Kinds Of Paper Research Articles

Un siècle de paléontologie des échinodermes gravé dans les Annales de Paléontologie

Born in 1906, the Annales de Paléontologie have firstly published a series of papers about Madagascar fossils where a few ones written by Jean Cottreau or Marcellin Boule, with the contribution of Jules Lambert, described fossil echinoids. These publications corresponded to the tradition of the palaeontological studies of the XIXth century, with mainly inventory and systematic descriptions of species. This kind of papers have been published in the Annales until the end of the XXth century, with papers dedicated to fossil echinoderms from the african continent and the arabic peninsula. Parallel to these descriptions of mesozoic and cenozoic echinoids, numerous papers from the Annales have been devoted to palaeozoic echinoderms, with as emblematic author Georges Ubaghs. Then, during the seventies and the eightees, develop in the Annales a more analytic palaeontology. A series of papers, with Jean Roman as common author, have studied the problem of the survival of diverse echinoids, within the Mediterranean basin, during the evaporitic Messinian crisis. Another series of papers linked to the researches of Jean Roman analyzed the Neogene marsupiate echinoids from north-western France. Always on a palaeoecological point of view, the works of Dalila Zaghbib-Turki have precised the interest of fossil echinoids in palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, especially the spatangoids and the cassiduloids. Finally, as far as biostratigraphical studies are concerned, Monique Fouray has pointed out the phylogenetic characters of Micraster that can be used in the biochronology of the western-european Upper Cretaceous.

On stones, wands, and promises

These quotes, from an article in Time magazine, sound themes repeated again and again by those who believe that the major causes of complex diseases are to be found in our genes. Justifications for continuing to pour taxpayer and investor money into the search for genetic causes of complex disease include: (1) that we stand at the threshold of great discovery, with major advances in health right around the corner as a consequence; (2) we are not doing this for ourselves, or even for our children, but for our children’s children; (3) although the odds are long on actually unravelling the causes of disease with current approaches, we might make an accidental discovery along the way; (4) science works incrementally and discoveries are made in fits and starts, and expecting quick results is asking too much (see number 1); (5) there have been notable successes and we risk missing others if we change course now; (6) science progresses as much by rejecting hypotheses as by confirming them, so the inconsistent results so common in complex disease research justify an ever expanded search effort; or (7) we do this because nothing else is working. These are some of the regularly offered justifications for current genetic epidemiological research, but they are matched by far fewer cautions. We appreciate the thought respondents gave to our paper. 1–7 We are well aware that we provided a large target, and are pleased that, for the most part, our cautions were not dismissed out of hand. Nor did the respondents gainsay our attempt to explain the epistemological reasons for the problems that we face today. We find it telling that even the respondents who question our views neither refute them specifically nor mount any kind of vigorous defence of the status quo beyond stating what essentially amounts to a belief that extending current methodology with ever larger, longer studies and more technological and biostatistical sophistication, and, of course, moving to genetics will do the trick. Indeed, several respondents sound even more dire warnings than our own. Some proffer solutions, but they generally do not take into account the changing biological landscape facing both epidemiology and human genetics now that ’easy’ diseases have been explained (responsible genes or environmental risk factors identified for essentially single cause diseases). All the respondents would no doubt agree with Dr Weed 2 , as we do, that epidemiology has a venerable history. Its practitioners surely share Dr Weed’s belief that ‘health is a fundamental social good’, and enhancing this social good is why most people are in this field and why we undertook to write the kind of paper we wrote: when a discipline faces fundamental problems, it does no one—particularly students—a service to deny them. When we have been feeding the public exuberant promises of enormous return on investment, from personalized medicine to near-immortality, it is wrong to evade accountability for how their investment is spent. And, arguably the stakes are higher now than they have ever been—many of the proposed fixes for complex diseases require greater resources, for potentially smaller returns, than ever before. As several respondents noted about our metaphor, alchemy was not entirely in vain. Indeed, it occupied leading scientific thinkers for centuries, including Isaac Newton himself. Some threads ultimately morphed into modern chemistry. But in this context one respondent objected to our raising the subject of vested personal and professional interests as an obstacle to progress—that we refer to as an ‘informal Bayesian’ effect on the way we make inferences—so it is entirely in order for us to note that alchemists were trying to turn base metals into gold, not oatmeal (and Newton finished his career in charge of the Royal Mint!). At least they were doing it largely with their own venture capital. Funding, institutional, and career dependencies are substantial inertial factors in many areas of science, including complex disease research. These things are widely acknowledged privately, but rarely publicly, for the obvious reason that public support is required for research and our society works by lobbying and public persuasion. It would be highly disingenuous to deny that funding availability has a major effect on research 1 Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. 2 Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. 3 Department of Medical History and Ethics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

