Kind Of Division Research Articles

Governing Ethical Gaps in Distributed AI Development

Good business practice often leads companies to subdivide into separate functional entities for operational efficiency and specialization. However, these kinds of divisions can generate significant ethical and perhaps even regulatory gaps when they occur in AI companies. In particular, one natural division for an AI company is into separate entities responsible for model development, testing, and cybersecurity (to maintain and protect data). In this paper, we argue that this division can lead to some ethical responsibilities always being “someone else’s job.” For concreteness, we consider the US National Institute of Standards and Technology’s AI Risk Management Framework (NIST AI RMF) as a guide to ethical obligations in a corporate context. We show that a common division of labor in AI development and deployment can lead to specific obligations for which no entity is responsible, even though they apply to the effort as a whole. We propose “Join Accountability Agreements”, a mechanism to ensure that ethical obligations do not slip through the cracks because of the way an effort is structured. We thus aim to highlight the significance of comprehensive examinations of and adaptable strategies for our ethical obligations when developing AI systems in a distributed manner.

SECTIONS OF MAQASID AND MASLAHAT IN MUHAMMAD TAHİR BİN ASHUR

Cüveynî (ö. 478) ve Gazâlî (ö. 505) ile başlayan, Şâtıbi (ö. 790) ile ilerleme kaydeden ve modern dönemde ise İbn Âşûr ile kısmen sınırları çizilmeye çalışılan makâsıd ve maslahat konusu önemli olup çeşitli açılardan tasnif edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Klasik dönemde makasıd ve maslahat kavramları farklı tasniflere tabi tutulmuş ve bazı tasnifler usulcüler arasında genel kabul görmüştür. Cüveynî maslahatları tasnif ederek bir başlangıç yapmış, ardından öğrencisi Gazâlî maslahatları zaruri, hâci ve tahsîni olmak üzere üç kısma ayırmıştır. Zaruri maslahatları da beş temel maksada bölmüştür. Bu tasnif genel kabul görmüş ve yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Şâtıbi ile yeniden gündeme gelen bu konu farklı bir tasnife daha tutularak aslî ve tabi, mükellefin maksadı, Şâri’in maksadı gibi kısımlara ayrılmıştır. Bu makale Şâtıbî sonrası makâsıd ve maslahatın kısımlara ayrılmasında İbn Âşûr’un nasıl bir tasnife yöneldiği ve bunun arka planı irdelenmeye çalışılmış, İbn Âşûr’un Makâsıdu’ş-Şerîati’l-İslamiyye adlı eseri üzerinden yapmış olduğu taksimler belirlenip açıklanmaya gayret edilmiştir. Neticede Tâhir bin Âşûr’un kendisinden önceki bu tasnifleri de göz önüne alarak makâsıdın taksimatı meselesini yeniden ele aldığı ve maksatları kısımlar ve çeşitler şeklinde iki farklı başlık altında işlediği görülmüştür. Kısımlarını ise kat’î zannî ve külli cüz’i şeklinde, çeşitlerini ise gerçek ve genel örfî maksatlar adı altında incelediği anlaşılmıştır. O Maslahatları da kendisine ihtiyaç duyulma, ümmeti ilgilendirme ve tespit edilme açısından üç kısma ayırmıştır. İbn Âşûr’un makâsıd ve maslahatı taksim etme mantığının özüne bakıldığında makâsıdı bir ilim dalı ve içtihat yöntemi haline getirme arzusunun yattığı tespit edilmiştir. Nitekim eserinin başında ve birçok yerinde bu konu mükerrer bir şekilde zikredilmiştir.

The Egalitarian Sublime: A Process Philosophy

The Egalitarian Sublime: A Process Philosophy

Jutta Krispenz, ed. Scribes as Sages and Prophets: Scribal Traditions in Biblical Wisdom Literature and in the Book of the Twelve

Jutta Krispenz, ed. <i>Scribes as Sages and Prophets: Scribal Traditions in Biblical Wisdom Literature and in the Book of the Twelve</i>

