Kinds Of Expertise Research Articles

New Improvements to Deepwater Subsea Measurement

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 25686, “More Improvements to Deepwater Subsea Measurement: Overview,” by W. Letton, Letton Hall Group; J.M. Pappas, Research Partnership To Secure Energy for America; and J. Shen, Chevron, prepared for the 2015 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 4–7 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed. In an effort to develop new measurement technologies for ultradeepwater oil and gas production, the US Department of Energy’s National Energy Technology Laboratory under the Research Partnership To Secure Energy for America (RPSEA) has initiated a new project. This project, titled More Improvements to Deepwater Subsea Measurement, has addressed those gaps that were identified by an earlier RPSEA project as the most pressing for multiphase-flow measurement. Introduction Approximately 15 years ago, as offshore production in the Gulf of Mexico and elsewhere moved off the continental shelf and into truly deep water, it became apparent that methods of measuring the flow of oil and gas would have to change in a significant manner. Not only did formidable technical challenges exist in performing production tests on wells that were many miles away in 1000 m or more of water, but the economics of installing test lines to perform such tests simply was not acceptable. Production from many wells would be commingled, and one of two alternatives would have to be chosen: Either a clever way of testing well rates from the combined flow would be developed, or each well’s rate of production would be measured before commingling. Discussion History. Past efforts of RPSEA and others to research improving deepwater exploration-and-production operations are detailed in the complete paper. At the conclusion of one such RPSEA project, running from 2008 to 2011, several leaders in a joint-industry project ( JIP) that had supported that effort expressed an interest in a followup RPSEA project to refine certain results from the first project, and to investigate those areas where it was felt there were still questions needing answers. Consequently, a new proposal was submitted for RPSEA’s consideration, resulting in the new RPSEA project: 10121-4304-01, More Improvements to Deepwater Subsea Measurement. The following topics were identified: Deepwater fluid sampling Deepwater meter-verification technology Early kick detection Downhole differential-pressure-sensor development Virtual-flowmeter evaluation Detection of meter fouling Each of these topics could have qualified as a project on its own, but the fact that the common thread of measurement ran through all, requiring the same kind of expertise in investigators, suggested that grouping the various parts under a single RPSEA project, managed by those experienced in measurement, made good sense. Therefore, this was the approach taken once again.

Structure of Physical Fitness Among Young Female Basketball Players (Trends of Changes in 2006-2013).

The aim of this study was to identify trends of changes in the structure and levels of motor effects among young women basketball players in 2006-2013. These changes were examined in the context of comprehensive development of functional, fitness-related, and technical fundamentals with respect to requirements of specific training adopted as typical for targeted sports training stage. The research material was collected in 2006-2013 among young basketball players from the Greater Poland region. The study evaluated 169 girls (mean ± SD: age = 15.5 ± 0.5 years; height = 173.5 ± 5.8 cm; weight = 60.2 ± 7.9 kg). The measurements focused on the structure of motor effects in the athletes studied. For this purpose, the study used the International Physical Fitness Test. The study found that overall physical fitness of young women basketball players has been declining year by year. On the one hand, this might have been caused by the tendency for regression in motor modifications across generations that have been observed among populations. On the other hand, changes in weight-height ratio toward increasing obesity have also been observed. The results may serve as a kind of expertise about the structure of motor development of successive age groups of sports talented young women in light of training objectives at the targeted sports training stage as compared with trends typical for the general population. By describing the results of long-term research, this article offers a way of detecting possible positive or negative tendencies at a relatively early stage.

The Organization of Professional Expertise in the European Commission

What kind of professional experts dominate within the European Commission—lawyers, economists or others? Driven by the notion that the role of professional experts is shaped by organizational features, the article examines how different kinds of expertise are inscribed in the Commission’s recruitment system and organizational structure. The analysis shows that while economics may have overtaken law as the most common educational background in the Commission, neither the recruitment system nor the departmental structure appears to encourage the development of economic expertise. The proportion of staff hired through economics competitions has dropped markedly, and there are few specialized units for economic analysis in the organization. More generally, the Commission’s hiring policies and organizational hierarchy do not seem conducive to strong expert roles. The picture that emerges is that of an organization where expert knowledge is neither tied to a particular profession nor firmly rooted in the departmental structure.