News, Culture and Public Life

In an analysis of news conventions used by 19th-century American newspapers, I show that the news of this time period took much the same form. Across geography, size of paper, and kind of paper (associational, commercial, partisan), newspapers shared the same conventions. I explain this uniformity in terms of James Carey's notion that the news expresses a form of public life. In this case, I argue that 19th-century news expressed a form of public life that was deeply imbued with values of association, affiliation, and partisanship. As newspapers expressed these values, they ritually reinforced a particular image of public life. I argue that this cultural approach to news conventions accounts for the available evidence in ways that may help the field move beyond functionalist explanations of news. In so doing, it opens new directions for understanding the relationship between news generally, and the public life in which it is situated.

Remission in different domains of symptoms and deficits

Definitions of remission of schizophrenia are generally restricted to the assessment of positive and negative symptoms as well as disorganization, and may indirectly take into account the general functioning. Remission of positive symptoms and disorganization is easy to assess, and they constitute the domains of symptoms that best respond to treatment. Remission of negative symptoms is much more difficult both to achieve and to assess, partially because of their nature and partially because they do not respond impressively to treatment. Cognitive disorder in schizophrenia, although known to exist, is not included in any remission criteria, at least not directly. The reasons for this are complex and the difficulty in the neuropsychological assessment of patients is a key factor. However preliminary data from an ongoing study at the 3rd Dept of Psychiatry, AUTh, suggest that it is not impossible to assess the cognitive deficit with easy and short neuropsychological testing, at least in a big percentage of patients. This kind of paper and pencil testing could be easily performed in everyday clinical practice and may provide important clinically relevant information. At least 30% of patients seem to manifest detectable cognitive deficits and they improve impressively shortly after antipsychotic medication. This improvement is independent of the positive and negative symptoms remission and is strongly related to the general outcome of the patient. from International Society on Brain and Behaviour: 2nd International Congress on Brain and Behaviour Thessaloniki, Greece. 17–20 November 2005

A Novel Method for Measuring Transport Rate of Liquid Water into Paper

The transport rate of liquid water, i.e., the water penetration rate, into paper is one of the important physical properties in the printing, coating, and gluing processes. However, some kinds of paper are too thin to permit the measurement of the penetration rate in the direction of the thickness accurately. Thus, a novel method for measurement of the penetration rate has been developed. The large difference in electrostatic capacitance between soaked and dry paper and that in penetration rate between filter and thin paper were utilized as the foundation for this method. The time required for penetration through the whole sheet of thin paper was calculated from the measured penetration curve on the basis of theoretical analysis. As a result of the measurements in a relative humidity range of 40 to 70% it was concluded that this method could be useful in the characterization of thin paper materials with respect to penetration.

Fluorescence imaging of petroleum accelerants by time-resolved spectroscopy with a pulsed Nd-YAG laser

