Kinds Of Interlayers Research Articles

Distinct Efficacies of Interlayers in Tailoring Polyamide Nanofiltration Membrane Performance for Organic Micropollutant Removal: Dependent on Substrate Characteristics.

Interlayered thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes have shown the potential to boost nanofiltration performance for water treatment applications including the removal of organic micropollutants (OMPs). However, the effects of substrates have been overlooked when exploiting and evaluating the efficacy of certain kinds of interlayers in tailoring membrane performance. Herein, a series of TFN membranes were synthesized on different porous substrates with identical interlayers of metal-organic framework nanosheets. It was revealed that the interlayer introduction could narrow but not fully eliminate the difference in the properties among the polyamide layers formed on different substrates, and the membrane performance variation was prominent in distinct aspects. For substrates with small pore sizes exerting severe water transport hindrance, the introduced interlayer mainly enhanced membrane water permeance by affording the gutter effect, while it could be more effective in reducing membrane pore size by improving the interfacial polymerization platform and avoiding PA defects when using a large-pore-size substrate. By matching the selected substrates and interlayers well, superior TFN membranes were obtained with simultaneously higher water permeance and OMP rejections compared to three commercial membranes. This study helps us to objectively understand interlayer efficacies and attain performance breakthroughs of TFN membranes for more efficient water treatment.

Interfacial Thermal Conductance between Cu and Diamond with Interconnected W-W2C Interlayer.

Manipulating the interfacial structure is vital to enhancing the interfacial thermal conductance (G) in Cu/diamond composites for promising thermal management applications. An interconnected interlayer is frequently observed in Cu/diamond composites; however, the G between Cu and diamond with an interconnected interlayer has not been addressed so far and thus is attracting extensive attention in the field. In this study, we designed three kinds of interlayers between a Cu film and a diamond substrate by magnetron sputtering coupled with heat treatment, including a W interlayer, an interconnected W-W2C interlayer, and a W2C interlayer, to comparatively elucidate the relationship between the interfacial structure and the interfacial thermal conductance. For the first time, we experimentally measured the G between Cu and diamond with an interconnected interlayer by a time-domain thermoreflectance technique. The Cu/W-W2C/diamond structure exhibits an intermediate G value of 25.8 MW/m2 K, higher than the 19.9 MW/m2 K value for the Cu/W2C/diamond structure and lower than the 29.4 MW/m2 K value for the Cu/W/diamond structure. The molecular dynamics simulations show that the G of the individual W2C/diamond interface is much higher than those of the individual Cu/diamond and W/diamond interfaces and W2C could reduce the vibrational mismatch between Cu and diamond; however, the G of the Cu/W2C/diamond structure is reduced by the lower thermal conductivity of W2C. This study provides insights into the relationship between the interconnected interfacial structure and the G between Cu and diamond and offers guidance for interface design to improve the thermal conductivity in Cu/diamond composites.

The effect of interlayer reactivity on the quality of diamond coating by HFCVD deposition

Abstract Five kinds of interlayers are prepared on the surface of 6 wt% Co tungsten carbide cement substrate, then approximately 1 μm thick diamond coating is deposited onto these specimens by means of hot filament chemical deposition (HFCVD). The quality of the interlayer, as-nucleated, and as-grown diamond coatings are characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Rockwell hardness test. It is found that the aluminum chromium nitride (AlCrN) interlayer is much more thermally stable and less reactive with the adsorbed carbon atoms than other interlayers, namely Cr, WC, Cr + WC, and Ti + WC. This determines the efficiency of depressing Co out by diffusion to the top surface to become strengthened according to the following order: Ti + WC

Deposition of Diamond/β-SiC Composite Interlayers for Improved Machining Performance of Diamond Coated Cemented Carbide Cutting Tools