&lt;i&gt;Cultural Studies&lt;/i&gt; as a Political Practice

The phenomenon of politicization of humanitarian scientific thought is becoming increasingly noticeable in the modern philosophical, cultural and political science. Scientists and philosophers belonging to political parties are nothing new in the history of science. Today, however, this kind of division into separate groups reveals not only ideological, but also a pronounced political character. The example of the Western European, English-speaking humanitarian academic community appears to be particularly indicative in this regard. Apparently, the conflict between the increasingly radicalized left and right discourses within the English-speaking academic community is entering an active phase. To understand the nature of this confrontation, it is necessary both to consider these discourses as separate phenomena, and to delve into their historical roots. The political discourse of the New Left is most clearly revealed in the program of the so-called cultural studies that appeared among post-war English Marxist intellectuals and later took root in the USA. The term was popularized by Herbert Richard Hoggart a British academic who specialized in sociology, English literature, and British popular culture. In 1964 he founded the Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies in Birmingham (CCCS). The history of CCCS is strongly associated with the name of Stuart Henry Hall, who was Hoggart's assistant and headed the Center since 1971. The connection between political action and cultural studies permeates the entire history of this field of knowledge. The very formation of the discipline and its institutionalization in the UK were influenced by such political and cultural events as the post-war Americanization of English popular culture, the spread of telecommunications, the new era of multiculturalism in Britain, and new critical theories. At the same time, many post-war European countries, such as Germany and France, showed interest in research, which ultimately shaped the apparatus of cultural studies. Within the framework of this program, we can see an increasingly nature perspective on culture that combines the Marxist view on the problem of culture and the sociological one but is not reduced to either of them. In this kind of paradigm, culture is understood as a consequence of people's social actions, and at the same time, as a certain system that fixes the ways of implementing these relations. This approach differs from both classical Marxism facosed on economic relations between people and from structural functionalism, in which the concepts of society and culture are almost synonymous. The author states that the discourse of the New Left and the program of cultural studies are different manifestations of a single methodological approach or worldview. At present, this is the dominant worldview in the Western academic community. The article examines the history and main methodological guidelines of this type of cultural studies, as well as today's criticism of this approach.

Introduction

Introduction

Discontinuity in the Development of Modern Cities in Rem Koolhaas' Theories

Cities played a major role in human civilization, but there have been major changes in their forms. Throughout their long history, they have exhibited characteristics that contradict each other. Historians, noticing the differences in the properties of cities, pointed to their many types. The decisive division assumed that "oriental" cities are ruled by autocratic regimes, while "western" cities are liberal and democratic. This kind of division was often questioned, especially because it seemed that liberal-democratic systems had finally dominated world politics in the late 20th century. The turn of the 21st century showed that such predictions were not correct. Rem Koolhaas' theory of Generic Cities demonstrates that there has been an unexpected change and that city forms in which Western culture values are irrelevant are now gaining importance.

Stigmatization as a Tool of Populist Political Discourse

The article is devoted to the theoretical analysis of stigmatization as one of the tools of populist political discourse. Social stigmatization is defined as the process of marking a group of people on the basis of a certain characteristic, mostly under the influence of negative stereotypes. The mechanism of social stigmatization as a cognitive construct is revealed using the theses of D.&nbsp; Unadze's attitude theory. It is substantiated that stigmatization is a negative social attitude that carries biased information about a person, due to which all other qualities of his personality that do not cohere with the general stereotype are ignored. It is emphasized that the key role in the formation of stigmatizing attitudes in the socio-political discourse is played by values, in relation to which a consolidating value paradigm acceptable to the vast majority of citizens has been achieved. It has been proven that stigmatization is used primarily as the imagined method of protection of social values and norms, a kind of threat prevention mechanism that can hinder the effective unification and functioning of social groups. It is shown that the basis of the functioning of the stigmatizing attitude in political discourse is the imaginary division of social groups according to value through a kind of division according to belonging&nbsp; –&nbsp;into «Us» and «Them», cognitive separation of the branded social group and the perception of it as a hostile «Other». Emphasis is placed on the relevance of the study of stigmatization processes in the context of the modern Russian-Ukrainian war. It is substantiated that the stigmatization of social groups based on regional characteristics, rationalized in the populist discourse, complicates the dialogue and consolidation of Ukrainian society, as well as the future process of reintegration of temporarily occupied territories. The leading role of state bodies and institutions of civil society in promoting the process of consolidation of Ukrainian society and counteraction to stigmatization is emphasized.

The Current Pronunciation of the Zhi Zhuang Zhang(知莊章) Three Consonants in Weihai Dialect

The current pronunciation of the Zhi Zhuang Zhang(知莊章) three consonants in the Guanhua dialect is very complicated in all parts of Guanhua dialects except for all areas of Beijing Guanhua and some areas of Jiaoliao Guanhua. In general, Beijing Guanhua has already completed the process of combination, the rest of the Guanhua dialect is currently in the process of combination. Focuses on the division And Combination relationship between the Zhi Zhuang Zhang three consonants in the Guanhua dialect, we investigated what kind of division and combination route Zhi Zhuang Zhang three consonants has developed since the Middle China period in Weihai dialect, which has a relatively distinctive. As a result, the differentiation of Weihai dialect Zhi Zhuang Zhang three consonants was divided into two poisonous consonants Jia and Yi, under the condition of differentiation deng (等). Er(二) deng of Zhi consonants and Zhuang consonants were integrated into one pronunciation, and San(三) deng of Zhi consonants and Zhang consonants were integrated into same pronunciation. The characteristics of these division and combination were also different from those of the surrounding dialects.