In this paper, fluorescence of petroleum accelerants such as kerosene, motor gasoline and diesel fuel were measured by the nanosecond time-resolved spectroscopy with a pulsed Nd-YAG laser. The excitation wavelengths are 266 nm (fourth harmonic generation) and 355 nm (third harmonic generation). Fluorescence was detected by a cooled CCD camera with an image intensifier. From these measurements, fluorescence lifetime was determined. We have also shown that the principal component of fluorescence spectra of kerosene is dimethylnaphthalene when excited with 266 nm laser light. For gasoline and diesel fuel, there exist other hydrocarbons which emit fluorescence. There is a significant difference among fluorescence spectra of kerosene, gasoline and diesel fuel. These results can be used for the identification of petroleum accelerants. We have also measured fluorescence spectra of various background materials such as newspaper, cardboard, carpet, cotton glove, wood board and various kinds of paper. We have shown that there exists a significant difference between petroleum accelerants and these background materials in fluorescence spectra and their lifetimes. By using such a difference, petroleum accelerants can be detected effectively even when they are on the fluorescent background materials which sometimes disturb the detection by emitting strong fluorescence. We have shown that petroleum accelerants on various background materials can be visualized by the time-resolved fluorescence imaging. Taking actual fire cases into account, the influence of heat to kerosene was studied. By heating, the fluorescence intensity of kerosene reduced for 266-nm excitation, but it increased for 355-nm excitation. For spectral profile, no change was observed for 266-nm excitation but there is a difference between non-heated kerosene and heated kerosene for 355-nm excitation. The lifetime seems to increase slightly by heating for 266-nm excitation but it is almost constant for 355-nm excitation. Imaging heated kerosene on burned background materials was examined and it is confirmed that heated kerosene can be detected on burned materials by the time-resolved method with an appropriate band-pass filter.

Requirements engineering paper classification and evaluation criteria: a proposal and a discussion

In recent years, members of the steering committee of the IEEE Requirements Engineering (RE) Conference have discussed paper classification and evaluation criteria for RE papers. The immediate trigger for this discussion was our concern about differences in opinion that sometimes arise in program committees about the criteria to be used in evaluating papers. If program committee members do not all use the same criteria, or if they use criteria different from those used by authors, then papers might be rejected or accepted for the wrong reasons. Surely not all papers should be evaluated according to the same criteria. Some papers describe new techniques but do not report on empirical research; others describe new conceptual frameworks for investigating certain RE problems; others report on industrial experience with existing RE techniques. Other kinds of papers can also be easily recognized. All of these types of papers should be evaluated according to different criteria. But we are far from a consensus about what classes of paper we should distinguish, and what the criteria are for each of these classes.

Reflections on a Learning Circle Experience

This year my first and second grade students have studied our school and built a model of it, tapped the maple tree outside and made maple syrup, written how-to and all-about books, read poetry, observed the life cycle of the mealworm in journals, written and performed a play, and investigated the area of pretend chocolate bars. We’ve been busy with all sorts of deep and rich work that involves reading, writing, measurement, calculation, observation, and a whole host of other skills. We also worked on handwriting. When I think of all that we do in a day or a week, I rarely think of handwriting. When I sit down to do planning, I don’t spend time planning handwriting lessons. It seems such an insignificant subject—just a little bit of workbook practice that I squeeze in here or there. Yet this year, as a participant in a Learning Circle sponsored by The School in Rose Valley’s symposium on progressive education, I discovered that, when offered the chance to discuss anything we wanted related to education, my group of kindergarten and primary grade teachers had an awful lot to say on the subject of handwriting. Truly, we did share thoughts on a variety of topics, but both in our small group meetings at the spring and fall conferences and in an online discussion format through the winter months, over and over our conversation came back to the topic of handwriting. What style of handwriting do you teach? What kind of paper do you use? What kinds of lines? Does it matter where children start their letters? Does it matter what their pencil grip is like? How often should your students focus on handwriting? Once a week? Twice a week? Daily? When should students be expected to use lowercase letters? When do they need to learn cursive? Looking back, it seems almost as though our Learning Circle members had become obsessed with the minutiae of teaching handwriting. How on earth did that come to be—especially since all the Learning Circle participants had signed on to a symposium with the

The scent of dominance: female field crickets use odour to predict the outcome of male competition

Pheromones may convey information about mate quality and social status. In the field cricket Gryllus integer, females mount the males for copulation, such that males cannot coerce females to mate. We examined whether virgin G. integer females preferred the scent of potentially dominant males to that of subordinate males. First, we collected pheromones by confining males on filter paper. Next, we offered filter paper from each of two size-matched males and control paper to females that had never been exposed to males, and measured the time spent by the female on each kind of paper. Finally, dominance status of the males in each size-matched pair was determined by pitting the two males against one another in agonistic contests. When offered filter paper from subsequently dominant versus subsequently subordinate males, females spent more time on the paper from the dominant male than the subordinate male, and much less time on control paper. Thus, pheromones may inform female G. integer about a male's potential to achieve dominant social status. Male pheromones were also associated with the female's tendency to mount a male. In contrast to cockroaches, where females prefer the scent of subordinate males (presumably to avoid risk of injury), female crickets prefer the scent of potentially dominant males and are more likely than males to wound their mating partners.

