Kinds Of Intentions Research Articles

Musical Meaning and the Semiotic Hierarchy: Towards a Cognitive Semiotics of Music

Research on the meaning of music has a long tradition, with approaches from several fields, but it lacks a coherent framework for interdisciplinary discussions. As a result, the notion of meaning in music is fragmented among contrasting perspectives. I propose a cognitive-semiotic approach to the analysis of the meaning evoked by music listening, adopting a framework that eludes disciplinary limitations and expands the notion of meaning to the phenomenological concept of intentionality. For this purpose, I apply Zlatev’s Semiotic Hierarchy to the experience of listening to music, analysing the diversity of meaning-making processes involved in music as distributed among several layers of experience. As a result, I propose an updated version of the Semiotic Hierarchy, clarifying its structure as based on possibilities of meaning-making, and allowing for temporality to pervade experience throughout all layers. I highlight the connectedness and simultaneity of different kinds of intentionality, resulting in the addition of the dimension of aesthetic experience – which I analyze as characterizing culture-general music listening. A key claim is that experiencing music aesthetically articulates the listener’s body in their inner sense of space and time, making them feel a sense of movement and vitality. This grounds music as a semiotic system, connecting with and fostering virtually uncountable subject-relative and culture-specific meaning-making acts.

The career plan and adjustment on the middle- and older-aged elementary school teachers in the wave of the pension reform:The perspective of psychological contract breach

<p>本研究聚焦於年金改革所帶來的影響，探討中高齡國小教師的生涯規劃及調適。對11位受訪者進行深度訪談，結果顯示，選擇教職的初衷包括「追求穩定與單純的生活」、「考量家庭經濟因素」、「熱忱與興趣」、以及「福利及附加價值誘人」等。其年金改革前的生涯規劃為：「財務管理」、「休閒旅遊」、「心理健康及成長」；對年金改革的想法與感受有：「難以接受，忿忿不平」、「無安全感，憂心忡忡」、「莫可奈何，面對現實」、「快速調適，隨遇而安」；年金改革後的生涯規劃與調適分為：「後顧無憂，一切照常」、「縮小願望，調整方式」、「亡羊補牢，加強規劃」、及「未來茫然，不如歸去」。本研究總結在年金改革後：（1）教師心理受到衝擊、情緒難平；（2）調適有賴個人資源或轉念；（3）財務因素躍升為退休規劃之重要考量。最後，本文以生涯調適及心理契約兩個觀點，討論年金改革對中高齡國小教師生涯規劃及心理的影響，提供未來更進一步研究或實務之參考。</p> <p> </p><p>This study aimed to understand the career plan and adjustment of the middle-and older-aged elementary school teachers, focusing on the effects of the waves of pension reform. In-depth interviews were conducted on eleven middle-and older-aged elementary school teachers. The main findings were as below. First, there were four kinds of intentions for choosing to be teachers initially. Second, participants had three types of retirement plans before the pension reforms, they were financial management, leisure and traveling, mental health and growth. Third, participants reacted differently towards the pension reforms, some felt depressed and angry, some felt anxious, and some decided to face the changes and adjust. Fourth, participants reformulated their career plans after the pension reforms, some stuck to the original plans, some made flexible adjustments to the original plans, while some remained anxious and decided to retire. Based on the findings, we discussed career adaptability and psychological contract. We also provided suggestions for further research and practical interventions. </p> <p> </p>

Intentionality of Poetic Discourse

This paper provides a new conception of analysing poetic text in terms of speech act theory proceeding from Searle’s concept of intentionality, from Dijk’s view on literary speech act based on the intention of the author and from Merilai’s understanding of pragmapoetics. We argue that the author’s intention in the poetic discourse comes in two varieties: the referential and the aesthetic ones. The referential intention is the author’s attitude towards the text content. The aesthetic intention is the author’s attitude towards the language form, through which the content is expressed. Thus, two kinds of speech acts are performed simultaneously: 1) referential, based on the referential intention, involving an illocution and being fictional, as the sincerity rule is violated; 2) aesthetic, based on the aesthetic intention. The latter is a specific subtype of expressive illocution as the author's illocutionary goal is to express a positive emotional-evaluative attitude solely toward the language form, while the perlocutionary goal is to influence the reader's aesthetic feelings regarding this form. These kinds of intention are reflected at both the level of the utterance and the whole text. Thus two communication levels are taken into consideration: the vertical and horizontal ones. The poetic texts of “New objectivity”, a literary movement in German Weimar Republic in 1918–1933 have been used to observe these regularities.