Maturity is coherent: Structural and content-specific coherence in adolescent moral identity

Identity narrative may involve considerable variations in structural and content-specific coherence. These variations are potentially relevant to the development of moral commitment in adolescence. The present study analyzed coherence in moral identity narratives for a matched comparison sample of urban adolescents. Thirty nominated adolescent moral exemplars and 30 everyday comparators were given interview prompts designed to tap identity narrative. Structural and content-specific coherence dimensions were assessed with a palette of computational techniques known as coh-metrix. Consistent with study hypotheses, exemplar adolescent moral identity narratives generally evinced greater structural and content-specific coherence than everyday comparators, particularly on causality and agentic intentionality dimensions. Findings suggest that moral identity coherence is a kind of expertise fixed in developmental processes and associated with real-world action.

Developing Students Autonomy And Self-Regulation Thought A Co-Teaching Research Methods Experience

The College of Human Sciences at Oklahoma State University (OSU) and Universidad Popular Automa del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP) decided to offer Pedagogy Doctoral students from Mexico a 3 week co-teaching research methods experience. Two professors, one from each institution (OSU and UPAEP), designed the syllabus to offer a co-teaching experience in the United States. The objective of the course was to enhance students success in their research dissertation project, contributing to develop students autonomy and self-regulation while offering Mexican students an international experience at OSU and at the same time allowing students to access OSU facilities, including the library databases and different research software. Two evaluations were conducted to assess the effectiveness of the course and the impact in the students autonomous learning. The first assessment was conducted at the end of the course through a semi-structured personal interview. The second evaluation was conducted six months after concluding the experience and included one on-line survey. During both evaluations the students agreed that a co-teaching experience was beneficial because the course combined two kinds of expertise and the teaching styles of both professors. The study concluded that co-teaching experience was useful in the students journey to become autonomous learners and the level of understanding of the topics studied the students self-directed and self-regulated process and the achievement of the students expectations.

Tegnspråktolking, profesjon i diskursiv klem


 
 
 The profession of Sign Language interpreter, caught between discourses 
 This article discusses the profession of Sign Language interpreter in Norway today, and in doing so identifies the discourses that are competing to define the profession.
 From a sociological perspective, any profession – a term that is taken here as meaning an occupational group that meets some specific criterion – is a social construction. No such criterion is absolute, but must be understood in a temporal and geographical context. A trait common to all the professions in our welfare state is that they are founded on the basis of trust from the society that they exist to serve.
 This is why it is important for any profession to demarcate itself from other professions, thereby clarifying – both for its own members and, even more so, for the public – what its clients are entitled to expect. What kind of expertise does the profession possess? And regarding professional conduct, what are its members permitted – and not permitted – to do?
 A key consideration is professional ethics or standards. These are communicated to the public so that members of the public will be aware what they can ask for, and what they are entitled to receive, when booking the services of, for example, an interpreter.
 In Norway it is Tolkeforbundet, the Association of Sign Language interpreters, which establishes guidelines for the interpreters’ professional conduct. However, both the profession’s ethics and the profession as such are subject to constant change.
 The aim of my analyses is to investigate the nature of the discourses that are currently engaged in this process. First we need to identify the social actors that are in a position to influence the construction of the profession that is Sign Language Interpreter. Given the way that this special interpreter service is organised, Nav (the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration) is in a powerful position, along with educational institutions and the profession itself.
 The Norwegian Association of the Deaf (NDF) is also an institution of particular interest here. There would be no Sign Language interpreters, let alone professional Sign Language interpreters, without the political struggle initiated by this association. Today Sign Language is recognised as one of Norway’s official languages. This is a result of the language discourse that has materialized in governmental papers.
 However, it is not the acceptance of Deaf culture and language that entitles deaf people to use the services of interpreters, but rather the notion of deaf people as ‘handicapped’. Hence these competing discourses of language and handicap, which form part of the social construction of deafness, may also be identified as defining the interpreter. The former discourse (language) emphasizes the languages in use, while the latter (handicap) defines the interpreter as an aspect of the rehabilitation of people whose hearing is impaired.
 Here I focus on a text recently issued by Nav, in so far as it relates to the interpreter’s role. I analyse the text to identify how this role is articulated within the Nav discourse, particularly in relation to the way the profession defines this role in its code of ethics.
 I will argue that some of the changes in the interpreter’s role that are suggested in the Nav report are quite radical. Given the institutional power of Nav, this leaves the profession in a dilemma. In which direction will it move, and what will the consequences be?
 
