Kind Of Motion Research Articles

Angular Differences between the Lower Extremity and the Ground that Express Maximum Core Muscle Activation According to Core-strengthening Exercises

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the maximum core muscle activation angle according to core-strengthening exercises. Method: Twenty-six young female football players (age: 17.84 ±0.80 years, height: 163.08 ±5.25 cm, weight:54.96 ±7.41 kg) registered in the Korea Football Association from D High School located in Seoul were the subjects of this research. An electromyogram (Noraxon, USA) was used for monitoring the maximum core muscle contraction activity. Results: The angle for the maximum core muscle strength per core exercise and muscle was the smallest for the upper rectus abdominis in the windshield wiper exercise. The angle of the vastus medialis was significantly the largest. The range of angles at which the maximum strength was observed for each core exercise were as follows: 1) abdominal flutter kicks (11~40°), 2) leg raises (21~34°), 3) scissors (45~66°), 4) knee to elbow sit-ups (42~64°), 5) reverse crunches (9~40°), 6) butt-ups (24~32°), 7) V sit-ups (5~24°), 8) windshield wipers (11~20°), 9) bird dog (11~18°), and 10) raised leg plank (38~50°). Conclusion: Four kinds of motion could be classified according to the range of angles at which the core muscles were maximally activated. The first group involves the range of motion that gives the maximum muscle strength when the lower extremity and ground angle was between 5°and 24°, such as the V sit-ups, windshield wipers, and bird dog. The second group comprised the flutter kicks and reverse crunches at an angle between 9°and 40°. The third group comprised the leg raise and butt-up exercises at an angle between 21°and 34°. The fourth group included the scissors, knee to elbow sit-ups, and raised leg plank at an angle between 38°and 66°. These results may be useful as basic data for core movement and core muscle training according to the purpose of exercise.

A tridimensional model for the motion of nanobots at high viscosity coeflcient environment based on Navier-Stokes’ Equation, by applying Oseen’s approximation

Abstract Till now, various models of the motion of nanobots have been submitted; the pioneer models, in spite of being exact in mathematics, had their own kind of problems. The most recent challenge is to describe a model whose attitude can be practical so that these motions can be estimated. Considering the massive uses of nanobots, the kinds of motions and velocities of these very small robots need to be studied in a more accurate way. In this essay, we tried to develop a three-dimensional model. The three dimensional model is based on 7 spheres and 6 arms and describes a kind of movement requiring 2 spheres at each arm. The velocity of each kind has also been evaluated. Furthermore, two kinds of three-dimensional movements have been issued and compared as well. That will result in the simplicity of the equations. By applying Oseen’s approximation in the Stokes’ equation, the velocity in various media has been calculated and modulated.

Motions of deformable inclusions in a horizontally oscillating vessel with a compressible fluid

The paper is concerned with the analysis of rigid particle and compressible gas bubble motion in a horizontally oscillating vessel with a compressible fluid. A nonlinear differential equation describing motion of inclusions with respect to the vessel is derived and solved by the method of direct separation of motions. It is shown that rigid particles and gas bubbles can move both in nodes and antinodes of the pressure, depending on their size, density, and vibration parameters. The conditions under which different kinds of motion can incur have been determined. An expression for the critical radius of the bubbles which are affected by the negligible vibrational force is found. Also an approximate expression has been obtained for the average velocity of bubble׳s motion in the fluid; relationship between this velocity and bubble radius and vibration parameters has been revealed. A simple physical explanation of the noticed effects is proposed. Series of numerical experiments has been conducted, their results confirming those obtained theoretically. These results may be of interest for development of the flotation theory and other technological processes.

Measurement of the passive stiffness of ankle joint in 3 DOF using stewart platform type ankle foot device.

This paper presents a method to measure the passive stiffness of an ankle joint in three degrees of freedom (DOF) under two motion speeds (1 Hz and 5 degree/s) using a developed Stewart platform-type device. The developed device can reproduce input motions of the foot in 6 DOF by controlling six pneumatic linear motion actuators. We used the device to measure the passive stiffness of an ankle joint undergoing three kinds of motion, namely dorsi-plantar flexion, inversion-eversion, and adduction-abduction. The measured values of the passive stiffness of the ankle joint in dorsiflexion that we obtained agreed well with that obtained in a previous study, indicating that the developed device is useful for measuring the passive stiffness of ankle joint. In addition, the developed device can be used to measure the stiffness in inversion-eversion and adduction-abduction motions as well, parameters that have never been measured. The results we obtained demonstrated certain interesting features as we varied both the direction and pace of motion (e.g., there were significant differences in the stiffness not only between adduction and abduction during the faster pace, but also between these and the other motions).

