Kinds Of Norms Research Articles

The Concept, The Structure Of The Incentive Norms And The Consequences Of Their Changes Over Time

The incentive norms provided by the special part of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia have undergone various changes. A number of questions arise in connection with the mentioned. First of all, what kind of norms are incentive norms, are they complete or incomplete norms, are they eliminating or determining criminality or punishment, are they norms improving or worsening the legal status of a person, etc. These issues currently have a very topical practical significance, because with the adoption of the new Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia, which came into force on July 1, 2022, the question arises as to whether they are applicable at the time of the act, or in accordance with the current legislation, including incentives norms. In order to get the answers to the mentioned questions, this article introduces various scientific approaches regarding the role, meaning, structure and type of incentive norms, the comments of the RA Court of Cassation, through which the author reaches his conclusions. As a result, the reader will be presented with a clear concept of the incentive norm, its structure, which type of norm the incentive norms belong to, and finally, the specifics of the operation of these norms over time.

The Impact of Chatbot Communication Style and Service Remedies on Consumer Adoption Intention

The development of chatbots is very rapid, so far, the research on chatbots mainly focuses on the field of service success, ignoring the fact that chatbot service failure (i.e., making mistakes) is a kind of norm, how to better design chatbots so as to minimize the loss brought by service failure has become a problem that needs to be solved urgently by AI producers nowadays. Based on the chatbot service failure scenario, this paper investigates the different impacts of chatbots adopting two communication styles, social and task, on consumers' adoption intention, and finds that consumers' adoption intention of social (vs. task) chatbots is lower after service failure, in which uniqueness neglect plays a mediating role. In addition, different matching effects between three chatbot service remedies (humor vs. apology vs. compensation) and communication style (social vs. oriented) were explored. Social-oriented chatbot service failure, using humor as a service remedy was superior to compensation. Task-oriented chatbot service failure and the use of compensation as a means of service remediation is superior to humor. Apologizing is less effective than humor and compensation in both social and task-oriented chatbot service failure scenarios. The conclusions of this paper enrich the research on chatbots in the area of service failure and provide effective suggestions for merchants to design and apply chatbots.

Антропология в условиях неопределенности. Размышления о динамике и статике научного творчества

In the introductory article, the author talks about the emergence of the idea of addressing the topic of anthropology of uncertainty on the pages of the journal and discusses the phenomenon of uncertainty, suggesting - from the standpoint of anthropology - to proceed from the fact that this phenomenon in the life of mankind is a kind of norm, which significantly changes the optics of anthropological research, raises a number of research questions that remain out of the sight of anthropologists, and also presents the articles included in this collection. The author declares no conflict of interests.

Local and global deference

A norm of local expert deference says that your credence in an arbitrary proposition A, given that the expert’s probability for A is n, should be n. A norm of global expert deference says that your credence in A, given that the expert’s entire probability function is E, should be E(A). Gaifman taught us that these two norms are not equivalent. Stalnaker conjectures that Gaifman’s example is “a loophole”. Here, I substantiate Stalnaker’s suspicions by providing characterisation theorems which tell us precisely when the two norms come apart. They tell us that, in a good sense, Gaifman’s example is the only case where the two norms differ. I suggest that the lesson of the theorems is that Bayesian epistemologists need not concern themselves with the differences between these two kinds of norms. While they are not strictly speaking equivalent, they are equivalent for all philosophical purposes.

Women’s Rights in Nigeria’s Indigenous Systems: An Analysis of Non-Discrimination and Equality under International Human Rights Law

The Nigerian legal system is diverse in that it recognizes several established legal systems that regulate how Nigerians conduct themselves. These legal frameworks include the civil law that was passed down from the British during and after colonization, pre-colonial customary laws and cultural practices, and religious laws (Christian and Islamic laws). Different kinds of norms and laws have subjected Nigerian women to violations of their rights depending on the woman’s cultural or religious affiliation. Such cultural and/or religious practices are usually in opposition to civil law and the Nigerian constitution, which is a custodian of these rights. Moreover, despite the supremacy of the constitution and expected compliance with international human rights treaties that Nigeria has ratified, the fact is that today there are impediments to the effective protection of women’s rights in Nigeria. For instance, although the Nigerian constitution outlaw’s discrimination on the grounds of gender, customary and religious laws continue to restrict the effective implementation of women’s rights, making it extremely difficult to harmonize domestic legislation with international human rights conventions, and also remove discriminatory measures. This article, thus, examines the issues of gender inequality as the basis for agitation for women’s empowerment and women’s rights while also proposing a re-alignment of domestic legislation in compliance with international human rights conventions and treaties, in order to combat cultural and religious norms that flout human rights considerations for Nigerian women. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to highlight the challenges that may arise when these legal systems clash, and how that affects the protection of women’s rights, particularly in view of international human rights treaties which Nigeria has signed and ratified. The article will therefore propose that women’s rights should be protected by seeking to eradicate cultural and religious practices that are discriminatory. This can be achieved by adopting laws which can be interpreted by domestic courts in line with constitutional requirements protecting the rights of women. It is noteworthy that the Nigerian judiciary has declared certain customs and traditions contrary to natural justice, equity and good conscience. Some of the case laws and judicial pronouncements will also be examined in this paper to enable implementation for the protection of women’s rights. The methodology adopted is desk-top legal research where judgments of courts and legislative enactments will form the basis of the findings of this paper.

