Kind Of Language Research Articles

Abnihilization of the Etym: Joyce, Rutherford, and Particle Physics

This essay examines one of Joyce's references to new physics in Finnegans Wake: the allusion to Ernest Rutherford in the opening section of the third chapter of Book II. The composition of Finnegans Wake coincided with the development of the theory of relativity and quantum physics, which resulted in a variety of references to these new scientific developments in the book. The essay argues that among the many Wakean passages referring to new physics, the allusion to Rutherford stands out by virtue of being personal in nature and broad in references. The analysis of the linguistic transformations in the text of the passage suggests that Joyce saw a parallel between the work of the man who ‘split the atom’ and two aspects of his own work: the constant pattern of death and rebirth which is fundamental to the world described in Finnegans Wake, and his own lexical practice in creating a new kind of language to describe that world. References to quantum mechanics in the Rutherford passage are blended with allusions to relativity, the second component of new physics, and the text is placed in a cluster of other references to various elements of the subatomic world.

ANALISIS RAGAM BAHASA SISWA KELAS X H SMA NEGERI 2 KOTA BENGKULU DI FACEBOOK (KAJIAN SOSIOLINGIUISTIK)

This research is aimed to obtain a descriptive about Analysis of Various Students’ Language of Class X H SMA Negeri 2 Bengkulu City Used in Their Facebook of the this research is about how the theme of students’ sentences status in their Facebook are, what kind of language and non-language characteristic s of their sentences status in Facebook of students class X H are the research. The data that are collected use purposive sampling technic by taking the samples from sentence status of the students’ Facebook accounts which have been collected. The technics used in data analysis are : (1) data collecting, data presenting, (2) conclusion or verification in document. The research findings are guile diverse themes that emerge, but in a sense more positive tone expression (91,6%) consisting of : interaction, special interaction, expression activity, adage, expression of feeling, expression of feelings provoke cancern, the phrase specifically, and information. While the expression of negative feelings (8,3%). Likewise, the original identity (the original name of the account status) consists of 19 students with a percentage (79,1%) and the remaining 5 students with a pseudonym identity (account status pseudonym) by percentage (20,8%). Linguistic traits often arises is the use of regional languages, although there are also English-speaking. Non-linguistic traits characterized by the use of icons/symbols ( stiker’s or emotion) which describes the feeling.

A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Advertisements from High-Context Cultures and Low-Context Cultures

<p>With the development of economy and the change of social culture, advertisements have penetrated our life slowly and done a lot to the commercial markets. Advertisements have often been analyzed in a stylistic way for its unique language style. But language is an important part, as well as a carrier, of culture. Advertising language, as other kinds of languages, is also a significant component of culture and is a comprehensive collection of different aspects of culture. In turn, it reflects culture in its own way. A cultural pattern, put forward by Edward T. Hall and called “high context” and “low context” communication, will be focused on to analyze different advertisements from these two cultures.</p>

Bringing it Back Home: The Urbanization of the British Shopping Mall as the West Goes East

The objective of this research is the formation of a critical position by which the repositioning of the British shopping mall from a suburban to an urban situation can be understood. Widely discredited as the ‘slayer’ of the high street, the suburban shopping mall has been cast aside as western development ideals shift toward a new so-called ‘urban renaissance’. Accordingly, many architects have focused their interest on Far Eastern models of urban complexity drawn from the unprecedented urban expansion taking place in countries such as China, Singapore and Japan. There, the shopping mall has become a cornerstone of a new urbanity, representing a typological leap from the historic suburban models of mall design established in much of the Western world. Using Westfield in White City, the Westfield development at the 2012 Olympic site, the Liverpool One shopping centre and the redeveloped Bull Ring in Birmingham as UK case studies, I will draw attention to how the typology is evolving as a culturally hybrid proposition borne of insights drawn from its Eastern counterparts. Can this blurring of cultural lines unravel the layers of existential meaning embodied within the modern British mall to provide a different kind of language with which designers may engage with this building type? Timely questions such as this must be addressed as the ‘second coming’ of the shopping mall, re-branded under the banner of ‘urban regeneration’, increasingly defines what happens in the centre of British cities today.