Long-term dynamics beyond Neptune: secular models to study the regular motions

Two semi-analytical one-degree-of-freedom secular models are presented for the motion of small bodies beyond Neptune. A special attention is given to trajectories entirely exterior to the planetary orbits. The first one is the well-known non-resonant model of Kozai (1962) adapted to the transneptunian region. Contrary to previous papers, the dynamics is fully characterized with respect to the fixed parameters. A maximum perihelion excursion possible of 16.4 AU is determined. The second model handles the occurrence of a mean-motion resonance with one of the planets. In that case, the one-degree-of-freedom integrable approximation is obtained by postulating the adiabatic invariance, and is much more general and accurate than previous secular models found in the literature. It brings out in a plain way the possibility of perihelion oscillations with a very high amplitude. Such a model could thus be used in future studies to deeper explore that kind of motion. For complex resonant orbits (especially of type 1:k), a segmented secular description is necessary since the trajectories are only "integrable by parts". The two models are applied to the Solar System but the notations are kept general so that it could be used for any quasi-circular and coplanar planetary system.

The Role of Protein Loops and Linkers in Conformational Dynamics and Allostery.

Proteins are dynamic entities that undergo a plethora of conformational changes that may take place on a wide range of time scales. These changes can be as small as the rotation of one or a few side-chain dihedral angles or involve concerted motions in larger portions of the three-dimensional structure; both kinds of motions can be important for biological function and allostery. It is becoming increasingly evident that "connector regions" are important components of the dynamic personality of protein structures. These regions may be either disordered loops, i.e., poorly structured regions connecting secondary structural elements, or linkers that connect entire protein domains. Experimental and computational studies have, however, revealed that these regions are not mere connectors, and their role in allostery and conformational changes has been emerging in the last few decades. Here we provide a detailed overview of the structural properties and classification of loops and linkers, as well as a discussion of the main computational methods employed to investigate their function and dynamical properties. We also describe their importance for protein dynamics and allostery using as examples key proteins in cellular biology and human diseases such as kinases, ubiquitinating enzymes, and transcription factors.

Strategies, concepts and approaches to avoid cuttermarks on wooden workpiece surfaces

Milling is one of the most important cutting procedures in the wood industry. It allows shaping of workpiece surfaces with a high chip-removal rate. This is possible because of a fast rotary cutting motion, the possibility to place many cutting edges on the tool circumference and a fast linear feeding motion. Due to these different kinds of motions the resulting effective motion follows a prolonged cycloid which forms periodic waves on the workpiece surface. These surface patterns, called cuttermarks, may be visible on the machined surface after cutting and mainly influence the workpiece quality. Further surface machining steps are required to meet the demanded standards of surface quality. This is why researchers have been looking for possibilities to lower or avoid these cuttermarks. Beside the description and the analyses of the geometry of cuttermarks, magnitudes of disturbance, mechanical and mechatronic approaches and alternative procedures will be introduced and discussed. Especially mechatronic approaches can improve this situation by basically adjusting the cycloid motion track. In this way, the effective motion of the cutting edge is changed to a nearly linear motion by means of piezo-electric actuators or magnetic bearings. First successful set-up and experiments will be shown.

Electronically non-adiabatic influences in surface chemistry and dynamics.

Electronically nonadiabatic interactions between molecules and metal surfaces are now well known. Evidence is particularly clear from studies of diatomic molecules that molecular vibration can be strongly coupled to electrons of the metal leading to efficient energy transfer between these two kinds of motion. Since molecular vibration is the same motion needed for bond breaking, it is logical to postulate that electronically nonadiabatic influences on surface chemical reaction probabilities would be strong. Still there are few if any examples where such influences have been clearly investigated. This review recounts the evidence for and against the aforementioned postulate emphasizing reacting systems that have yet to receive full attention and where electronically nonadiabatic influence of reaction probabilities might be clearly demonstrated.