Implementation of the Mobile School Program in Increasing the Quality of Education

This study aims to describe how the implementation of the driving school program in improving the quality of education at SMAN South Sumatra. This research was conducted at the South Sumatra High School located in Jakabaring, Palembang, South Sumatra. implementation in this research activity, namely for two months from November 10 to December 10, 2022. The research is a type of qualitative research with an analytical descriptive flow that has the aim of proving various kinds of norms and theories regarding the quality of education in terms of the Pancasila Strengthening Project Bangunlah jiwa and Body and its application to the object of research. In qualitative research, the information obtained is generally in the form of words, and descriptive, and the majority is not in the form of numbers. Collecting data and information obtained by researchers while in the field by obtaining direct surveys and documentation and research results, almost 90% of students can implement the driving school program to improve education at SMAN South Sumatra from the results of the researcher’s evaluation.

Implementation of Management in Improving the Quality of Education in Al Ittifaqiah Indralaya Islamic Kindergarten

This study aims to describe how the implementation of management in improving the quality of education in the Al Itifaqiah Indralaya Islamic Kindergarten. This research was conducted at the South Sumatra High School located in Jakabaring, Palembang, South Sumatra. This research was conducted at the Al Ittifaqiah Islamic Kindergarten, Indralaya District, Ogan Ilir Regency. The time for carrying out the research was carried out for six months, from August to December 2022. The research is a type of qualitative research with an analytical descriptive flow which has the aim of proving various kinds of norms and theories regarding the quality of education in terms of improving the quality of education and its application to objects study. In qualitative research, the information obtained is generally in the form of words, descriptive, and the majority is not in the form of numbers. Collecting data and information obtained by researchers while in the field by obtaining direct surveys and documentation and research results show that improvements in various fields in education can improve the quality of education in Al Ittifaqiah Islamic Kindergarten.

Low Cost and Sustainable Test Methods to Study Vulnerabilities of Large-Scale Systems against EMP

Intense electromagnetic pulses are electromagnetic waves with sharp rise time, high field strength and short duration. They have attracted more and more attention in recent years because they can cause destructions or malfunctions of some key national core infrastructures, such as power grids, communication and financial networks, etc. Hence, it is important to harden these facilities to ensure that they can survive in the face of electromagnetic pulse attacks. A direct way to investigate the vulnerabilities of these facilities is placing them in the electromagnetic environments generated by EMP simulators. However, the scale of facilities under test are limited by the working volumes of simulators. With the increase in working volumes and field strength, the price and technical difficulty of simulators are increased. Therefore, low cost and sustainable test methods to investigate vulnerabilities of large-scale systems against EMP are proposed in this study. The study takes advantage of continuous wave immersion (CWI) test and pulse current injection (PCI) test methods, which are low cost and sustainable to predict the pulse responses and assess the nonlinear effect of large-scale facilities under EMP attacks. In a CWI test, the magnitude of the transfer function of large-scale systems or facilities can be measured, and the corresponding phase information of the transfer function can be reconstructed by minimum phase algorithm (MPA) if the systems meet the minimum phase condition. After acquiring the entire information of the transfer function, we can predict the responses of a system under threat-level EMP attacks. However, these responses are obtained under the assumption that the system does not have nonlinear effects. Because the CWI is a low-level test, it cannot simulate the threat-level EMP attacks. In the PCI test proposed here, a bulky pulse current is coupled into the system to stimulate enough current intensity, just as the system was attacked by threat-level EMPs. In this situation, the system would be destroyed, or any other nonlinear effect would occur in the system. After that, the problem is to determine the quantities of the injected current, and a few kinds of norms are introduced in this paper to define the quantities. The method proposed here innovatively takes the experimental results of CWI as reference inputs of PCI tests. In this paper, the accuracy of the response prediction is validated by means of simulations and experiments. Results show that as a low-level test method in the frequency domain, the CWI test method can not only analyze couplings of external electromagnetic energy from frequency domain but also predict responses of the facilities under high amplitude electromagnetic pulses. The nonlinear effect of large-scale facilities can be assessed by applying the PCI test method with the results from CWI prediction. Therefore, if infrastructures or facilities are too large to be tested under EMP simulators, an alternative approach is to carry out the CWI and PCI experiments.