 

Kinerja Guru Dalam Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan Madrasah

The performance of teachers is closely related to the teaching. Teachers must have certain ways in transfering knowledge and experience to their students. Creative, productive, and competent teachers having a good performance could encourage the students to be excited in learning and their ways of thinking will increasingly be growing. Teachers having a good performance will always be desired and dreamed by every educational institution. Their presence alwaysbecomes a focus and attention of their students. Teachers are also expected to be able to create significant interaction in developing a set of Islamic values and educate students in madrassa (Islamic schools). In terms of improving the quality of madrassa, various well-designed education systems should be adapted to the needs of development in all fields and require the kinds of expertise and skills in addition to improving work efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary inter alia the improvement of teachers' performance, curriculum development and education evaluation development to improve the quality of madrasa education.

The Faces in Radiological Images: Fusiform Face Area Supports Radiological Expertise.

The fusiform face area (FFA) has often been used as an example of a brain module that was developed through evolution to serve a specific purpose-face processing. Many believe, however, that FFA is responsible for holistic processing associated with any kind of expertise. The expertise view has been tested with various stimuli, with mixed results. One of the main stumbling blocks in the FFA controversy has been the fact that the stimuli used have been similar to faces. Here, we circumvent the problem by using radiological images, X-rays, which bear no resemblance to faces. We demonstrate that FFA can distinguish between X-rays and other stimuli by employing multivariate pattern analysis. The sensitivity to X-rays was significantly better in experienced radiologists than that in medical students with limited radiological experience. For the radiologists, it was also possible to use the patterns of FFA activations obtained on faces to differentiate X-ray stimuli from other stimuli. The overlap in the FFA activation is not based on visual similarity of faces and X-rays but rather on the processes necessary for expertise with both kinds of stimulus. Our results support the expertise view that FFA's main function is related to holistic processing.

Arguments that count: physics, computing, and missile defense, 1949-2012

In a rapidly changing world, we rely upon experts to assess the promise and risks of new technology. But how do these experts make sense of a highly uncertain future? In Arguments that Count, Rebecca Slayton offers an important new perspective. Drawing on new historical documents and interviews as well as perspectives in science and technology studies, she provides an original account of how scientists came to terms with the unprecedented threat of nuclear-armed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). She compares how two different professional communities -- physicists and computer scientists -- constructed arguments about the risks of missile defense, and how these arguments changed over time. Slayton shows that our understanding of technological risks is shaped by disciplinary repertoires -- the codified knowledge and mathematical rules that experts use to frame new challenges. And, significantly, a new repertoire can bring long-neglected risks into clear view.In the 1950s, scientists recognized that high-speed computers would be needed to cope with the unprecedented speed of ICBMs. But the nation's elite science advisors had no way to analyze the risks of computers so used physics to assess what they could: radar and missile performance. Only decades later, after establishing computing as a science, were advisors able to analyze authoritatively the risks associated with complex software -- most notably, the risk of a catastrophic failure. As we continue to confront new threats, including that of cyber attack, Slayton offers valuable insight into how different kinds of expertise can limit or expand our capacity to address novel technological risks.

Expertise in biological conceptions: The case of the vineyard

To study how expertise impacts the understanding of a complex system like the vineyard, three measures were used with 259 participants (190 non-experts, 34 winemakers and/or winegrowers, and 35 biologists): a questionnaire to check for expertise (the Plant Biology Questionnaire), a task about the Structure, Behaviour and Function model, and a measure of the content of the participants’ discourse with the ALCESTE software. Results showed that biologists mentioned functions significantly more often than behaviours, whereas it was the opposite for winegrowers. Non-experts mentioned functions and behaviours significantly less frequently than experts did. The content analysis confirmed the differential expression of each kind of expertise: scientific wording for biologists, technical wording for winegrowers, and words focused on perceptible structures for the non-experts. Results from all tasks were highly correlated and allowed for an interpretation of expertise in terms of mental models of the vineyard.