A Study of Catchwords from the Perspective of Speech Community

Catchwords are an important part of our language. As a kind of language as well as cultural phenomenon, it has much more linguistic and social-cultural values. Starting from the general review of literature, the paper here analyzes reasons of catchwords, explains its definition and several characteristics. It explores the formation of catchwords in both English and Chinese, highlighting that catchwords both in English and Chinese can be attributed to three sources. Finally, it points out that young people may be the mainstream of the use and renovation of catchwords.

Metaphorical Language in the Zhuangzi

AbstractChapter 27 of the ancient Chinese text the Zhuangzi (c. 400 BCE) describes three kinds of language: yuyan , zhiyan , and chongyan . Wang Fuzhi ( 1619–1692) first coined the term ‘sanyan ’ or ‘tripartite‐language’ to emphasize their overlapping characteristics and incorporate them into a cohesive approach to the text. Sanyan has been used consistently in interpreting the Zhuangzi since the earliest compilation of its extant version and continues to inform academic publications today. Based on descriptions found in the Zhuangzi's ‘miscellaneous chapters’ (chapters 23–33) and on contemporary scholarship, I will explain how this model of sanyan functions and then how it facilitates philosophical reading of the Zhuangzi. Understanding the Zhuangzi's metaphorical language through sanyan lends access into the interrelated semantic field of the pre‐Qin philosophical canon and helps unravel Zhuangzi's often‐cryptic philosophical expressions.

Iranian Languages as Gardens

The main West Iranian languages, i.e. Old Persian, Parthian, Middle Persian, New Persian and – in some respects – Avestan, may be studied in a uniquely continuous development stretching over close to 3 000 years. These languages are not only the result of their genetic inter-relations but also of their cultural, religious and political history. They may be labelled ‘high languages’ (‘Hochsprachen’), in the sense that they are cultured and standardized and used for a great number of purposes by people of various linguistic backgrounds. This article presents an over-view of their development seen from a specific perspective. The traditional Iranian walled-in garden, the pairi-daēzaof the Avesta, is used as a metaphor for a high language in contrast to the free vegetation of spontaneous human speech in social interaction. The latter is here called ‘dialect’, a concept that includes both ‘geolect’ and ‘sociolect’. These high language ‘gardens’ are thus viewed as a kind of cultural artefacts. Among other things, this has implications for views on the dichotomy literacy/orality, showing that writing is not language and that ‘orality’ belongs both to ‘high language’ and ‘dialect’. It is furthermore argued that literacy and orality were present in complementary distribution throughout the whole known history of the Iranian cultural sphere. Iranian Languages as Gardens 143 The enclosed garden is an age-old cultural phenomenon in Iran. It is common knowledge that the international word ‘paradise’, based on a Classical Greek paradeisos, goes back to Avestan pairi-daēza-, ‘eine rings-, rundum gehende, sich zusammenschliessende Umwallung, Ummauerung’ as Bartholomae has it in his Altiranisches Worterbuch (1904: col. 865), i. e. something walled-in. It is perhaps less ready knowledge that the regular New Persian development of this word is pālīz (classical pālēz, nowadays meaning ‘kitchen-garden’, ‘melon-bed’) (Horn 1893: 63, no 279), and that firdaus is a later re-borrowing from Greek. One of the candidates for the original paradise is Takht-i Sulaimān, i.e. the old Ganzaka or Shīz, in Azerbaijan (Ringbom 1951: 86-91 et pass.; Ringbom 1958; Wikander 1946: 100 et pass.). This structure was situated on the top of an old volcano, where a small central crater lake fed streams that ran in the four directions down through what seems to have been a walled-in garden. For the sake of the metaphoric use I am going to make here of the garden, it is essential that it is walled-in, that it is separated from the wild vegetation outside. It is irrigated, cultivated, ordered and refined – perhaps through centuries or even millennia. It is what is called in Arabic an ḥadīqa (from the Arabic verb ḥadaqa, which corresponds rather precisely to the Avestan pairi-daēza-). Here I shall use the walled-in garden as a metaphor for a language, not any kind of language but a ‘high language’, a cultured language (at times written, at times not), like Persian, Latin, English and Mandarin Chinese. Gardens are cultivated by their gardeners in the same way as languages by language masters and grammarians. The gardener/grammarian prunes the wild, freely growing linguistic flora into a neat language garden. Even if this may seem an impersonal process, it is obvious that people of flesh and blood run it – although often anonymously. They are the ones who work with shaping and normalizing their cultural language and its written representations as well as 1 The Persian word pardīs, used in the sense of ‘garden’ generally and in specific modern usages such as ‘university campus’, seems to be a recent innovation based on the old pairi-daēza-.