Diamond/β-SiC composite films and diamond film with composite interlayers were synthesized on cemented carbide substrates and hard metal cutting tools. Diamond top layers and the interlayers were deposited in one single process by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) technique using a gas mixture of hydrogen, methane and tetramethylsilane (TMS). Two different kinds of interlayers have been employed, namely, gradient interlayer and interlayer with constant composition. The gradient composite film, featuring a cross-sectional gradient with increasing diamond/β-SiC content from film-substrate interface to the top of the film, showed the best film adhesion. Turning test was carried out using diamond coated and uncoated cutting tools to machine aluminum alloy. It was confirmed that the diamond films with gradient interlayer showed best adhesion to the hard metal cutting tools. Diamond coated cutting tool with gradient composite interlayer showed also higher wear resistance than uncoated cutting tool. The tool lifetime of such diamond coated cutting tool was 10 times higher than that of uncoated cutting tool. Moreover, diamond coated cutting tools performed non-sticking machining, which leaded to much higher surface quality of machined surface than uncoated insert.

Experimental Verification of the Effective Thickness of Laminated Glass

Properties of laminated glass comprising two or more sheets of glass are greatly affected by the composite action of these panes which is influenced by material properties of used interlayer. Generally plastic foil or cast resin is used as the interlayer in lamination process. Laminated glass has been experimentally investigated in the laboratory condition in a four-point bending test on several kinds of interlayers in combination with variable thickness of the annealed glass. This paper establishes the so-called effective bending thickness according to standard method and presents comparisons with experimentally determined values.

Magnetic and Magnetoresonance Studies of Composite Multilayer Films with Different Kinds of Interlayers

Static magnetic properties, ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and glancing angle X-ray diffraction spectra (GAXRD) of (CoFeB)/(nonmagnetic interlayer) nanosystems have been studied for three kinds of interlayers: dielectric (SiO2) and semiconductors (Si and SiC). Matter of discussion is the role of the interlayer material in forming of inner structure of magnetic layers and magnetization curve shape.

Effect of interlayer on the ablation properties of laminated HfC–SiC ceramics under oxyacetylene torch

Laminated HfC–SiC ceramics with two kinds of interlayers (BN and graphite) were successfully fabricated by tape casting and hot pressing. The ablation properties were investigated by an oxyacetylene torch. Results showed that laminated HfC–SiC ceramics exhibited an excellent thermal-oxidative and configurational stability compared with monolithic HfC–SiC ceramics because of the introduction of weak interlayer. The laminated HfC–SiC/graphite ceramics showed better ablation resistance than laminated HfC–SiC/BN ceramics. This was mainly attributed to the higher thermal conductivity of graphite than BN, resulting in the lower surface temperature of laminated HfC–SiC/graphite ceramics during ablation.

Characteristics of Interlayers in Bauxite Deposit of WZD Area, Northern Guizhou, China

Through systematically geologic survey and observation of hand specimen this paper have a comprehensive research on the characteristics of interlayers in bauxite deposit of Wuchuan-Zheng,an-Daozhen (WZD) area. There are two kinds of interlayers in WZD bauxite: black coaly interlayer and brown hematitic interlayer. Black coaly interlayer indicate reduce and inshore environment, brown hematitic interlayer represent oxidized and strong hydrodynamic environment. The appearance of interlayer with contrary feature indicate sedimentary environment of the WZD bauxite is very complex.

Degradation of Laminated Glass as Result of Increased Temperature

The degradation of laminated glass as a result of increased temperature has become one of the important problem of reconstructions and designs of new glass structures, for instance high-rise buildings that are exposed to the impacts of an intensive heating caused e. g. by sunshine. The temperatures during heating can reach very high values, commonly from 60 to 70 °C. The effect of heating was simulated using the thermal chamber where the glass panes with the size of 120 x 1100 mm were heated. The deformation course under the increase of temperature was continually monitored by a measuring unit. In total six types of foils joining particular layers of glass were examined. In this paper the experimentally gained results are compared with a numeric computer analysis and the particular kinds of interlayers are evaluated using the loss of shear interaction.

Deformation Properties of Laminated Glass Subjected to Increased Temperature

The shear interaction of laminated glass belongs to the essential characteristics of this material. The impact of the increased temperature on deformation properties was tested within investigation of basic mechanical properties of laminated glass panes. The specimens of laminated glass with the size of 120 x 1100 mm loaded by four-point bending load were exposed to the effect of the gradually increasing temperature up to approximately 65 °C in a thermal chamber. The progress of the deformation was continuously monitored by a measuring device during both temperature rise and subsequent cooling. Four kinds of interlayers were tested in total. In this paper the obtained experimental results are compared to numerical FE analysis and also the degree of an interaction of particular interlayer is evaluated.