Syntactic and Semantic Distribution of the Ingressive Copulas pasidarė and tapo in Modern Lithuanian: A Corpus-based Analysis

Syntactic and Semantic Distribution of the Ingressive Copulas pasidarė and tapo in Modern Lithuanian: A Corpus-based Analysis

Legal Theory and the Problem of Machine Opacity: Spinoza on Intentionality, Prediction and Law

In this paper I will approach the problem of machine opacity in law, according to an understanding of it as a problem revolving around the underlying philosophical tension between description and prescription in law and legal theory. I will use the problem of machine opacity, and its effects on the lawmaker’s activity, as a practical backdrop for a discussion of the associations upheld by legal theory between law’s normative ideals and its preferred, normatively neutral, method for achieving these. My discussion of this problem will provide a preliminary answer to the question whether it is machine opacity - by introducing an unfamiliar kind of intentionality into the legal sphere which disturbs the predictability of law - that renders the contemporary lawmaker’s job difficult, or, whether this difficulty indeed comes with the lawmaker’s job description. I will turn to early rationalist Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677) and particularly his explanation of law in the Theological Political Treatise (TTP) for analytical assistance in my discussion.

Intentional Binding for Unintended Effects

We execute most of our movements in order to elicit an intended effect. This kind of intentionality is commonly assumed to drive a temporal illusion, referred to as Intentional Binding (IB): Stimuli intentionally elicited by one’s own action (i.e., effects) are perceived as temporally earlier compared to unintentionally occurring stimuli (not elicited by one’s own action). It is currently under debate whether intentionality is necessary for IB to occur, or whether causality might be sufficient for IB to occur. In the present study, we investigated the importance of an intention for the occurrence of IB. Employing a Libet Clock paradigm, we assessed IB for effects which participants were instructed to cause by their action (i.e., intended effect) as well as for effects participants were instructed not to cause by their action (i.e., unintended effect). Both effects, the intended as well as the unintended, were subject to IB, with a Bayesian analysis favoring no difference for both effect types. This implies that even an unintended effect is subject to IB and that, thus, causality instead of intentionality might be sufficient for IB.

On the Very Idea of (Real) Content Derivation

According to an idea which is widespread among philosophers, linguistic entities derive their intentionality from the intentionality of mental entities by virtue of some relation between them. Typically, it is some kind of intention on the speaker’s part – e.g., an intention to produce in the hearer a belief with a certain content – that is supposed to endow words with content. This paper argues that the concept of the derivation of content from one entity to another, if understood realistically, is flawed: derived intentionality, I will argue, is merely ascribed intentionality, not a real property of its possessor (one which is independent of any stance or interpretation). Irrealistic-ascriptivist senses are suggested for the ideas of content derivation, of original intentionality, and of the mind as the source of linguistic (and other forms of non-mental) intentionality. Thus, endorsing the idea that mental intentionality is the source of non-mental intentionality need not tempt one to intentional realism. In an intentional irrealistic framework, what forms of intentionality are original and what are derived is a deeply contingent matter, determined by our practice(s) of content ascription. But while intentional irrealism accommodates all those ideas, this paper defends “content-derivation irrealism” but not thoroughgoing intentional irrealism – the idea that there is real original (that is, un-derived) intentionality is not ruled out. Still, assuming that some entities possess real intentionality, what can make them endow intentionality upon other entities is also our practice of content ascription.