Public Engagement, Knowledge Transfer, and Impact Validity

Public engagement and knowledge transfer are now necessary supplements to academic research and teaching activity for university‐based psychologists in the United Kingdom. However, a “deficit model” of public understanding is often assumed by national policies. We argue that bidirectional approaches between researchers and concerned communities are necessary, and that bidirectional transfer recognizes different kinds of expertise and experience. We argue further that researchers working in the field of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) psychology have routinely been engaged in bidirectional translational work, by drawing on historical and recent examples. Bidirectional models of knowledge transfer do not resolve all of the potential problems that arise during public engagement. For example, it is not clear how academics should respond when end users do not accept their findings. However, involving concerned communities is clearly necessary to achieving, and maximizing, impact validity and LGBT psychologists have long been at the forefront of so doing.

Centrality and Lead-Lag Relationships in the U.S. Equity Market

I examine how information in the price of one firm is incorporated into the price of another related firm. Information in prices diffuses slowly across firms affected by common shocks. Further, this phenomenon is most pronounced across firms each affected by many types of shocks, i.e. complex firms. To explain these empirical regularities, I incorporate structural uncertainty and ambiguity aversion into a standard multi-asset rational expectation model. In the model, each firm is affected by multiple types of shocks and investors, endowed with limited kinds of expertise, do not know the riskiness, i.e. volatility, of some of these shocks. Investors are especially fearful of unknown risks, so they assume that shocks of unknown riskiness are extremely risky in their investment decisions. This behavior prevents the price of one firm from efficiently incorporating information in the price of a related firm, especially if both firms in the pair are complex firms. The model also explains the diversification discount.

Cognitive Task Analysis-Based Design and Authoring Software for Simulation Training

The development of more effective medical simulators requires a collaborative team effort where three kinds of expertise are carefully coordinated: (1) exceptional medical expertise focused on providing complete and accurate information about the medical challenges (i.e., critical skills and knowledge) to be simulated; (2) instructional expertise focused on the design of simulation-based training and assessment methods that produce maximum learning and transfer to patient care; and (3) software development expertise that permits the efficient design and development of the software required to capture expertise, present it in an engaging way, and assess student interactions with the simulator. In this discussion, we describe a method of capturing more complete and accurate medical information for simulators and combine it with new instructional design strategies that emphasize the learning of complex knowledge. Finally, we describe three different types of software support (Development/Authoring, Run Time, and Post Run Time) required at different stages in the development of medical simulations and the instructional design elements of the software required at each stage. We describe the contributions expected of each kind of software and the different instructional control authoring support required.

Why Big Data Won't Cure Us.

The biggest challenge for the use of “big data” in health care is social, not technical. Data-intensive approaches to medicine based on predictive modeling hold enormous potential for solving some of the biggest and most intractable problems of health care. The challenge now is figuring out how people, both patients and providers, will actually use data in practice. To understand how data-intensive solutions could have an impact on health care, our research team talked to frontline providers in impoverished and rural areas, technology enthusiasts in mobile health and health IT startups, clinicians and researchers in major research hospitals, Quantified Self members at data-driven meetup presentations of massive amounts of tracking data, and attendees at the growing number of conferences for health technology and innovation up and down both coasts. I found the buzz as feverishly loud around health information innovation as it was during my research on the first dot-com boom. One of our findings from this research seems at first blush so obvious that it is hard to believe it has been overlooked in the design and implementation of health-care innovation technologies. Namely, people imagine data in very different ways. Understanding this key fact about data helps us understand why so-called “big data” solutions to health care are so difficult to implement in practice. Doctors, patients, and health-care entrepreneurs all value data in very different ways. One physician simply said, “I don't need more data; I need more resources.”* Saying this in Silicon Valley or at TedMed would be tantamount to heresy. Ditto for those of us who work in research and spend our careers collecting, massaging, managing, analyzing, and interpreting data. From the doctor's perspective, though, data require (and do not save) extra interpretive, clerical, and managerial labor. This perspective on “data,” at least with regard to current clinical practice, is that data use up more resources than the benefits they provide. In other words, most doctors think data innovation means more work for them, not less, and takes away time from what they see as their key priorities in providing quality care. In another setting, we observed nurse-practitioner case managers in a Medicare demonstration project working with a simple algorithm parsing patient-entered health data. Combined with case management, these data provided a look into the daily health of chronically ill elderly patients and a pathway for the care when it was needed. The data in that project were tightly tied to medical expertise within an existing clinic where a trusted person could initiate a chain of care responses. Although widely recognized as a clinical success, Medicare pulled the plug on the project for financial reasons—expertise is expensive. These two reactions to data-intensive pilot projects highlight the dilemmas of data-analytic approaches to health care. Businesses are in the thrall of the possibilities of ever-increasing predictive analysis on expanding troves of generated data. While the business and technology sectors see data as valuable, doctors often see data as costs, risks, and liabilities. And for many in health care, data are not seen as a source of value, but of additional work. Without the work needed to make data valuable and useful in particular settings in particular contexts in health care, big data will never solve problems. To turn a technology truism on its head, data in health care will never be free. And yet, the ways in which health technology innovators have talked about the power of data neglects key aspects of the social interoperability or integration of data into health solutions. How will such data be integrated into care providers' work practices; through the complex routines of clinics and hospitals; and into existing legal, social, political, and economic frameworks? These questions are enormous. Until we solve these questions of social interoperability, the risks presented by “big data” in health will outweigh the benefits to any particular individual, regardless of whether we're talking about terabyte-scale analytics or the “small-data” of n=1 individuals. What follows is an outline of how to tackle these questions based upon what our team has seen throughout our research.