The Traditional Intellectual’s Writing in Two Kinds of Language in the Japanese Colonial Era: Focusing on the Relation between Writing in Chinese Character and Writing in Hangul in the Jeong Inbo’s Writing

The Traditional Intellectual’s Writing in Two Kinds of Language in the Japanese Colonial Era: Focusing on the Relation between Writing in Chinese Character and Writing in Hangul in the Jeong Inbo’s Writing

On being chronically ill.

On being chronically ill.

Linguistic Contexts and Contacts in Infantile Discourse

Nowadays when multilingualism seems to be a very tangible reality in our environment it is of interest to study some linguistic elements, which enable the analysis of the linguistic awareness of the speaker in language set. This analysis should in fact be realized in certain contexts that can easily summarize the study: family contexts, school and society, also by analogy with Fishman hypothesis regarding early bilingualism, whereby three are the areas in which this phenomenon should be studied: family, peers (peer group) and schools. Our paper will bring data regarding the acceleration of the psychological development of tender age , 0-3 years even under the influence of mass media such as radio TV , DVD , that being for hours in the eyes and ears of the juveniles facilitate the introduction of words and terms that until recently were regarded as " property " of adults . We note two indicators of this new linguistic reality of the language acquisition from the child in the new social and linguistic context. First; acceleration of capturing elements of written language in a real visual aspect that appears today, since the age of two years. We take in the account the delivery of some children, not as exception, but as a product of the experiences of today's new orientation in the civic onomastic our country. A more significant example is that of children who differ: QTU, EHV, KMY, etc., still without any idea what these letters represent itself etc. Second; situation almost multilingual of modern Albania, especially in Tirana and major centers and the addition of mixed marriages with foreigners and Albanians. Linguistic context actually is the determinant of coordinates of the contacts that the child sets as a speaker that have embezzled more than a linguistic system. Context sets the type of linguistic contacts. The bilingual child in certain language contexts selects the discourse code, depending on the interlocutor and the situation. Usually the words chosen to implement such communication in bilingual contexts constitute what we might call "emergency language"; the kind of language that fits the context of the speaker to realize the only intention, communicating. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v4n1s1p97

Are There Two Levels of Truth and Reality?

The paper challenges the widely held view that the Buddha used in his discourses two kinds of language, one expressing ‘conventional truth’ and the other ‘ultimate’ or ‘absolute truth.’ It traces this view to the Theravada commentaries and points out how its advocates are trying to impute it on the Buddha’s discourses by ‘implication,’ thereby creating the impression that they contain ontological statements, while he on several occasions expressly refused to be drawn into philosophical discourse, always instead pointing out the way to liberation. Later developments of the notion of two truths and realities in Mahayana in India and Tibet are discussed, including Nagarjuna’s and Tso n-ka-pa’s, and it is noted that the question posed by the title of this paper has not yet been decided one way or another by academic scholarship.

Virtual team management: what is causing communication breakdown?

The combined effects of business offshoring, of flexible work practices and of rapid improvements in technology have resulted in workplace virtual communication becoming increasingly prevalent for business meetings. However, business leaders report them to be more challenging than face-to-face ones. Most global teams are located where diverse offshored work teams are using English as a lingua franca, and despite common business complaints that they are fraught with communication breakdown, the precise causes appear to be highly complex. This paper reports on a training needs analysis carried out in a large globalized workplace for a programme entitled ‘Communicating in Virtual Teams’. Multiple sources such as surveys, interviews, document reviews and meeting observations were used to better understand the causes of virtual team communication breakdown. Whilst the analyses revealed different kinds of language and cultural misunderstandings, deeper problems of marginalization and identity confusion within global teams were also reported. This paper argues that without addressing the underlying struggles caused by offshoring, a training programme runs the risk of only addressing the surface communication problems of technology, leadership and meeting skills and even language and culture issues, which can arguably be seen as ‘masking’ deeper employee concerns and struggles.