Severo Sarduy on Galileo, Kepler, Borromini, and the Coded Language of the Anamorphic Image

CUBAN writer, Severo Sarduy, author of numerous essays, novels, books of poetry, and radio plays, remains even among Latinamericanists a relatively marginal writer; and this, I believe, is due to inherent difficulty of his neobaroque, post-modern, fragmentary style. And yet there is an order to everything he wrote, and an aesthetic and theoretical project that becomes evident when one puts all pieces of puzzle together. For instance much of what Sarduy wrote about art and culture can be found in an understandable--albeit cryptic manner--in his 1974 book, Barroco. And what prima facie seems to be a nonsensical stew of disparate ideas, for Sarduy ideas and concepts he explored were all in some ways logically connected to each other--even if transversally. For instance, that Sarduy would consider Rothko, Kline, and Larry Bell, as a continuation of Baroque--art styles that seemed so removed in their abstraction and minimalism from classical Baroque-only makes sense when one considers that it was precisely this group of artists who rediscovered Mannerism in 1950s. For as Arnold Hauser argued in Mannerism: The Crisis and Origin of Modern Art, modern artists, like their predecessors, were also concerned with materiality of art. And it was precisely this general aesthetic that they shared with Mannerists. If Sarduy dared to put Larry Bell and Robert Morris in same line as Velazquez and Cervantes it is only because they all shared belief that, as Sarduy was to put it the work was in work, and nowhere else. And further, if Sarduy could see a relation between Kepler's theory of elliptical movement and Borromini's architectural designs, and between Borrominian ellipse and hidden code of anamorphic image, it is only because for Sarduy structuralist theorist, language, no less than pictorial image, called not so much for a reading, as a deciphering. Hence, in pages that follow I will briefly examine how Sarduy puts seemingly unrelated ideas together to give us an anamorphic picture of painterly and writerly language, be it scientific or poetic. And thus begin with his treatment of Galileo. As is well known to history of science, for Aristotelian orbits of celestial bodies had to be downward and centripetal. No other kind of motion would do. And interestingly this Aristotelian metaphysical position also influenced his lesser known theory of aesthetics--something to which Sarduy alludes, and Erwin Panofsky notes in his article, Galileo as a Critic of Arts. According to Panofsky, seems to have rejected Kepler's theory of elliptical orbits, primarily because it was incompatible with very principles which dominated his thought as well as his imagination ... Where we would consider circle as a special case of ellipse, would not but feel that ellipse is a distorted circle: a form which was, so to speak, unworthy of celestial bodies ... and, which, we may add, was as emphatically rejected by High Renaissance as it was cherished in Mannerism. (10, 11-12, my emphasis) (1) For figure of centrism and circularity represented a imperative, founded on notion of the natural. The Italian scientist, says Sarduy, confused notion of natural with that of rational (OCII/Barroco 1216). Sarduy writes: [E]l barroco sera extravagancia y artificio, perversion de un orden y equilibrado: moral (OC-II/'Barroco 1216). In other words, whatever was un-natural (e.g., elongated figures of Parmigianino, figural distortions of Giuseppe Arcimboldo (c. 1527-1593), anamorphic, off-centered image of Hans Holbein's The Ambassadors, etc.) all constituted a species of perversion for Galileo. And of Galileo's rejection of anamorphic painting vis-a-vis his more specific denunciation of Mannerist overturning of linear perspective, Sarduy argues: El imperio de lo obliga a a proclamarse agente del terror, como se ha llamado a esa tradicion, moral, denotativa, que asimila las figuras retoricas a una perversion de la naturalidad del relato . …

Study of Artifact-Resistive Technology Based on a Novel Dual Photoplethysmography Method for Wearable Pulse Rate Monitors.

Pulse rate is one of the major physiological parameters for monitoring of cardiovascular conditions or excise states during daily life. However it is difficult to precisely measure the exact pulse rates as photoplethysmography (PPG) is easy to be affected by motion artifacts. Instead of using accelerometers followed by algorithms such as least mean square (LMS), recursive least square (RLS) and independent component analysis (ICA) or other equipment such as complex laser systems to measure displacement directly, a novel motion artifact estimation method which had lower computational complexity and higher signal dynamic range was studied and implemented, where a differential channel following green and red light PPG channels was applied to reduce the motion artifact caused by displacement of light emitting diode (LED), photo diode (PD) and tissue deformation before the analog signal was converted to digital form. A miniaturized, battery powered wrist worn artifact-resistive pulse rates monitoring system (PRMS) was presented to verify the proposed method. Four kinds of motions were performed and the results showed that the differential channel improved the morphology of the PPG signal and appeared to be artifact resistive during motions through light intensity control and high gain-phase consistency circuit design here.