An analysis of thermal residual stresses in SiC f/Cu composites when TiC or Ni as binder

The interfacial bonding strength of SiC fiber reinforced copper matrix composites is extremely weak. Using Ti or other metallic elements such as Fe, Ni, Mo can improve the fiber/matrix bonding strength because these elements can form carbides or an interdiffusion zone between the fiber and the matrix though a heat treatment. In this paper, a TiC reaction layer or Ni interlayer is introduced as a binder, and thermal residual stresses (TRS) in the SiC fiber, TiC or Ni interlayers, and matrix are simulated by means of finite element method. The results indicate that the matrix undergoes significant plastic deformation when the composite is cooled to room temperature from the bonding temperature, and the residual plastic strains are highest around the interlayers and decrease as distance from the interlayer increases; the values and distributions of hoop stresses and Von Mises stresses in the matrix are nearly identical when different interlayers are used , while the magnitudes of these stresses are significantly different in different kinds of interlayers. The distribution characteristics of axial residual stresses in the matrix change when different interlayers are used, and Ni is superior to TiC as the axial stresses greatly decrease near the axial end of the composite.

On the modelling of interfacial transition behaviour in composite materials

Here, the development of two types of models for describing the transition behaviours of interfacial regions such as interlayers in laminated composites has been presented. The first model is defined based on physical considerations, using a spatial function continuously varying/describing the graded properties of the interlayer, for example, in the case of epoxy laminates, it depends on resin enrichment and fibre specific distribution. The second kind of model is proposed using interface laws defined on material surfaces (with no thickness). These laws, obtained by asymptotic analysis, are equivalent to the evolutive behaviour model primarily developed for the interlayer. Depending on the flexible or rigid nature of the interlayer, two types of interface laws have been suggested. Finally, these models are employed in a numerical analysis for studying the stress concentration due to free-edge effects in a multilayered symmetric cross-ply (0°/90°)s laminate having different kinds of interlayers. The present results are compared with those of classical/ideal perfect interface model to show the significance of the proposed models, incorporating the influence of the interlayer transition behaviour on the free-edge effect evaluation.

Tribological properties of magnetron-sputtered TiC coatings

Tribological properties, including friction, wear, and hardness, as well as microstructure, have been investigated using a pin-on-disk configuration for TiC coatings with different kinds of interlayers (Ti, Cr and Mo) of different thicknesses. Both stainless steel and alumina pins were alternately used. The wear tracks and cross-section microstructure of the TiC coatings with different interlayers were further characterized by optical microscopy or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is found that inserting a Cr or Ti interlayer between the coatings and substrates improves the friction, wear, hardness, and elastic modulus of the coatings, but inserting a Mo interlayer had the opposite effect. The influence of different kinds of interlayers, their thickness, as well as the TiC coating thickness on the tribological properties of the coatings are discussed.

The effects of metal interlayer insertion on the friction, wear and adhesion of TiC coatings

TiC coatings on 440C stainless steel (SS) substrates that contain different kinds of interlayers (Ti, Cr and Mo) of different thickness were grown by magnetron sputtering. The friction, wear and adhesion behaviors were investigated for the TiC coatings using pin-on-disk configuration. The wear tracks of the TiC coatings and alumina pin were characterized by optical microscope or scanning electron microscope (SEM). Inserting Cr or Ti interlayer between TiC coating and substrate could improve greatly the wear, hardness and adhesion. In wear tests the TiC coating with Cr interlayer usually showed better characteristics than that with Ti interlayer. In addition, the TiC coating with 50 nm Ti interlayer performed better than that with 500 nm Ti interlayer in the adhesion and wear tests. It is noticed that the TiC coating could not be improved on the friction and wear behavior when metallic Mo was inserted between the TiC and substrate resulting from the poor adhesion of the coating.