Learning to Teach in the Digital Age: Enacted Encounters with Materiality

This study looked at teacher responses to the maker movement in a K-12 school. Guiding questions asked how teaching practices engaged with digital making and learning tools and materials; and whether teaching was changing as a result. This was as a qualitative, single-case study with multiple units of analysis. The study site was an independent K-12 girls school in a major metropolitan area of the Northeastern United States. Twenty-two teachers and administrators participated, selected for maximum variation across academic domain, age and length of service. Interviews and observations followed a sociomaterial disposition that was interwoven with new materialism and posthumanism. Methods were inspired by narrative inquiry and actor-network theory. Findings suggested that digital making and learning pedagogies were stabilizing at the school, but not in a linear way; and that the teaching practices that most robustly engaged the ethos of 21 st century learning enacted a kind of knowing sometimes discussed by artists, poets, musicians and other innovators. This observation leads to the proposition that a different kind of language might be needed to adequately describe the effects of digital making and learning on teaching practice.

Telling a story with (almost) no tenses: The structure of written narrative in Burmese

AbstractStudies of narrative in various European languages analyzed the discourse structure as an elaborate system of oppositions based on complex paradigms of TAM categories. However, for obvious reasons this approach is not applicable for languages like Burmese, whose paradigmatic sets of TAM categories are very limited. Hence, although manifold discourse structuring devices are identified and described for this kind of languages, rarely do they form a coherently structured system. This study aims at representing discourse structuring strategies of narration in written colloquial Burmese as consisting of three principal categories, mobilized to reveal different aspects of the otherwise concealed presence of speech act participants. This results in a deviation of the narration from its typical form of untouched retelling of objectively represented events along three parameters: (a) remoteness vs. “here-and-now” relevance, (b) objective vs. subjective representation and (c) monologue vs. dialogic settings of communication. The fine structure of narrative in Burmese is shown to be an outcome of the interaction of these functions.

Migrating Modes: Multimodality in E-Poetics as Another Kind of Language

In Birds Singing Other Birds’ Songs and Another Kind of Language , María Mencía’s poetics of transposition diagnoses the technological, medial, and poetic processes catalyzing multimodal signifying practices in digital writing and comparatively registers the impact of digital interface relations, as transformative material sites, on language and intersemiotic and intersubjective meaning.

Notes on Narrative as Medium and a Media Ecology Approach to the Study of Storytelling

Storytelling, as a distinctively human characteristic, is a product of our capacity for language and symbolic communication. Just as language is considered a medium within the field of media ecology, so too can narrative be understood as a medium of communication, as well as a kind of language, and as a fundamentally social phenomenon. As a medium, narrative interacts with and is modified by other media, undergoing significant change as it is expressed through oral tradition, dramatic performance, written documents, and audiovisual media. In particular, major changes in the nature of character and plot accompany the shift from orality to literacy, and writing and especially printing make possible new forms of tragedy as opposed to comedy, prose as opposed to poetry, and fiction as opposed to nonfiction. Storytelling continues to mutate through the introduction of new media, with increasingly greater emphasis on narrative as an environment, especially one associated with social interaction and gaming.

Language-and-Law Scholarship: An Interdisciplinary Conversation and a Post-9/11 Example

Language-and-law research is now an established field for study, with decades of development behind it. And yet the field remains fragmented, with disparate streams of scholarship that, ironically, tend to speak in different languages: linguistic anthropology, discourse studies, semiotics, literary theory and rhetoric, translation studies, sociolinguistics, legal philosophy, and more. On one hand, this broad variety speaks to the robust character of language-and-law studies as a focus for relatively diverse scholarly endeavors. And for a number of reasons, it seems likely that the separate schools of thought in this area will generally continue to pursue their often distinct paths. On the other hand, as this article argues, a careful reading of work in the area reveals the potential for a productive conversation among some very different perspectives. Such a conversation offers the promise of creating exciting bridges among law, the social sciences, and the humanities. It also draws together interest in a variety of kinds of language: spoken, gestural, written, visual. This kind of bridge, we suggest, is one of the gifts of the truly interdisciplinary space opened up by sociolegal research—it permits us to combine quite diverse kinds of knowledge in our quest to more fully understand closely related legal phenomena. In this article, we also combine two different kinds of disciplinary voices, inviting the reader to assess what insights about law arise from these voices separately and, perhaps, together.