THE PROCEDURAL AND NORMATIVE OVERSIGHTS WHEN DOING A SURVEY REPORT. THE MEDICAL-LEGAL EXPERTISE VERSUS JUDICIAL SURVEY IN MEDICINE

The study attempts to present an abnormality in the Romanian system of expertise.I will pass in review the normative documents that regulate the medical-legal expert’sactivity and those that organize the activity of the judicial expert in medicine, ascertaining adifferent way of approaching the two kinds of expertise, especially the criminal one, by thebodies with judicial responsibilities. In the end, there are solutions advanced with a view tonormalizing the situation.

Picturing the Profession

In this article, I reconsider the significance of Daniel Burnham’s contribution to the professionalization of city planning in light of contemporaneous practices of viewing and depicting the city from above. A closer look at the working methods employed and images produced by Burnham and his staff reveals their role in cultivating a shared civic imaginary. That is, drawing upon existing widespread cultural enthusiasm for viewing the city from above, they stimulated the imagination toward the city as it might be, while positioning themselves as new kinds of experts tasked with reconciling discrepancies between the built and imagined city on behalf of the public. I structure the article in particular around the discussion of three images: San Francisco as envisaged from the Twin Peaks viewing platform, published in Report on a Plan for San Francisco (1905); a bird’s-eye view of Chicago as envisaged in a watercolor by Jules Guerin, published in The Plan of Chicago (1909); and a Chicago civic center as envisaged in another watercolor by Jules Guerin, published in The Plan of Chicago (1909). Through formal and discursive consideration of these images, I argue that a burgeoning sense of the civic imaginary shared by professionals, elites, and ordinary citizens played a crucial role in the institution of the city-planning profession in the first decade of the twentieth century. Regardless of the specific details and subsequent status of the plans to which they refer, the images are important to consider in their own right. As instruments in a recasting of urban form, they materialize a new sense of the city as both malleable and the object of concern for a new kind of specialist.

Introduction: How Science Works—and How to Teach It

The contents of this special issue of Science & Education are the offspring of a workshop named How Science Works and How to Teach It, which was organized in collaboration with European Society for the History of Science and held at Aarhus University, Denmark, in June 2011. The purpose of the workshop was to bring together historians and philosophers of science and science education researchers to discuss how to improve teaching and learning of how science works in science education. (The term how science works was considered appropriately inclusive. For brevity we will also use the more familiar NOS). The workshop had 30 participants from 12 countries (Cyprus, USA, Brazil, France, Australia, Germany, Italy, Finland, Denmark, Colombia, Spain, and Austria) approximately equally distributed between historians and philosophers on one side, at science educators on the other. There were 21 presentations and additional workshop discussions. The rationale behind bringing the two groups of expertise together can be stated at two levels: At a pragmatic level, teaching of how science works must balance validity in the representations of science with (systemic) educational purposes and perceived meaningfulness on the side of the students. To achieve this both kinds of expertise are clearly necessary. Direct contact between groups should enable a dialogical renegotiation of the balance between elements. At a theoretical level, the workshop rationale relates to forms of knowledge and knowledge-transformations. We know that there is a large gap between academic knowledge about history and philosophy of science, and the NOS-knowledge enacted and learned in classrooms. Even in the ideal classroom situation one should expect some gap, since knowledge necessarily is transformed as it crosses institutional contexts, from the field of knowledge production (History, Philosophy and Sociology of Science) to the field of reproduction (Science Education). Basil Bernstein (1990) has used the term recontextualization to designate this transformation process, while the French mathematician Yves Chevallard talks about ‘didactical transposition’ (DT) (Chevallard 1985).