Left Riemann–Liouville Fractional Sobolev Space on Time Scales and Its Application to a Fractional Boundary Value Problem on Time Scales

First, we show the equivalence of two definitions of the left Riemann–Liouville fractional integral on time scales. Then, we establish and characterize fractional Sobolev space with the help of the notion of left Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative on time scales. At the same time, we define weak left fractional derivatives and demonstrate that they coincide with the left Riemann–Liouville ones on time scales. Next, we prove the equivalence of two kinds of norms in the introduced space and derive its completeness, reflexivity, separability, and some embedding. Finally, as an application, by constructing an appropriate variational setting, using the mountain pass theorem and the genus properties, the existence of weak solutions for a class of Kirchhoff-type fractional p-Laplacian systems on time scales with boundary conditions is studied, and three results of the existence of weak solutions for this problem is obtained.

On the Semi-Group Property of the Perpendicular Bisector in a Normed Space

Let (X,d) be a metric linear space and a∈X. The point a divides the space into three sets: Ha = {x ∈ X: d(0,x) < d(x,a)}, Ma = {x ∈ X: d(0,x) = d(x,a)} and La = {x ∈ X: d(0,x) > d(x,a)}. If the distance is generated by a norm, Ha is called the Leibnizian halfspace of a, Ma is the perpendicular bisector of the segment 0,a and La is the remaining set La = X\(Ha∪ Ma). It is known that the perpendicular bisector of the segment [0,a] is an affine subspace of X for all a ∈ X if, and only if, X is an inner product space, that is, if and only if the norm is generated by an inner product. In this case, it is also true that if x,y ∈ La ∪ Ma, then x + y ∈ La∪ Ma. Otherwise written, the set La∪ Ma is a semi-group with respect to addition. We investigate the problem: for what kind of norms in X the pair (La ∪ Ma,+) is a semi-group for all a ∈ X? In that case, we say that “(X,‖.‖)has the semi-group property” or that “the norm ‖.‖ has the semi-group property”. This is a threedimensional property, meaning that if all the three-dimensional subspaces of X have it, then X also has it. We prove that for two-dimensional spaces, (La,+) is a semi-group for any norm, that (X,‖.‖) has the semi-group property if, and only if, the norm is strictly convex, and, in higher dimensions, the property fails to be true even if the norm is strictly convex. Moreover, studying the Lp norms in higher dimensions, we prove that the semi-group property holds if, and only if, p = 2. This fact leads us to the conjecture that in dimensions greater than three, the semi-group property holds if, and only if, X is an inner-product space.

Placing the law: The socio‐spatial impact of legal norms beyond mere compliance

AbstractThis paper explores the complex ways in which a legal norm can influence a socio‐spatial context. More precisely, the paper aims to contribute to the theoretical investigation of the nexus between law and space in the field of legal geography by proposing an analytical framework for the study of the spatial operativity of law beyond compliance. To do so, this work relies on the concepts of nomotropism (namely, “acting in light of the rule”) and effectiveness‐as‐operativity. They imply that (1) any legal norm that has a causal relation with an action can be deemed effective regardless of whether such action conforms with or transgresses such norm, and (2) the impact of a norm is not confined to mere compliance. The paper then articulates the analytical framework derived by these theoretical insights with reference to different kinds of norms (law in actu and law in intellectu; law in books and law in practice). The relevance of the resulting theoretical structure for the investigation of complex socio‐spatial phenomena is finally exemplified through the analysis of a conflictual process for the establishment of a Muslim place of worship in Italy.

Examining Early Elementary Computer Science Identity Repertoires within a Curriculum: Implications for Epistemologically Pluralistic Identities

As computer science (CS) enters an increasing number of elementary classrooms, researchers must investigate the representations of what kinds of people are presented as doing computer science within CS curricula. In this paper, we explore a widely used, freely accessible, web-based, early elementary CS curriculum to examine the kinds of identity repertoires (behaviors, actions, skills, and socioemotional norms) that are promoted as representative of being/becoming a CS person. More specifically, we draw on identity studies and employ critical discourse analysis to examine how the kinds of norms and repertoires of CS practice made available in the curricular materials might construct a particular account of experiences as representative of being and enacting identities in computer science, and in doing so, produce certain accounts of who a CS person is. Our analysis shows that the curricular materials may construct an identity of a computer science person as someone who is able to solve a puzzle correctly, persist through challenges, connect to their feelings, and work with peers. While this curriculum promotes skills, norms, and repertoires of CS practice aligned with state standards, our findings suggest that it does not appear to present varied and flexible notions of what it means to engage in or be/become a CS person.

