Kind Of Language Research Articles

Metaphorical richness

Abstract The present study probes into a comparative study of metaphorical expressions of money in English and Chinese. By hiring corpus-based methodology, this article aims to gain insight into the universality and variation of money-related conceptual metaphors manifested in corresponding linguistic expressions in English and Chinese. Drawing on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, the findings unravel a significant overlay in money-related conceptual metaphors between English and Chinese, upholding a notch of acclaim. Additionally, a small part of money-related conceptual metaphors is specific in a certain kind of language, either in English or Chinese. Meanwhile, the present study tends to explore metaphorical conceptualizations of money primarily based on common bodily experiences, and thus, most money-related conceptual metaphors are universal in English and Chinese, while the variations in English and Chinese can be explained by cultural experiences. Consequently, this research contributes to our understanding of the interplay between conceptual unit schematicity and embodiment hierarchy. Moreover, it bids valued insights for future comparative studies on conceptual metaphors spanning diverse languages and cultures.

“When we use that kind of language… someone is going to jail”: relationality and aesthetic interpretation in initial research encounters

Abstract The aim of this article is to investigate ethical and aesthetic dimensions of negotiating linguistic differences between researchers and participants in the initial research consent process, based on data from a collaborative research project in adult basic education for immigrants, in which a large number of students initially refused to participate. First, we interpret negotiations of consent as relational acts, where teachers and multilingual staff facilitated moral proximity through their affinity or shared biography with students, allowing us to move from anticipated difference to events of subjectivity. Second, we analyze research ethics protocols, notably the standardized consent letter, as aesthetic signs that evoked an affective response, which variously recalled unfavourable subject positions within neoliberal or authoritarian governmentality, including memories of trauma. The dynamic connection between aesthetics and relational ethics highlights the shortcomings of current institutional ethics requirements, since aesthetic interpretation cannot be fully anticipated and instead requires meaning-making in concrete relational encounters.

Language Style in Advertising: A Study of the Print Media

This study investigates the language style of English commercial advertisements in the print media. The study seeks to find out the kinds of language and style mostly used in English advertisement; this is because previous studies in stylistics have concentrated on the literary approach to stylistics. This study finds this technique very one-sided and subsequently proposes a dual approach to the analysis of the language style of advertisement. The research employs William Well’s stylistic theory as a theoretical construct. The analyses used the descriptive approach. The research used note taking as the instrument to elicit data. We found out that the personification style is mostly used and the occurrence in our corpus is about four times; it is followed by alliteration style which occurs in three advertisements and assonance style which occurs twice in our corpora. The next is the use of simile, anastrophe, apostrophes, asyndeton, poly-asyndeton, and chiasmus styles which appeared once in the advertisements. The advertisements also used narrative style, dramatic style, newsy style, dialogue style, and humorous style. The study concludes that in the use of personification and alliteration styles, the creators of the advertisements mostly seek to use simple and interesting style to create pleasant, mellifluous, captivating sentences, which will persuade, influence, and capture the readers’ attention to patronize their products.

Poems

Collapse carries the weight of catastrophe. But what will collapse, and for whom will it be catastrophic? With the decline of the human, other species might get the opportunity to reconfigure things—but rather than some kind of misanthropic dream, the possibilities of these emergent relations are a source of inspiration and hope. If there is a way to erode the sanctity of the human subject without plunging head-first into fantasies of annihilation and extinction, what kinds of relationships might we discover, or recover—with those who inhabit us, and with those who share our habitats? What kinds of languages would these relationships require? What kinds of poetics? My inclination is towards a relocation of the divine within these emergent networks—to reinfuse matter with spirit, yes, but also to demolish structures of transcendence. The new heaven would be fecund and sloppy as a mud flat rather than abstracted into the pure white zero of a holy moon. But as pleasing (or relieving) as this idea might be, the place to which it refers will remain distant from us while the bodies that compose our ‘us’ remain oblivious to the symbiotic co-constitutions with which they’re composed. Many cultures have developed conceptual technologies to properly articulate these enmeshments—totemist, animist materialisms which are glaringly absent from too much Western intellectual history, but which important work in the environmental humanities and elsewhere has begun to rectify.