Spectral-based printer modeling and characterization

Spectral characterization involves building a model that relates the device dependent representation to the reflectance function of the printed color, usually represented with a high number of reflectance samples at different wavelengths. Look-up table-based approaches, conventionally employed for colorimetric device characterization cannot be easily scaled to multispectral representations, but methods for the analytical description of devices are required. The article describes an innovative analytical printer model based on the Yule–Nielsen Spectral Neugebauer equation and formulated with a large number of degrees of freedom in order to account for dot-gain, ink interactions, and printer driver operations. To estimate our model's parameters we use genetic algorithms. No assumption is made concerning the sequence of inks during printing, and the printers are treated as RGB devices (the printer-driver operations are included in the model). We have tested our characterization method, which requires only about 130 measurements to train the learning algorithm, on four different inkjet printers, using different kinds of paper and drivers. The test set used for model evaluation was composed of 777 samples, uniformly distributed over the RGB color space.

Having fun with wrapping paper

Add a seasonal touch to your activities this month by giving children Christmas wrapping paper to scrunch. Any kind of paper will do but metallic paper is shiny and can be explored to the full without being torn

Da rotinização à flexibilização: ensaio sobre o pensamento crítico brasileiro de organização do trabalho

O artigo visa a reavaliar a produção brasileira sobre organização do processo de trabalho ("divisão do trabalho") a partir de alguns trabalhos de referência, fundadores dessa discussão nos anos 70 e 80. Trata-se de uma análise a posteriori, relacionando algumas obras, temas e contexto econômico-político-social, e não de uma síntese ou resumo. Obviamente, há grandes lacunas em textos como o aqui proposto, mas julgamo-los fundamentais para o (re)pensar de práticas e abordagens de pesquisa e intervenção. Pode-se notar que a temática é muito relacionada ao ambiente em cada momento da sociedade, simbolizando suas preocupações, a correlação de forças sociais e o estado do desenvolvimento das forças produtivas. No final do texto, proporemos algumas questões para aprofundamento.

Synthesis, Range Management Science, and the Journal of Range Management

This paper analyzes the kinds of publications that are currently accepted by the Journal of Range Management, and in view of the evolving identity of range science, proposes a review of the those kinds of papers by the Editorial Board. The paper explores the kinds of papers that would help the Journal in identifying and developing range management science. It suggests a modified emphasis directed at increasing conceptual creativity, and developing explicit, integrative linkages and communications of range management science. In practice, this revision involves increased publication of synthesis papers, and increased emphasis of synthesis in the Journal's publications in general. Major benefits to the Journal would likely be increased diversity of published papers, broader professional diversity of authorship, increased readership, and increased effectiveness in serving and encouraging range management science.

Viewpoint: Synthesis, range management science, and theJournal of Range Management

Abstract This paper analyzes the kinds of publications that are currently accepted by the Journal of Range Management, and in view of the evolving identity of range science, proposes a review of the those kinds of papers by the Editorial Board. The paper explores the kinds of papers that would help the Journal in identifying and developing range management science. It suggests a modified emphasis directed at increasing conceptual creativity, and developing explicit, integrative linkages and communications of range management science. In practice, this revision involves increased publication of synthesis papers, and increased emphasis of synthesis in the Journal's publications in general. Major benefits to the Journal would likely be increased diversity of published papers, broader professional diversity of authorship, increased readership, and increased effectiveness in serving and encouraging range management science.