Hans Kelsen’s “Allgemeine Theorie der Normen” and Power-Conferring Norms: Adolf J. Merkl’s Final Victory

The legal discourse includes sentences that relate to the capacity to produce new legal entities and to the validity of the ensuing entities. In order to deal with these entities, legal scholars have to craft appropriate concepts. Kelsen’s initial individuation of the legal norm was based on the following scheme: “If certain conditions are met, then coercion ought to be used by the states’ organs”. Insisting on the mandatory character of norms, whose unique function is to create obligations, Kelsen considered that the other functions of legal sentences, like power-conferring, are merely apparent. They may be reduced to the obligation-imposing one if they are understood as mere fragments of norms properly so-called or, as Kelsen proposed in the Allgemeine Theorie der Normen, as indirect ways to impose obligations. But this posthumous book also offers another theory of power-conferring sentences, whereby these are understood as full-blown legal norms. On the one hand, this major change in Kelsen’s ontology of law is based on a shift from Kantianism to empiricism in his conception of legal science. On the other hand, it results from the unsuspected consequences of Kelsen’s adoption of Adolf J. Merkl’s Stufenbaulehre. Just like Merkl was led to distinguish between two kinds of norms, Kelsen was conceptually constrained by the internal dynamics of this conception of the legal system that was alien to his initial theory to revise his individuation of legal norms. Only at the end of his life did he seem fully conscious of the consequences of Merkl’s theory.

Enhancing the Sensitivity of Memory Tests: Reference Data for the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test and the Logical Memory Task from Cognitively Healthy Subjects with Normal Alzheimer's Disease Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker Levels.

Background:Cognitive performance of a given individual should be interpreted in the context of reference standards obtained in cognitively healthy populations. Recent evidence has shown that removing asymptomatic individuals with biomarker evidence of Alzheimer’s disease pathology from normative samples increases the sensitivity of norms to detect memory impairments. These kind of norms may be useful for defining subtle cognitive decline, the transitional cognitive decline between normal cognition and mild cognitive impairment.Objective:The present study aims to provide norms for the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) and the Logical Memory subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-IV in a sample of individuals aged 50–70 years with normal levels of amyloid-β and tau cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers.Methods:The sample was composed of 248 individuals from the ALFA+ study with negative amyloid-β and tau CSF biomarker levels. Regression-based norms were developed, including adjustments for age, education, and sex when applicable.Results:We found that education was associated with the performance in all the variables of both tests while age had a marginal effect only in the delayed free recall of the FCSRT. Sex was also related to the performance in the FCSRT, with women outperforming men. Equations to calculate z-scores and normative percentile tables were created. As compared with previously published norms the reference data presented were more sensitive but less specific, as expected.Conclusion:The use of the norms provided in this work, in combination with the already published conventional norms, may contribute to detecting subtle memory impairment.

Mental action

AbstractThis paper summarizes the historical and contemporary importance of mental action in philosophy. Not every piece of mental activity is a mental action. A mental action is something you do mentally, and something for which you as a whole person are responsible. It can be something you do as a means to doing something else, in the case of complex (i.e. non‐basic) mental actions. The fact that you can perform complex mental actions implies that some thoughts have several contents under the several descriptions under which they are intentional. The nature of mental action helps to explain how you have special self‐knowledge of your own mental states. It also helps to explain how certain kinds of norms, including epistemic norms, gain application to thought.

Husserl on Eidetic Norms

Edmund Husserl often characterizes essences and eidetic laws in normative terms. Many of his statements to this effect are however highly puzzling as they appear at odds with Husserl’s general understanding of normativity. In this paper I focus on this puzzle and I argue that we can reconcile most of the apparent tensions between these two dimensions of Husserl’s philosophical thought. In the first part of the paper, drawing on the contemporary literature on kinds of norms, I focus on Husserl’s work on the varieties of normativity. I submit that, on his view, essences and eidetic laws are never intrinsically normative, and that not all essences and not all corresponding eidetic laws can function as norms for their instances. Crucially, however, I argue that, according to Husserl, essences and eidetic laws can function as norms for a range of the subject’s acts. In the second part of the paper I further examine this thesis, thus explaining in what sense Husserl thinks that essences and eidetic laws can have this function. I show that formal eidetic laws can engender deontic and evaluative norms for correct or rational judgments, evaluations, desires, and acts of the will. I also contend that material essences and material eidetic laws also have a normative function for judgments. I conclude that this shows how Husserl’s view makes room for norms that are not context-dependent or subjectively grounded.

