viscosity, the cutting simulator first has to treat the visco-elastic-plastic material property. Secondly, to analyze the cutting at the micro-meter level depth of cut, the analysis model was scaled down. Finally, to simulate the cutting process of a LSI wafer, PVC and 70%Cu-30%Zn brass were assigned a resin and a metal part, respectively. As a result, it was clarified that the machining temperature during a resin cutting remains high even if the depth of cut is a micro-meter scale because of its poor thermal conductivity. In addition, the chip forming process showed very discriminative deformation at the boundary between the metal bump and a resin.

Application of Scanning Transmission X-ray microscopy for observation of organic compounds in toner particles

Toners for copy machines, printers, etc. are constructed of several kinds of resin, pigment, wax and other components. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been used to study the dispersion of components in toners, but TEM imaging cannot easily distinguish various kinds of materials in toners. Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) is a synchrotron-based analytical microscopy that uses carbon 1s near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) to identify organic compounds at sub-50 nm spatial resolution. The observation of toner particles and organic compounds was carried out by a STXM at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Berkeley, CA, U.S.A. Although staining methods made the TEM observation of wax possible, carbon black could not be observed simultaneously, STXM provides simultaneous observation of both species. Furthermore STXM can distinguish chemical components that have very similar NEXAFS and provide information on the dispersion of pigments by selected X-ray energy imaging. These results demonstrate the high capability of STXM to investigate the dispersion of organic compounds, thus aiding efforts for developing new, well-controlled toner.

Recovery of the Dye Intermediate DNDS from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption onto Resins

Four kinds of resins were investigated for the recovery of 4,4‘-dinitrostilbene-2,2’-disulphonic acid (DNDS), which is present as a pollutant in wastewater, and their adsorption behaviour and mechanisms assessed. One of the resins, YWB-38, exhibited much better adsorption properties towards DNDS than the other two commercial acrylic ester resins XAD-7 and HP2MG. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were fitted to the experimental equilibrium data when the Langmuir model was found to provide a better fit for all resins over the temperature range studied.The investigation indicates that hydrophobic interaction provides the main mechanism in the adsorption of DNDS onto XAD-4 resin and that such interaction decreases significantly when additional methanol (10%) is added to the DNDS solutions. While the main interaction between the acrylic ester resin and adsorbate is hydrogen bonding, this can be enhanced to some extent by increasing acid concentration. Adsorption dynamics, column adsorption and deso...

Ion-exchange and potentiometric characterization of Al–cystine and Al–cysteine complexes

The interaction between aluminium and cysteine and cystine was evaluated by means of ion-exchange experiments and potentiometry. Ion-exchange experiments included other ligands with affinity for aluminium and two kinds of resins, either a Na+ -form or an Al3+ -form exchanger. The ability of the ligands to keep aluminium in solution in the presence of the Na+ exchanger or to withdraw it from the Al3+ -form resin was evaluated. Aluminium quantification was carried out by either graphite-furnace or flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Aluminium extraction isotherms were linearised using the Scatchard plot, and stability constants were obtained from the curves' slopes. The experiments showed that the ability of the ligands to withdraw aluminium from the Al3+ -form resin increased following the order cysteine < oxalate < citrate = cystine < nitrilotriacetic acid < ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Potentiometric titrations, carried out in aqueous solution with constant ionic strength and temperature, showed that the predominant species in solution have a metal-ligand proportion of 1:1 for both amino acids. The main species are Al(OH)3L, with log K of 6.2 for cysteine, and AlL and Al(OH)L, with log K of 10.3 and 1.7, respectively, for cystine. Stability constants obtained from the Scatchard plots showed a linear correlation with the stability constants obtained by potentiometry for cystine and cysteine in this work and those collected from the literature for the other ligands. These results show that cysteine and cystine extract and maintain aluminium in solution, which may explain elevated concentrations of aluminium in parenteral nutrition solutions containing these amino acids.

A submerged membrane–ion-exchange hybrid process for boron removal

The studies focused on evaluation of a sorption membrane hybrid process using N-methyl glucamine chelating resins for boron sorption and submerged microfiltration membrane for removal of resin-boron complexes. Hollowfiber polypropylene membranes with 0.4 μm pores were used as filtration material. Boron sorption kinetics were determined for two kinds of resins: ground Diaion CRB02 (Mitsubishi) and Dowex XUS 43594.00 (Dow Chemical). The first resin sorbed boron much faster that the latter: the Diaion resin needed 5 min while the Dowex resin took 30 min to decrease the boron concentration to half the initial concentration. For the tests carried out in the sorption–membrane system, it was shown that the process reached its steady-state condition after 1 h.