An action-theoretical approach to the Happy Victimizer Pattern

Research in moral education demonstrates the pattern referred to as the happy victimizer (HV) does not only emerge among children and adolescents. Adults also transgress moral rules and, to a considerable extent, they might feel good doing so. However, research also reveals the HV pattern emergence is context specific. In contrast to findings among young children in whom the HV pattern was interpreted as a lack of motivation as a stage of development, it is an open question concerning what HV in adulthood means and how these patterns affect acting. This paper first offers an action-theoretical approach allowing reconstruction of the process of acting as well as a systematic discussion of results from two separate lines of research simultaneously: the research on patterns of moral decision-making as the HV and research on moral disengagement. Second, a survey study provides insights into what kinds of intentions, emotion attributions, and moral disengagement strategies adults display in situations of low moral intensity and whether they indicate consistent or contradictory patterns across situations. Results point to a situational specificity of moral decision-making as well as an application of moral disengagement strategies. Regarding education, it seems necessary to not only focus on struggling to strengthen the moral self or autonomous moral judging but also pay specific attention to acting in morally relevant situations depending on person-situation-interactions. Moral acting may also be fostered by developing supportive environments such as in schools, organisations or society.

The Impact of Policy Factors and Users’ Awareness on Electricity-Saving Behaviors: From the Perspective of Habits and Investment

Exploring the factors affecting residents’ electricity-saving behavior and their mechanisms of action is an important way to conserve regional energy and reduce emissions. Integrating the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and norm activation model (NAM) and introducing the external policy factors, a model of the factors influencing habituation and investment electricity-saving behavior was constructed and an empirical study of urban residents in Hefei city, China was conducted. The results show that residents’ knowledge of the electricity price policy indirectly affects their habitual intentions by affecting their attitudes whereas residents’ knowledge of the subsidy policy have direct effects on their investment intentions. Environmental concern can directly affect residents’ habituation and investment intentions and also indirectly affect their habituation ones by affecting their personal moral norm. However, its indirect effect on the investment intention is not significant. Perceived behavioral control has a significant positive impact on residents’ investment intentions and behaviors, but the impacts on their habituation ones are not significant. The relationships between the personal moral norm and the two kinds of intention and behavior are opposite to those of perceived behavior control. Relevant policy implications for the government, household appliance enterprises, and power enterprises are provided.

Husserl’s 1901 and 1913 Philosophies of Perceptual Occlusion: Signitive, Empty, and Dark Intentions

This paper examines the evolution of Edmund Husserl’s theory of perceptual occlusion. This task is accomplished in two stages. First, I elucidate Husserl’s conclusion, from his 1901 Logical Investigations, that the occluded parts of perceptual objects are intended by partial signitive acts. I focus on two doctrines of that account. I examine Husserl’s insight that signitive intentions are composed of Gehalt and I discuss his conclusion that signitive intentions sit on the continuum of fullness. Second, the paper discloses how Husserl transforms his 1901 philosophy in his 1913 revisions to the Sixth Logical Investigation, affirming that the occluded parts of perceptual objects are intended by empty contiguity acts. I demonstrate how he overturns the two core doctrines of his theory from the Investigations in these revisions, claiming that empty intentions are not composed of Gehalt and asserting that those acts break with the continuum of fullness. Husserl implements these changes to solve problems that arise from his recognition of two new kinds of intentions; darker and completely dark acts. Finally, in the conclusion, I cash out this analysis, by indicating that, in 1913, Husserl transforms his theory of fulfillment on the basis of his new insights about empty acts.

Phenomenology and Perceptual Content

AbstractTerence Horgan and John Tienson argue that there is phenomenal intentionality, that is, “a kind of intentionality, pervasive in human mental life, that is constitutively determined by phenomenology alone”. However, their arguments are open to two lines of objection. First, Horgan and Tienson are not sufficiently clear as to what kind of content it is that they take to be determined by, or to supervene on, phenomenal character. Second, critics have objected that, for their conclusion to follow, Horgan and Tienson would first have to establish the covariation of phenomenology and intentional content, but even so, phenomenal intentionality would still emerge as less plausible than its converse, representationalism. I will address these two challenges by appeal to Husserlian ideas. A consideration of perceptual phenomenology (i.e., phenomenal character) shows that there is a kind of perceptual content that is, indeed, determined by phenomenal character. Such content is conceived in terms of fulfillment conditions, or what it takes to bring aspects of objects and scenes to different, and more complete, ways of givenness. We can establish the primacy of phenomenology, relative to such fulfillment‐conditional content, by tracing it back to the basic phenomenology of visual and other sensations.

Making Sense of Spatio-Temporal Preserving Representations for EEG-Based Human Intention Recognition.

Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a system empowering humans to communicate with or control the outside world with exclusively brain intentions. Electroencephalography (EEG)-based BCI is one of the promising solutions due to its convenient and portable instruments. Despite the extensive research of EEG in recent years, it is still challenging to interpret EEG signals effectively due to its nature of noise and difficulties in capturing the inconspicuous relations between EEG signals and specific brain activities. Most existing works either only consider EEG as chain-like sequences while neglecting complex dependencies between adjacent signals or requiring complex preprocessing. In this paper, we introduce two deep learning-based frameworks with novel spatio-temporal preserving representations of raw EEG streams to precisely identify human intentions. The two frameworks consist of both convolutional and recurrent neural networks effectively exploring the preserved spatial and temporal information in either a cascade or a parallel manner. Extensive experiments on a large scale movement intention EEG dataset (108 subjects, 3 145 160 EEG records) have demonstrated that the proposed frameworks achieve high accuracy of 98.3% and outperform a set of state-of-the-art and baseline models. The developed models are further evaluated with a real-world brain typing BCI and achieve a recognition accuracy of 93% over five instruction intentions suggesting good generalization over different kinds of intentions and BCI systems.

Ways of Using Words: On Semantic Intentions

Intentionalism is the view that demonstratives, gradable adjectives, quantifiers, modals and other context‐sensitive expressions are intention‐sensitive: their semantic value on a given use is fixed by speaker intentions. The first aim of this paper is to defend Intentionalism against three recent objections, according to which speakers at least sometimes do not have suitable intentions when using supposedly intention‐sensitive expressions. Its second aim is to thereby shed light on the so far little‐explored question of which kinds of intentions can be semantically relevant.

Detecting intention to execute the next movement while performing current movement from EEG using global optimal constrained ICA

BackgroundBrain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are a promising tool in neurorehabilitation. The intention to perform a motor action can be detected from brain signals and used to control robotic devices. Most previous studies have focused on the starting of movements from a resting state, while in daily life activities, motions occur continuously and the neural activities correlated to the evolving movements are yet to be investigated. MethodFirst we investigate the existence of neural correlates of intention to replace an object on the table during a holding phase. Next, we present a new method to extract the movement-related cortical potentials (MRCP) from a single-trial EEG. A novel method called Global optimal constrained ICA (GocICA) is proposed to overcome the limitations of cICA which is implemented based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Charged System Search (CSS) techniques. GocICA is then utilized for decoding the intention to grasp and lift and intention to replace movements where the results were compared. ResultsIt was found that GocICA significantly improves the intention detection performance. Best results in offline detection were obtained with CSS-cICA for both kinds of intentions. Furthermore, pseudo-online decoding showed that GocICA was able to predict both intentions before the onset of related movements with the highest probability. ConclusionsDecoding of the next movement intention during current movement is possible, which can be used to create more natural neuroprostheses. The results demonstrate that GocICA is a promising new algorithm for single-trial MRCP detection which can be used for detecting other types of ERPs such as P300.

Cascade and Parallel Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks on EEG-based Intention Recognition for Brain Computer Interface

Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a system empowering humans to communicate with or control the outside world with exclusively brain intentions. Electroencephalography (EEG) based BCIs are promising solutions due to their convenient and portable instruments. Despite the extensive research of EEG in recent years, it is still challenging to interpret EEG signals effectively due to the massive noises in EEG signals (e.g., low signal-noise ratio and incomplete EEG signals), and difficulties in capturing the inconspicuous relationships between EEG signals and certain brain activities. Most existing works either only consider EEG as chain-like sequences neglecting complex dependencies between adjacent signals or requiring pre-processing such as transforming EEG waves into images. In this paper, we introduce both cascade and parallel convolutional recurrent neural network models for precisely identifying human intended movements and instructions effectively learning the compositional spatio-temporal representations of raw EEG streams. Extensive experiments on a large scale movement intention EEG dataset (108 subjects,3,145,160 EEG records) have demonstrated that both models achieve high accuracy near 98.3% and outperform a set of baseline methods and most recent deep learning based EEG recognition models, yielding a significant accuracy increase of 18% in the cross-subject validation scenario. The developed models are further evaluated with a real-world BCI and achieve a recognition accuracy of 93% over five instruction intentions. This suggests the proposed models are able to generalize over different kinds of intentions and BCI systems.