Revision of the Australian spider genus Habronestes (Araneae: Zodariidae). Species of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory

The genus Habronestes L. Koch, 1872 is revised for the species of New South Wales. The genus now contains 28 species Australia-wide, with 23 species recorded from New South Wales. Habronestes bradleyi (Pickard-Cambridge, 1869), Habronestes macedonensis (Hogg, 1900) and Habronestes pictus (L. Koch, 1865), are redescribed and 20 species are newly described as: H. bicornis n.sp., H. driscolli n.sp., H. giganteus n.sp., H. grahami n.sp., H. hebronae n.sp., H. helenae n.sp., H. hamatus n.sp., H. hunti n.sp., H. jocquei n.sp., H. longiconductor n.sp., H. grayi n.sp., H. minor n.sp., H. monocornis n.sp., H. piccolo n.sp., H. pseudoaustraliensis n.sp., H. ungari n.sp., H. raveni n.sp., H. rawlinsonae n.sp., H. weelahensis n.sp., H. wilkiei n.sp. The species are divided between three speciesgroups, according to their eye configuration. A key is provided for the three groups as well as for the species. BAEHR, BARBARA, 2003. Revision of the Australian spider genus Habronestes (Araneae: Zodariidae). Species of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. Records of the Australian Museum 55(3): 343–376. Records of the Australian Museum (2003) Vol. 55: 343–376. ISSN 0067-1975 www.amonline.net.au/pdf/publications/1389_complete.pdf This systematic paper provides the first overview of the large, endemic Australian genus Habronestes. As a result of this review, Habronestes now contains 28 species, of which only eight were previously described. This endemic genus is part of the predominantly tropical ant-eating and ant mimicking spider family Zodariidae, one of the most diverse spider families in Australia. They associate with ants and prefer them as food. Studies on Habronestes bradleyi (Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) have shown that these spiders not only mimic the body-shape and behaviour but also the pheromones of ants (Allan et al., 1996). Like ants, Habronestes species are found mainly in semi-arid areas of Australia. The genus contains about 80–100 species of small to medium-sized spiders (2.5–10.5 mm). This paper is the first part of the revision of the entire genus and deals only with the fauna of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). Material and methods All descriptions are generated with the aid of Intkey (Dallwitz et al., 1998) and shortened where possible. Epigynes were cleared in lactic acid. Different drawing methods and kinds of paper were experimented with to get best results for showing characters. Schoellershammer Zeichenpapier, 4G, glatt 250g/m, ref. 010915 and Staedtler omnichrom 108, black pencil and black ink Faber-Castel, seems to be the best combination (e.g., compare Figs. 119, 120—drawn with the aforementioned tools—with 117, 118). Drawings were taken from body, right palp, epigyne and vulva. All measurements are in mm. Detailed spination patterns of legs were not given but special (autapomorphic or synapomorphic) spination characters are mentioned. Colour patterns were described from spiders in alcohol. The white abdominal patches, mentioned in the descriptions,

Paper characterisation by texture using visualisation-based training

In this paper, a non-supervised technique for on-line paper characterisation is presented. The method uses self-organising maps (SOM) and texture analysis for clustering different kinds of paper according to their properties. A light-through technique is used to get pictures of paper. Then, effective texture features are extracted from greyscale images and the dimensionality of the feature data is reduced with SOM allowing visual analysis of measurements. The method makes it possible to implicitly extract important information about paper formation. The approach provides excellent results. A classification error below 1% was achieved for four quality classes when local binary pattern (LBP) texture features were used. The improvement to the previously used texture features in paper inspection is huge: the classification error was reduced by over 40 times. In addition to the excellent classification accuracy, the method also offers a self-intuitive user interface and a synthetic view of the inspected data.

Life Cycle Assessment of Papers Used for Environmental Reports

The number of companies that published their environmental reports have increased in recent years, and the recycled paper containing a larger amount of DIP (Deinked pulp) with lower degree of brightness is used to print them for environmental concerns. In this study, several different kinds of paper used for environmental reports of many companies were investigated, and their environmental loads and environmental impacts were evaluated by LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) method.As for the characteristics of paper of eight environmental reports, paper containing 100% DIP was used for seven reports, and coated paper was used for three reports. Compared with non-coated paper and coated paper, total CO2 emission caused by coated paper through its life cycle was estimated larger because of the large CO2 emission from the manufacturing of related chemicals such as latex. As a result of LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) analysis of five kinds of paper used in environmental reports, it was observed that the total energy consumption of paper containing 100% DIP was smaller than those of paper containing wood and non-wood pulp. The evaluation with respect to CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption showed that the CO2 emissions caused by paper containing wood and non-wood pulp were smaller than that caused by paper containing 100% DIP. Regarding LCIA (Life Cycle Impact Assessment), with use of EPS 2000 and Panel method relatively little difference was seen among the environmental impacts of five different kinds. while it was shown by Eco-indicator 99 that the environmental impacts of paper with wood and non-wood pulp were larger than those of the others.For more detailed study, it is desirable to conduct LCA by considering land use in relation to sustainable forest management, and biomass energy as renewable energy source.