Signer independent isolated Italian sign recognition based on hidden Markov models

Sign languages represent the most natural way to communicate for deaf and hard of hearing. However, there are often barriers between people using this kind of languages and hearing people, typically oriented to express themselves by means of oral languages. To facilitate the social inclusiveness in everyday life for deaf minorities, technology can play an important role. Indeed many attempts have been recently made by the scientific community to develop automatic translation tools. Unfortunately, not many solutions are actually available for the Italian Sign Language (Lingua Italiana dei Segni--LIS) case study, specially for what concerns the recognition task. In this paper, the authors want to face such a lack, in particular addressing the signer-independent case study, i.e., when the signers in the testing set are to included in the training set. From this perspective, the proposed algorithm represents the first real attempt in the LIS case. The automatic recognizer is based on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and video features have been extracted using the OpenCV open source library. The effectiveness of the HMM system is validated by a comparative evaluation with Support Vector Machine approach. The video material used to train the recognizer and testing its performance consists in a database that the authors have deliberately created by involving 10 signers and 147 isolated-sign videos for each signer. The database is publicly available. Computer simulations have shown the effectiveness of the adopted methodology, with recognition accuracies comparable to those obtained by the automatic tools developed for other sign languages.

Can Type-Token Ratio be Used to Show Morphological Complexity of Languages?

ABSTRACTType-token ratio (TTR), also known as vocabulary size divided by text length (V/N) is a simple measure of lexical diversity. It has been used in literary studies, studies in child language and even psychiatry. The basic problem of TTR is that it is affected by the length of the text sample. Several suggestions for improving this fault have been given, including standardizing the length of text samples, using logarithms in the basic formula, etc. We show in this paper that simple TTR and its more elaborate calculation MATTR can be used for approximation of morphological complexity of languages. This usage of TTR has been notified by Juola with analysis of six languages. We analyse text material with TTR and MATTR from two differing sources: firstly, text of the EU constitution with 21 languages and secondly with 16 of the same languages with available non-parallel random data from the Leipzig corpus. We compare the automatic analysis results to two independent linguistic measures of morphological complexity. Firstly, we use number of non-homographic noun forms in a language’s inflectional paradigms, the paradigm size. Secondly we use available inflectional synthesis figures of verbs produced by the AUTOTYP project. We enrich our corpus findings with data from information retrieval (IR) results. It has been suggested that improvements in achieved IR effectiveness with usage of word form variation management depend on the morphological complexity of the languages. Thus this IR gain data can be used to give independent evidence to evaluation of morphological complexity. Our results show that earlier Juola complexity figures and TTR and MATTR calculations correlate moderately in the EU constitution data. Figures given by TTR and MATTR correlate highly with each other in both corpora, and they also correlate highly with the number of non-homographic noun forms in a language. Correlation to inflectional synthesis of the verbs was found weakly positive in most cases, but the data was scarce. All the three computed measures are able to order the languages quite meaningfully in a morphological complexity order that at least groups most of the languages with same kind of languages and the most and least complex languages are clearly separated. It seems also that TTR and MATTR order the languages quite consistently with both corpora. In the conclusion we discuss how the complexity figures can be utilized.

Poética y comunicación. Aportaciones a la teoría de la comunicación y a la teoría de los objetos desde las <i>Odas</i> de Neruda

The present study is classified within a research line related to elaborated kinds of languages and to the communication theory, in which two types of studies are included, those studies about the poetic work by Octavio Paz and those studies about Gadamer’s thoughts on language and the work of art. We establish a first approach to Neruda’s Elementary Odes form the phenomenological perspective of the objects, the consideration of poetic language and its contributions to communication (Bousono maintains that “poetry is the type of communication, established by using new words, of a very special kind of knowledge”). Objects that look at and converge toward men, everyday life objects, objects from warm and nearby environments: the construction of objectivity kingdom, “metaphor provider”. A whole poetic inventory from the “at hand” world, from proxemics, an account and a chronicle of the poet’s experience, which is dialogic, and of the heritage of the common experience. Polisemic objects, which express, inform and say “structured sygn systems”.