Characteristics of steady vibration in a rotating hub–beam system

A rotating beam features a puzzling character in which its frequencies and modal shapes may vary with the hub׳s inertia and its rotating speed. To highlight the essential nature behind the vibration phenomena, we analyze the steady vibration of a rotating Euler–Bernoulli beam with a quasi-steady-state stretch. Newton׳s law is used to derive the equations governing the beam׳s elastic motion and the hub׳s rotation. A combination of these equations results in a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) that fully reflects the mutual interaction between the two kinds of motion. Via the Fourier series expansion within a finite interval of time, we reduce the PDE into an infinite system of a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) in spatial domain. We further nondimensionalize the ODE and discretize it via a difference method. The frequencies and modal shapes of a general rotating beam are then determined numerically. For a low-speed beam where the ignorance of geometric stiffening is feasible, the beam׳s vibration characteristics are solved analytically. We validate our numerical method and the analytical solutions by comparing with either the past experiments or the past numerical findings reported in existing literature. Finally, systematic simulations are performed to demonstrate how the beam׳s eigenfrequencies vary with the hub׳s inertia and rotating speed.

Qualitative analysis of the dynamics of a wheeled vehicle

This paper is concerned with the problem of the motion of a wheeled vehicle on a plane in the case where one of the wheel pairs is fixed. In addition, the motion of a wheeled vehicle on a plane in the case of two free wheel pairs is considered. A method for obtaining equations of motion for the vehicle with an arbitrary geometry is presented. Possible kinds of motion of the vehicle with a fixed wheel pair are determined.

Computational Model of Biological Motion Detection: a path toward view-invariant action understanding

Understanding actions and intentions of others is at the basis of social communication in humans and relies on our ability to associate the view of other's actions to (the view of) our own motor acts. In this work, we focus on the low level, bottom up, detection and segmentation of biological motion, and present a computational model to extract perspective invariant visual features based on known regularities of body motion trajectories. The segmentation approach presented does not require any a-priori knowledge of the kinematics of the body and relies on rather coarse early visual features. Specifically we focus on features describing an invariant property of biological movements, known as the Two-Thirds Power Law, which relates the instantaneous velocity and local curvature of the trajectory of moving body parts. Starting from video streams acquired during different kind of motions, the algorithm initially computes the optical flow and detects the regions where the motion is occurring by computing a saliency motion map. Then it describes the regions in the visual stream with low-level features corresponding to the computational counterparts of the quantities involved in the Two-Thirds Power Law. Finally, on the basis of these quantities, we demonstrate the validity of this approach in distinguishing biological motion from dynamic events due to non-biological phenomena. The model proposed represents a pre-categorical biological motion segmentation tool exploiting the regularities of human motion to build and tune low-level visual feature extraction which does not require a priori knowledge of the scene and of the kinematics of the body and guarantees view invariance. Hence it is an ideal tool to support the matching between visual information extracted during action execution and action observation at the basis of human ability to understand others' actions. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015. Language: en

Perceiving and understanding cinematic motion

Since its inception in the 1830s, the cinematic motion of animated images has been achieved through the rapid succession of still images, creating a peculiar effect that shows motion, or different kinds of motion. Almost two centuries after its discovery through graphic methods, drawings and animated engravings, its principle has remained yet diversified through its applications in the fields of photography, electronics and digital technology. Therefore, its status has shifted from that of mere optical illusion in the 19th century to a universal technique used in the 21st century to show animated images of all kinds and in every setting. Nowadays, it is fixed somewhere between an artifact and the authenticity of the motions that it reveals. The evolutions of this status are analyzed in relation to a dual shift: on the one hand the shifts in the notions of illusion and perceptive effect of synthesis to its representations, including through photographic cinema; on the other hand, the various statuses ascribed to the cinematic synthesis of motion, in relation to its different cinematic uses or modes: representative, illusionistic, animation, experimental.

Lagrangian coherent structures and plasma transport processes

A dynamical system framework is used to describe transport processes in plasmas embedded in a magnetic field. For periodic systems with one degree of freedom, the Poincaré map provides a splitting of the phase space into regions where particles have different kinds of motion: periodic, quasi-periodic or chaotic. The boundaries of these regions are transport barriers, i.e. a trajectory cannot cross such boundaries throughout the evolution of the system. Lagrangian coherent structures generalize this method to systems with the most general time dependence, splitting the phase space into regions with different qualitative behaviours. This leads to the definition of finite-time transport barriers, i.e. trajectories cannot cross the barrier for a finite amount of time. This methodology can be used to identify fast recirculating regions in the dynamical system and to characterize the transport between them.