Verified Density Compilation for a Probabilistic Programming Language

This paper presents ProbCompCert, a compiler for a subset of the Stan probabilistic programming language (PPL), in which several key compiler passes have been formally verified using the Coq proof assistant. Because of the probabilistic nature of PPLs, bugs in their compilers can be difficult to detect and fix, making verification an interesting possibility. However, proving correctness of PPL compilation requires new techniques because certain transformations performed by compilers for PPLs are quite different from other kinds of languages. This paper describes techniques for verifying such transformations and their application in ProbCompCert. In the course of verifying ProbCompCert, we found an error in the Stan language reference manual related to the semantics and implementation of a key language construct.

NEW TRENDS IN LESS-RESOURCED LANGUAGE PROCESSING: CASE OF AMAZIGH LANGUAGE

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has dramatically changed lifestyles in much of the world. It forced people to profoundly review their relationships and interactions with digital technologies. Nevertheless, people prefer using these technologies in their favorite languages. Unfortunately, most languages are considered even as low or less-resourced, and they do not have the potential to keep up with the new needs. Therefore, this study explores how this kind of languages, mainly the Amazigh, will behave in the wholly digital environment, and what to expect for new trends. Contrary to last decades, the research gap of low and less-resourced languages is continually reducing. Nonetheless, the literature review exploration unveils the need for innovative research to review their informatization roadmap, while rethinking, in a valuable way, people’s behaviors in this increasingly changing environment. Through this work, we will try first to introduce the technology access challenges, and explain how natural language processing contributes to their overcoming. Then, we will give an overview of existing studies and research related to under and less-resourced languages’ informatization, with an emphasis on the Amazigh language. After, based on these studies and the agile revolution, a new roadmap will be presented.

Sociolinguistic perception of lexical and syntactic variation among Persian-English bilinguals

This study examines the relationship between sociolinguistic perception and Persian language variation. Prior work has shown that preconceived notions about how speakers use language and what kind of language they produce can affect listeners’ perceptions (D’Onofrio 2016; Hansen Edwards et al. 2019; Mack & Munson 2012; Niedzielski 1999). However, many questions remain unanswered regarding how social meaning is applied in contact situations, especially among self-identified native and heritage speakers. Within Persian language studies, some work has observed linguistic practices among both native and non-native speakers, finding that both vary significantly in their production patterns of certain syntactic and lexical features (Megerdoomian 2020). I ask whether Persian-English bilinguals associate non-standard forms with certain social personae categorized by linguistic background. Sixteen bilingual Persian-English speakers participated in an online survey with the task of matching standard and non-standard written productions to a pre-defined linguistic persona. Results so far suggest that Persian-English bilinguals actively construct associations between language use and speaker personae, with specific grammatical categories appearing more likely to index a non-native speaking identity. This brings up further questions about how bilinguals navigate sociolinguistic ideologies tied to speaker identity, and how heritage speakers and learners approach these notions. This study adds to the growing literature on bilingualism and sociolinguistic perception, with implications for critical discussions surrounding the various ideologies that place communities of multilingual speakers into strict social categories.

Cultural Capital: Reflections from a Latin Americanist

<i>Cultural Capital</i>: Reflections from a Latin Americanist

The “fascist” and the “potato beetle”

AbstractHuman‐to‐insect comparisons turn the stomachs of scholars of language and discrimination, but do they incite violence? In the spring of 2014, some Ukrainians referred to people they suspected of separatist sympathies as kolorady, or Colorado potato beetles, a notorious invasive pest. But kolorad was also a response to a pro‐Russian epithet for Ukrainians: fashist (fascist). This article traces the relationship between kolorad and fashist in the earliest days of the conflict, finding that this kind of language—which sorts people into producers and parasites, heroes and villains, human and not—is multilayered, interreferencing, and strikingly persistent. Along with dehumanizing language, “patriotic chronotopes” help explain how people perceive threats and why some people come to feel it their responsibility, even destiny, to take violent action.

Lexicons of Song Used in Palawakya Dance

Palawakya dance is one of the traditional dances in Bali. The accompaniment of the dance is a set of gong kebyar, one of the typical of Balinese gong music. The present study aimed to analyses lexical meaning of the song lyrics of the dance, the kind of language used in the song, the typical of lexicons and their word clasess. This descriptive qualitative study applied observing, interviewing, and documentation techniques to find its study data. This study using three instruments including the researcher, observation sheet, and interview guide were used to collect the obtained data of this study. The subjects of the study were the ones who are experts in singing of song performed in the Palawakya dance. The object of the study is the lexicons which exist in the song of the dance. The study results show that the song used in the dance tells the story of Rama's journey at the boarding school in Ayodhya Kingdom to learn self defense in an attempt to destroy his annoying enemies. There were 11 lexicons in the song and all of them are classified into noun class of word. This study implicates to the contribution to language preservation. Moreover, it can be a reminder that some certain lexicons are endangered so the involvement of both government and society is needed.