A Theory of Tasteful and Distasteful Transactions

SummaryThis paper develops a theory of tasteful and distasteful exchanges based on rational choice. By making reference to existing literature, we first differentiate repugnant from tasteful/distasteful transactions and bring up the additional consideration of the latter. There is a key difference between the two types of proscribed exchanges: repugnancy and distastefulness. The repugnancy of a transaction is determined by a single factor: tastes (preferences). The distastefulness of a transaction is determined by two factors: the true intention of the actor and the context of the transaction. We characterize tastefulness/distastefulness as a judgment: does the context of the transaction, which expresses “declared intention,” match the “true intention” of the actor? We identify four different kinds of intentions and their matching contexts of exchange. This allows us to classify four different kinds of tasteful transactions, i.e. when true intentions correspond to declared ones—i.e., to their context. It also allows us to classify twelve different kinds of distasteful transactions.

Two kinds of intentions: a new defense of the Simple View

This paper defends a version of the Simple View, the claim that someone intentionally φs only if the person intends to φ. To do this, I raise a problem for Bratman’s classic argument (Bratman in Philos Rev 93(3):375–405; Intentions, plans, and practical reasoning. Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1987) against it. The problem brings into focus an evaluative dimension behind the view, whose recognition allows for an improved version of it. With this improved version, I then go on to answer other criticisms that have been raised to it.

Three Kinds of Intention in Lawmaking

The nature of legislative intent remains a subject of vigorous debate. Its many participants perceive the intent in different ways. In this paper, I identify the reason for such diverse perceptions: three intentions are involved in lawmaking, not one. The three intentions correspond to the three aspects of a speech act: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary. The dominant approach in legal theory holds that legislative intent is a semantic (locutionary) one. A closer examination shows that it is, in fact, an illocutionary one. In the paper, I draw the consequences for legal interpretation of this more theorized model of legislative intent.

Implicatures of poetic text: translation methods

Consistent patterns of conveying implicatures in translating poetic texts are described on material of Mascha Kaléko’s and Robert Gernhardt’s miniatures translated by Genrikh Yeyger. The main feature of implicature is that it is enclosed in utterance intentionally by the speaker. Creating a poetic text, the author has two kinds of intentions – 1) referential intention which is connected with reference – correlation of words and states of affairs in the outside world, and 2) aesthetic intention – author’s positive emotional-appraisive attitude to the verbal form being created. Implicatures in poetry reflect both referential and aesthetic intentions. They simultaneously refer to states of affairs in the outside world (the reference itself) and to words (self-reference). That is why their reproduction in translation is twice as important – for recreating text content as well as reflecting author’s individual style. Each implicature belongs to one of two communication levels distinguished in literary text: a) vertical – communication between author and reader; b) horizontal – communication between characters of a text. The two ways of conveying implicatures of original text are determined: keeping and losing implicature. In the first case there are three possible options: 1) translator manages to convey an implicature by using the same means as in the original; 2) the original utterance containing an implicature can slightly differ grammatically from the translated equivalent; 3) translator has to use other suitable language means to reproduce an impicature;. In the second case there are three options: 1) explication of an implicature; 2) substitution with another implicature; 3) complete loss.

Vers une phénoménologie de la normativité. Une circonscription préliminaire du domaine

I discuss, from a phenomenological point of view, the distinction between judgments and norms. I stress the limits of the Husserlian canonical analysis in order to rightly account for the sense and content of normative intentionality. Based on some Kelsenian insights, I draw a clear distinction between judgments and norms, criticizing some classical trends coming from Husserl himself that consider norms as a kind of intentionality founded upon objectifying acts. However, taking distance from Kelsen, Kaufmann, and Cossio, I stress that the ought-proposition (Sollsatz) cannot be a good rendering of the sense-content of norms, based on the phenomenological distinction between the intentional matter and the quality of intentional acts. Finally, I propose my own account based on the concept of “ductive force”. I stress that the ductive force of norms cannot be identified with simple coercion. I show that there is, even inside the juridical sphere, a variety of ductive forces, going from sheer coercion to council and recommendation. To end, I stress the centrality of the concept of “ductive force” for a phenomenology of the social world.