STRUCTURAL FEATURES AND CONSERVATION PROBLEMS OF TURKISH MANUSCRIPTS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR SOLUTIONS

Turkish manuscripts, particularly those dating from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, have some features in common with the Islamic tradition and others’ which are uniquely their own. This article reviews the various materials and processes involved: paper, sizing and burnishing, the inks used by the scribes, the style of binding, and the way that the leather used is dyed and ornamented. Some conservation problems arise directly from these traditional methods and materials. The binding format — which includes a fore-edge flap attached to the back cover and an envelope flap which encases the book by being inserted under the front cover — leads to damage in use, while special difficulties are encountered when pages are formed from more than one kind of paper. Gilding with a high copper content, used for ruling lines, deteriorates the paper as the copper oxidizes, so that the text areas can break away from the surrounding margins. Some conservation solutions are proposed, and the paper touches briefly on the lack of a sufficient number of trained conservators to deal with the huge numbers of such manuscripts in Turkey.

“I Didn't Punctuate It”: Locating the Tape and Text of Jack Kerouac's Visions of Cody and Doctor Sax in a Culture of Spontaneous Improvisation

The post-war American electronic consumer revolution heralded an explosion in use of readily available recording equipment to represent a range of cultural production. Whilst new technology encouraged a quantitative increase in sound-based art, majority of practices in first post-war decade were restricted to musical production. Jack Kerouac realised tape recorder's democratic potential for capturing a range of voices previously denied ready access to mechanical reproduction. These included his own ethnic French-Canadian voice, marginalised class voice of Neal Cassady and newly emergent, economically active, female voice of Carolyn Cassady. They attain experimental literary representation in transcribed form of five consecutive days of recorded conversation, Frisco: Tape, at centre of Visions of Cody. This remains a unique tape/literary representation propelling marginalised voice into a culture of spontaneity. The use of technology by marginalised writers brings in its wake a reconsideration of compositional process by which a finished work is achieved. Michael Davidson's Ghostlier Demarcations. Modern Poetry and Material World examines implications of such literary influences as the use of pens or typewriters, kinds of paper they preferred, whether or not they liked to have in background, type of music in

蛍光Ｘ線元素分析による紙面インキ量の定量法

With a view to quantify ink on nip-printed paper, the amount of which is unknown, a newly developed technique using an X-ray fluorescence method was applied. In this technique, the content of copper included in a cyan ink printed on paper was measured as an intensity of its peak in the X-ray fluorescence spectrum. Several kinds of paper were subjected to solid-printing using a universal printability tester with a cyan ink, and then the transferred ink amount was measured by weighing the ink roll before and after printing. The proportional relationship between the so measured copper content and the transferred ink amount measured gravimetrically was confirmed irrespective of the kinds of printing paper. This result suggests that the printed cyan ink amount can be determined by measuring the copper intensity in an X-ray fluorescence spectrum. Further, papers having several levels of smoothness were prepared with a supercalender. The transferred ink amount was found to decrease with increasing the smoothness of paper.The X-ray fluorescence method was compared with the method of print density calculated from lightness (L *). The coated papers containing the hollow or filled sphere pigments were prepared and solid-printings were conducted on the coated paper by an RI printing tester with a cyan ink. Lightness (L *) of printed surfaces of the coated papers was measured with a spectrophotometer. The print density was not proportional to the transferred ink amount measured by the X-ray fluorescence method, and was influenced by the lightness of unprinted surfaces. In application, the X-ray intensities of copper and coating components of the print with print mottle were measured and mapped using an X-ray fluorescence microanalyzer. For the poor print with print mottle, binder and pigment in the coating were distributed unevenly. This finding suggests that the print mottle may have been caused by the uneven distribution of binder and/or pigment in the coating.