Influences of molecular weight and particle morphology on film processing properties of polyvinyl fluoride

AbstractTo select a suitable kind of resin for preparing films, the melting point (Tm), thermal decomposition temperature (Td), and stretch property of polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) as a function of the viscosity–average molecular weight (Mη) were investigated. The results showed that Td and maximal stretch ratio of extrusion‐cast PVF films gradually increase with the increase of Mη. Tm also increases when Mη is below 400,000, but keeps invariable when Mη is beyond 400,000. Six different kinds of PVF resin samples in this article were classified into three types, according to their particle morphologies: (1) loose‐structured PVF (PVF‐A and G); (2) tight‐structured PVF (PVF‐F); and (3) intermediate‐structured PVF (PVF‐B, E, and H). The effects of the morphology on the solvent absorbability of PVF were studied. The results indicated that the loose‐structured PVF has better absorption capacity to solvent than does tight‐structured PVF. The processing temperature can be considerably reduced when N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) as a plasticizer was mixed with PVF, and the diminished magnitude depends on the absorption capacity of PVF to DMF. The evaporation of DMF is influenced by both molecular weight and particle morphology of PVF, and the final residue of DMF in the PVF/DMF mixture is dependent on the molecular weight of PVF. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1780–1786, 2006

Oligomeric hepatoproliferin disaggregates into an active monomer that was purified and forcefully dissociated into two different ionic species

Hepatoproliferin (HPF), a liver regeneration factor, was isolated initially as an aggregated molecule (big-HPF) and was purified into two homogeneous, bioactive species of 14 kDa and 18.5 kDa. These two big-HPFs were disaggregated to completion into two monomeric forms (small-HPFs) when incubated for 10 days in 0.15 M ammonium bicarbonate at 25 degrees C. Both monomeric forms were purified to homogeneity as active entities, one with a molecular mass of 944 Da and one with a molecular mass of 1066 Da. Each of the two (35)S-labelled small-HPFs was found, by enzymic analysis, to contain a charged sulfonated saccharide, which was neutralized by a specific amine. Monomeric HPF is therefore a stable ionic complex formed between these two ionic species. So strong was the electrostatic association that small-HPF remained intact in solution and no amine was displaced by the ammonium ions of the buffer. Small-HPF remained unimpaired during purification, since all activity was retained despite alternating acidic and basic conditions. However, when small-HPF was brought into contact with either a cationic or an anionic resin, it was dissociated to completion when mixed continuously with the resin for 4 days. The ionic entity that was released had no bio-activity and was either a pure radioactively labeled saccharide or a non-labeled amine, depending on the kind of resin used. When incubated together, the separated counterions combine to regain full activity after 2 days of reassociation. However, with incubation for longer, this reassociated small-HPF formed different oligomeric HPFs by aggregation. Small-HPF is therefore a new kind of growth enhancer, consisting of an acidic sulfonated saccharide and a basic amine assembled into a stable active ionic complex that has a tendency to aggregate.

Chemical component mapping of pulverized toner by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy

Toners are micron scale polymer particles constructed of several kinds of resin, pigment, wax, etc. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used for observation of the dispersion of the component materials in toners, but TEM images cannot identify simultaneously all components. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) not only provides simultaneous observation of spatial distributions of wax, resin and carbon black in toners, but it also provides detailed, quantitative, chemical information about the wax and resin environments through chemical component maps derived from multiple energy image sequences. The capabilities of STXM for toner analysis are illustrated by results of a study of a toner for black/white copy/print applications.

Investigation of Application Availability of UV-NIL by Using Several Types of Photo-curable Resin

We prepared five kinds of photo-curable resins, and conducted evaluation experiments for their thermal properties, mechanical properties, and application availability for the imprint process. Measurements of thermal properties using the TG method, TM-DSC method, and laser interferometric method were studied. From these measurements, it was found that the measurements of the thermally stable temperature, glass-transition temperature, and linear expansion coefficient of the resins were possible. Also, measurements of mechanical properties using the nano indentation were studied. In this method, the measurements of Young's modulus of the thin resin film on the substrate were possible. With respect to application availability for the imprint process, we investigated effects of the mold release treatment and their durability for two kinds of resins by measuring their adhesive force. It was observed that the difference in durability of mold release treatment effects depends on the resin type.

デジタルミラーデバイスを用いた高速広帯域化光造形装置

The digital micromirror device (DMD) is a new display device fabricated by the micromachining technique and used in projectors. In this paper, the DMD serves as rapid prototyping. In the system, the DMD and a mercury lamp are used as a pattern generator and an UV source, respectively. Since the developed exposure system doesn't need LASER, a simple and low cost system can be realized. By using the DMD with a quartz glass window, all kinds of resins from UV to visible light can be available. Excess growth was suppressed by reduction of unnecessary light length contained in a mercury lamp. It is possible to reduce the design time for non-scanning rapid prototyping by introducing 3DCAD.

Influence of the microporosity and surface chemistry of polymeric resins on adsorptive properties toward phenol

In this work, the effects of the microporosity and chemical surface of polymeric adsorbents on adsorptive properties of phenol were investigated. Textural parameters of four kinds of polymeric resins, namely AB-8, D4006, NKA-II and D16 resin, were separately measured by ASAP 2010. The surface chemistry of these polymeric resins was determined by means of inverse gas chromatography (IGC) and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Static equilibrium adsorption experiments were carried out to obtain the isotherms of phenol on the polymeric resins. It was shown that NKA-II and AB-8 resin possessed relatively high BET surface areas and micropore volumes, while D4006 and D16 resin possessed comparatively low BET surface areas and micropore volumes. The results of IGC experiments revealed that NKA-II resin had extraordinary high specific component of the free energy of adsorption both for polar acetone and benzene probe, and thus extraordinary strong surface polarity compared to the other polymeric resins. It was also found that the isotherm of phenol on NKA-II was much higher than that on the other polymeric resins due to its strongest surface polarity and largest micropore volume among four kinds of resins. These experimental observations indicated that adsorption of phenol on the polymeric resins depended greatly on their microporosity and surface chemistry. The well-developed microporosity and the strong surface polarity would improve the adsorption of phenol on the polymeric resins.