Riflessioni sul linguaggio della divulgazione parascientifica: Il caso della pubblicistica vegana

ABSTRACTThe paper aims to study some linguistic features of para-scientific language, by analysing seven brief texts, published online, which are linked to veganism and try to explain the benefits of this way of life to their readers. First of all, peculiar traits of the scientific language are discussed, in order to underline the differences between this particular kind of language, which is based on a full application of the scientific method, and the para-scientific one. The textual corpus shows quite clearly that the authors make specific and regular choices which deal with the lexical, syntactic, semantic, stylistic and rhetorical levels of the language. These choices, moreover, seem to be quite similar to those usually present in the language of deception and in fake texts in general, as both kinds of texts share a common target, i.e. avoiding the traits that are commonly expected in scientific language.

Terrorism-Related Topic In The Language Of Fake News In Indonesia

he discussion on the relations between terrorism and social media mainly focuses on social media's role in spreading the terrorism ideology and recruiting the member of the terrorist group. However, social media has also become means to share fake news related to terrorism. Considering the relationship between fake news and terrorism, the primary purpose of this study is to examine the content, language used, and emotion of fake news about terrorism in Indonesia. It also reveal what kind of language used in fake news to manipulate the public and what emotions it appeals to. We analyzed fake news about terrorism in Indonesia using quantitative text analysis methods, such as sentiment analysis and dictionary-based analysis methods with R statistical software. We created two dictionaries covering the religious and violence words, and fake news was examined under these two dictionaries. For reliability, we applied the "Split-half test" to the results and we reached similar results. This study shows that ISIS, Aceh, and terrorist action in Sulawesi are three dominant topics in fake news. Second, the language on fake news is mostly about terrorism and violence to create fear in society. Third, violence and religious language are equal in the language of misleading content. We interpreted the results obtained with the traditional fear of crime theory. We then discussed the major results of this research and made effort to explain reasons behind our research results. The study has a limitation because of the small number of fake news. Future studies may overcome this limitation by selecting multiple countries as cases or increasing the date range of fake news. The dictionary-based method we used in this study is relatively new for the literature and provides the opportunity to analyze fake news content effectively. Our results using the Dictionary-based method can provide valuable clues for policymakers in the counter-terrorism field.

Directive and Commissive Speech Acts in the Iraqi Constitution (2005)

Legislative language is a specialised language and must be precise, clear, and comprehensive. It is famous for its odd or unique meanings. Because of the oddness of these meanings, this kind of language is difficult to understand by laymen and even by educated people. The present paper provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of directive and commissive speech acts that are employed by the Iraqi Constitution (2005). It aims at identifying their use, contribution and function. The analysis of data is based on Searle's classification of speech acts (1979). The conclusions show that commissive speech acts are more frequent than directives ones because in commissives the speaker, the Constitution, commits itself for future actions, gives guarantees and promises, whereas in directives, the Constitution itself gives orders and pledges to become laws.

:Sound Writing: Experimental Modernism and the Poetics of Articulation

:<i>Sound Writing: Experimental Modernism and the Poetics of Articulation</i>

Code-switching for non-native Korean lecturers in teaching Korean as a foreign language for basic and additional level

Although communication is a means of exchanging ideas between people, it can be challenging due to the abundance of synonyms and the evolution of language. The idea is that rather than code-switching, each person needs to have the aptitude and competence to comprehend different kinds of language. This study focuses on the use of code-switching by lecturers in the learning process. The purpose of this study was to find out what types of code-switching were used by lecturers during the learning process, what was the function of using code-switching, and how students perceived the use of code-switching by lecturers in learning activities. This research is based on the awareness that the ability of students to capture learning in the classroom varies. This research is expected to help Korean language learning effectively. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative, with one lecturer and 71 students as respondents. Data in the form of a transcription of the lecturer’s speeches were obtained from four learning video documentation and questionnaires. Three types of code-switching were found in the lecturer's speech at each meeting, namely the tag-switching type, the intra-sentential-switching, and the intersentential-switching. Then there were five functions realized at each meeting, namely referential functions, emotive functions, conative functions, fatigue functions, and metalinguistic functions. Students’ responses to the lecturer’s code-switching, as evidenced in the questionnaires, were generally positive, especially in terms of understanding the materials.