Combining the qualitative and quantitative with the Q2 scenario technique — The case of transport and climate

Two recent trends in scenario making are the starting point of this study: the combination of qualitative and quantitative materials, and inclusion of many kinds of experts. We propose a new scenario technique Q2 that answers to these calls, and describe it step-by-step. Q2 scenarios consist of Delphi, cluster analysis of numerical material, qualitative content analysis of interviews, and a futures table. Most of the required tools and methods are well documented and commonly used, but their combination is original, particularly the explorative and disaggregative way both types of material are analysed and compressed into a futures table and further developed into scenarios. We demonstrate the methodology through a case: the growing Finnish transport sector that faces severe pressure to cut CO2 emissions. Finnish experts were asked about their views of the future up to 2050, using an interactive and user-friendly questionnaire, and interviews. An expertise matrix was formed in order to achieve a comprehensive coverage in terms of key expertise, education, organisation, age, and gender. By widening the concept of expertise, it is possible to get a large variety of viewpoints. The resulting scenarios reveal that reaching the CO2 targets will require a palette of technical, infrastructural, and behavioural changes.

THE CONTINUING MODESTY OF HISTORY

ABSTRACTThe critique of conventional historical writing has been emergent for a century—it is not the work of a few—and it has immense practical implications for Western society, perhaps especially in English‐speaking countries. Involved are such issues as the decline of representation, the nature of causality, the definitions of identity or time or system, to name only a few. Conventional historians are quite right to consider this a challenge to everything they assume in order to do their work. The challenge is, why do that particular work at all? Understandably, historians have consolidated, especially in North America where empiricism and the English language prevail. But even there, and certainly elsewhere, and given the changes in knowledge and social order during the past century at least, the critique of conventional historical method is unavoidable. Too bad historians aren't doing more to help this effort, and by historians I don't mean the most of us who think constantly in terms of historical causality as we learned it from the nineteenth century and our teachers; by “historians” I mean the experts who continue to teach the young. A major roadblock to creative discussion is the fact that problems such as those just mentioned all exceed disciplinary boundaries, so investigation that does not follow suit cannot grasp the problem, much less respond to it creatively. Of course everyone is “for” interdisciplinary work, but most professional organizations, publications, and institutions do not encourage it, despite lip service to the contrary. Interdisciplinary work involves more than the splicing activity that is all too familiar in academic curricula. Crossing out of one's realm of “expertise” requires a kind of humility that does not always sort well with the kind of expertise fostered by professional organizations, publications, and institutions. And even the willing have trouble with the heady atmosphere outside the professional bubble. In such conditions key terms (“language,”“discourse,”“relativism,”“modernity,”“postmodernity,”“time,”“difference”) are pushed here and pushed there without gaining the focus that would lead to currency until finally the ostensible field of play resembles a gigantic traffic jam like the one that opens the film Fellini Roma. Discussion of these issues leads in the end to Borges and his story, ‘The Modesty of History,” from which the title of this essay is borrowed.

Offenders' lies and truths: an evaluation of the Supreme Court of Sweden's criteria for credibility assessment

The criteria used by Swedish courts for assessing credibility of plaintiffs' accounts were for the first time scientifically evaluated. Furthermore, unlike much previous deception detection research, we used offenders as participants instead of college students. False and truthful confessions by 30 offenders were analysed, and few significant effects were obtained. Truthful confessions were rated as having a higher degree of clarity than false confessions. Women's truthful confessions were rated as more credible than their false confessions. The offenders who were most experienced in being interviewed by the police gave a stronger impression of talking about something self-experienced in their false than in their truthful confessions; hence, it seems that offenders with more police interview experience have developed a kind of expertise in telling a convincing lie about crime. Overall, the criteria for credibility assessment used by Swedish courts had very limited usefulness in discriminating truthful and false confessions. A critique of the current status of evaluating statements in Swedish courts is provided.