The Persistent Legacy of the Fallen Empires. Assessing the Effects of Poland's Historical Partitions on Contemporary Social Norms Regarding Education

Abstract This paper refers to the historical experience of Poland in order to demonstrate the importance of former institutions on present regional differences in the norms regarding education. Previous studies revealed significant discrepancies between the scholastic achievements of students in different regions in Poland, ones that correspond to the partition of the country by its three neighbours (Austria, Prussia, and Russia), lasting from the late 18th century to the close of WWI. In particular, students in the former Austrian partition perform better than their peers in the two other regions. In this study, a self-designed survey of parents is used to operationalize different kinds of norms regarding education. As it turns out, parents from the region formerly under Austrian rule show more trust in educational institutions, more belief in the formative role of schooling, and less conviction in the material returns from education. The results show that contemporary discussions on the geography of educational achievements need to take into account the broad cultural context of education.

Lifestyle Diseases: Increase in Infertility Amongst Women

Lifestyle diseases have become a new threat in the current generation affecting primarily the youths and children. These diseases are associated with the lifestyle of people and the kind of norms they follow in the day to day life.More and more instances are showing the drastic impact on people’s state of living and habits on their reproductive health and well- being. When it comes to women ovulation and menstrual cycle are the first thing to get affected by any alteration in diet and ill practices of everyday routine .Hormonal imbalances followed by obesity and indulgence in unhealthy practices like smoking , alcohol intake , and excess consumption of caffeinated drinks are the other risk factors . With the throat cut competition and other life problems; stress and depression are the other emerging issues that directly disrupt the functionality and viability of the female genital system.This review paper focuses on the impact of lifestyle diseases on the fecundity and reproductive health of women leading to higher risk of infertility.

Derecho intrafederal y los nuevos estándares en las relaciones fiscales intergubernamentales en el federalismo argentino. Un análisis a 25 años de la reforma constitucional nacional (1994-2019)

La federación argentina tiene una larga tradición en materia de pactos y acuerdos interjurisdiccionales —tradición que se remonta incluso a la etapa preconstituyente de la nación argentina—. Tales acuerdos son el resultado de largos y complejos procesos de negociaciones entre los niveles de gobierno implicados, y constituyen una fuente importante del derecho constitucional argentino, nacional y subacional. La Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación los he denominado “derecho intrafederal”, y los mismos tienen una jerarquía superior a las leyes nacionales. Este particular tipo de normas ha tenido especial desarrollo en materia fiscal, aspecto sobre el que se centrará el presente trabajo. Las relaciones intergubernamentales que dan origen a esta especial rama del derecho público se desenvuelven dentro de un determinado marco institucional, con determinadas reglas y criterios preestablecidos, aunque no siempre de manera clara o precisa. Con la reforma de 1994, el Constituyente Nacional fijó una serie importante de verdaderos estándares constitucionales que han de regir las relaciones fiscales intergubernamentales verticales nación-provincias a futuro. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un análisis del derecho intrafederal en materia fiscal y su significado en la federación argentina, para finalmente detectar y analizar aquellos nuevos estándares que rigen las relaciones fiscales intergubernamentales.

“We need to become ‘educational chameleons’”: from unified to multiple norms in a multilingual and international higher education context

AbstractIn recent decades, scholars have documented how globalisation and mobility have changed our relationship with linguistic, social and cultural norms. Yet in most educational contexts, evaluation systems still tend to support the teaching of homogeneous knowledge mastered by all, and to portray linguistic standards as key for social mobility. Drawing on qualitative interviews conducted with students on an international and multilingual higher education programme, this paper examines what the students claim they learn from a programme premised instead on the circulation of a multiplicity of norms, standards and practices. The interviews, conducted on the basis of a co-inquiry approach, suggest that the students learn to 1) deal productively and agentively with tensions, 2) rethink their positions and 3) open up to unexpected experiences when teachers support them in navigating multiple norms. In conclusion, the paper highlights how the research elucidates two kinds of norms at play in the programme, institutional and lived norms, and the relationship between them. It also reflects on the utility of discussing multilayered norms (Canagarajah 2006) openly in a globalised higher education context.