FRAMING OF PAKISTANI MEDIA REGARDING AFGHAN TALIBAN: BEFORE AND AFTER THEIR TAKEOVER

The purpose of the study is to investigate the framing of Pakistani Media in the context of the Afghan Taliban before and after their takeover of Afghanistan. The main objective is to implore the shift in media’s reporting regarding the said group. To do so, the researcher opted for the qualitative research method and pursued content analysis. Editorials regarding the Afghan Taliban from three English language Newspapers are selected through a purposive sampling method from January 1st, 2021, to December 31st, 2021, for this study. Each editorial is read carefully and broken down into parts to determine the title, the kind of language used, the kind of tone conveyed, and the placement of the certain editorial. After categorizing these characteristics, the editorial is further placed into Negative, Positive, and Neutral categories. These categories are the defining source of the whole investigation. Further statistical testing i.e., Chi-Square Testing is applied to compare the framing before and after the takeover which is before August and after the August of 2021. The testing determined the shift suspected by the researcher and confirmed the hypothesis. The results categorically showed that Pakistani print media shifted from negative to positive reporting of the Afghan Taliban hence proving the researcher’s stance. Keywords: Framing, Pakistani media, Afghan Taliban, takeover

Translating Philosophy, Translating Poetry: Comparisons and Contrasts

Conceptual and poetic language are often assumed to be markedly different in nature, if not radically opposed to one another. A deconstructive approach brings the two together by emphasising the fundamental metaphoricity of all language; this article aims to develop such an approach and bridge the gap between these two kinds of language by focussing on questions of translation and translatability. It takes as its point of departure the observation that similar historical claims have been advanced for the translation of both poetry and philosophy: it is routinely claimed of both that they are particularly “untranslatable”, and that both require a special kind of expertise on the part of the translator. This article focuses on philosophy and poetry as particular kinds of specialised language use, and suggests that a focus on their translation helps us to illuminate their specificities and commonalities.

Automatic Grammar Error Correction Model Based on Encoder-decoder Structure for English Texts

The role of information transmission in social life is irreplaceable, and language is a very important information carrier. Among all kinds of languages, English always occupies an important position. In the process of English learning, grammar error has become a difficult problem for most learners. In this paper, we propose an automatic grammar error correction model based on encoder-decoder structure. Different from traditional encoders, we design a dual-encoder structure to capture the information of source sentence and context sentence separately. The decoder is designed with a gated structure, it can effectively integrate output information of encoders. At the same time, the self-attention mechanism is combined to better solve the problem of long-distance information extraction. In addition, we propose a dynamic beam search algorithm to improve the accuracy of the word prediction process, and achieve dynamic extraction of the decoder output by combining kernel sampling techniques. We add a penalty factor to reduce the probability of generating repeated words, while suppressing the model's preference for generating shorter sentences. Finally, the proposed method is validated on the official English grammar error correction dataset. Experiments show that the dual encoder model in this paper has a good performance.

The use of Hedges in Interrogation

Interrogation language is different from ordinary language. During interrogation, the two sides of interrogation are antagonistic, conflicting and often cooperative. It can be said that interrogation language is a kind of language in a special context, and it is particularly important to select and control these languages by interrogators. Hedges plays an important role in the game of interrogation. If it is properly applied to investigative interrogation, unexpected special effects can be achieved. Reasonable use of hedges in different situations will make interrogators get twice the result with half the effort. But at the same time, there are also some problems in the process, which deserve our attention. Through the use of hedges in an selected interrogation, this paper tries to summarize the characteristics of hedges, explore the use of hedges, and provide some ideas for better use of hedges in view of different interrogation occasions.

Kazuo Ishiguro and the Service Economy

In her article, “Kazuo Ishiguro and the Service Economy,” Kate Montague argues that Kazuo Ishiguro’s novels enact a poetics of work for the present moment—not just at the level of narrative but also in the kind of language used to describe the service economies his characters are doomed to inhabit. In his best-known novels, a clinical, bureaucratic, and even glorifying lexicon of “donations,” “completions,” “substitutions,” and “lifting” is betrayed by the reality of work grounded in horror. In Ishiguro’s worlds, which are very much our own, the out-sourcing of reproductive and domestic labor is enabled by a larger system in which state technologies as well as linguistic forms mark certain bodies as readily exploitable and disposable. Looking comparatively between dystopian literary form and recent critical work on the service and care industries, the article shows how the tension between a euphemistic language of service and a social logic of mass death speaks to our own moment and to a crisis of care that, after years of austerity and now a global pandemic, defines the present.