Subregion graph: A path planning acceleration structure for characters with various motion types in very large environments

Modern computer graphics applications commonly feature very large virtual environments and diverse characters which perform different kinds of motions. To accelerate path planning in such a scenario, we propose the subregion graph data structure. It consists of subregions, which are clusters of locally connected waypoints inside a region, as well as subregion connectivities. We also present a fast algorithm to automatically generate a subregion graph from an enhanced waypoint graph map representation, which also supports various motion types and can be created from large virtual environments. Nevertheless, a subregion graph can be generated from any graphbased map representation. Our experiments show that a subregion graph is very compact relative to the input waypoint graph. By firstly planning a subregion path, and then limiting waypoint-level planning to this subregion path, over 8 times average speedup can be achieved, while average length ratios remain as low as 102.5%.

Reading Motion: Coleridge's “Free Spirit” and its Medical Background

This essay examines Coleridge's concern for the free and continuous motion of the mind in the act of reading, placing that concern in relation to its background at the intersection of Enlightenment medicine and empiricist aesthetics. While these overlapping sciences shared the same therapeutic-aesthetic ideal of an equilibrium between the external forces acting upon the body and the internal motions at work within it – or what Kames's Elements of Criticism called the “happy adjustment of the internal nature of man to his external circumstances” – medicine in particular was alert to the precarious ecology between persons and their external environments, which included their cultural, political, and social history as much as their spatial surroundings. Disease, which for the doctor manifested as a disturbance of corporeal motion, signaled the difficulty of accommodating men to their circumstances, the point at which historicity clashed with physiology and became perceptible in it. Analyzing Coleridge's inheritance of these concerns, I argue that his solicitude for the kind of motion produced in the reader by poetic form – an uneasiness that suffuses in particular the Biographia Literaria’s argument with Wordsworth on the subject of meter – acknowledges this difficulty, even as it tries to overcome it.

Survival probability for a diffusive process on a growing domain.

We consider the motion of a diffusive population on a growing domain, 0<x<L(t), which is motivated by various applications in developmental biology. Individuals in the diffusing population, which could represent molecules or cells in a developmental scenario, undergo two different kinds of motion: (i) undirected movement, characterized by a diffusion coefficient, D, and (ii) directed movement, associated with the underlying domain growth. For a general class of problems with a reflecting boundary at x=0, and an absorbing boundary at x=L(t), we provide an exact solution to the partial differential equation describing the evolution of the population density function, C(x,t). Using this solution, we derive an exact expression for the survival probability, S(t), and an accurate approximation for the long-time limit, S=lim(t→∞)S(t). Unlike traditional analyses on a nongrowing domain, where S≡0, we show that domain growth leads to a very different situation where S can be positive. The theoretical tools developed and validated in this study allow us to distinguish between situations where the diffusive population reaches the moving boundary at x=L(t) from other situations where the diffusive population never reaches the moving boundary at x=L(t). Making this distinction is relevant to certain applications in developmental biology, such as the development of the enteric nervous system (ENS). All theoretical predictions are verified by implementing a discrete stochastic model.

An Algorithm for Electronic Image Stabilization

In most video systems,the carrier of camera expierences all kinds of motions which make the video ambiguous and unstable.Usually,the gray projection matching algorithm can only stabilize the translation motion between frames,but the rotation motion of frames in a video sequence.By zoning the image into few small regions,the rotation motion could be ignored,then, local movement vector is aqcuired by the grey projection matching method and compensate the movement between frames.Then for the rotation movement,it can be stabilized by the compensation with circle projection matching.

S1170101 広域移動・動作を実現するロボット駆動ベースの運動に関する研究

Robots that can move in a wide area and realize various kinds of motion are necessary to perform advanced tasks. To meet such requirements, working mobile robots have been studied and developed, but a problem in effective utilization of motors remains. In order to solve this problem, the robotic driving base was proposed in our research. The robotic driving base is composed of three driving units, three linear guides and a base block. In this paper, the characteristics of movement velocity, especially tangential velocity in revolution, of the robotic driving base are analyzed. As a result, it has become clear that the maximum tangential velocity in revolution is influenced by the turning velocity limit and moving velocity limit of the driving units.