On the need for political integration in cities

ABSTRACT Cities are large and densely populated areas, a fact that can influence how individuals relate to each other. However, the intensity and dynamism of cities make them a site for particular kinds of divisions, which may produce inequalities. This is visible through residential segregation, which is the territorial division of groups into largely homogeneous areas correlated with socio-economic disparities and individuals’ negative perceptions of otherness. At the very least, residential segregation delimits what some can get from cities in terms of accessing resources and respectful treatment. According to Elizabeth Anderson, it is necessary from a normative perspective to remedy residential segregation with integration. Drawing on her approach, I put forward a relational egalitarian diagnosis, as well as an integrationist project, to help foster mutual respect between city dwellers. In order to operationalise this normative demand, but in a way distinct from Anderson’s project, I explore what is lost when integration focuses only on physical changes, overlooking role divisions in cities and a fair participatory process for achieving equality.

On Diairesis, Parallel Division, and Chiasmus: Plato’s and Aristotle’s Methods of Division

In this paper, I articulate three kinds of division that Plato and Aristotle acknowledge to be proper, valid methods of division, namely, diairesis (vertical division), parallel division, and chiasmus (cross-division). I attempt to explain the relationship among the three kinds of division, namely, how they transform from one to another. Starting with Plato’s division of constitution in the Statesman, I illuminate that from ostensible diairesis emerges a parallel division, and the parallel division causes a cross-division to occur. Thus, the sixfold division of constitution is not a diairesis (as it appears to be) but rather is a 3 x 2 cross-division. Inheriting the three kinds of division from Plato, Aristotle advances the form by providing a theoretical explanation to the transformation of the three kinds of division. In Topics Z6, Aristotle prescribes two conditions under which a parallel division can originate from or construct ostensible diairesis and how the parallel division further causes a cross-division to occur.

Belarusian Nationalism: Taking Stock of Its Accomplishments

Belarus is a country with a blurred identity that has not cut the umbilical cord connecting it with Mother Russia. According to a representative national survey of April 2020, only 25 percent of Belarusians would prefer to retain statehood and national sovereignty of Belarus even if their living standards worsen whereas 52 percent would opt for limited sovereignty if it is the price to pay for retaining or improving the quality of life. This may be the best-kept secret of Belarus and it has implications more serious than just economic dependency on Belarus’s eastern neighbor. Belarus used to be a contested borderland claimed by both Russians and Poles. Today, it is a country with two historical narratives and nation-building blueprints that have been confronting each other since the inception of the Belarusian national movement. While the neo-Soviet/Russo-centric narrative has held sway over the majority of Belarusians, the Westernizing narrative was hard-hit on several occasions but has been making headway since Gorbachev’s Perestroika. Pluses and minuses of two narratives and the attempts at bridging the gap between them are analyzed. There are essentially two kinds of divisions in Belarusian society: between the respective projects of nation-building and between Lukashenka loyalists and his detractors. These two divisions do not quite coincide, but there is a growing tendency to couch the ongoing political crisis in nationalist terms. The point is made that a lack of cohesive Belarusian identity is an existential threat to Belarusian statehood.

Group Inquiry

Group agents can act, and they can have knowledge. How should we understand the species of collective action which aims at knowledge? In this paper, I present an account of group inquiry. This account faces two challenges: to make sense of how large-scale distributed activities might be a kind of group action, and to make sense of the kind of division of labour involved in collective inquiry. In the first part of the paper, I argue that existing accounts of group action face problems dealing with large-scale group actions, and propose a minimal alternative account. In the second part of the paper, I draw on an analogy between inquiry and conversation, arguing that work by Robert Stalnaker and Craige Roberts helps us to think about the division of labour. In the final part of the paper I put the accounts of group action and inquiry together, and consider how to think about group knowledge, deep ignorance, and the different kinds of division of labour.

PROBLEMATIKA HUKUM PEMBAGIAN WARIS 2:1 DALAM PENDEKATAN TEORI QATH’I ZHANNI

In inheritance law of Islam, the Qur’an has idealized and specified clearly that sons inherit twice that of daughters. Instead of legal practice some communities in Indonesia that the sons received the same parts with the daughters. Even dividing when the heir is still alive because their lack of understanding of the text qath’i zhani. Qath’i al-dalalah Islamic inheritance texts about the distribution of 2: 1 between sons and daughters, according to the ulama not absolutely necessary, as the opinion of Munawir Sjadazali. Thus it was stated by Mashdar Farid Mas'udin, that the qath’i was only the principles of justice are conceived by the verses of the Islamic inheritance and not the provisions of section men who got twice that of women. But this kind of division has implications for the strength of law, if there is a dispute in the future then it is incapable to be accountable because distribution is outside of the provisions of the Qur'an and Law and also, this sort of thing would have implications for the impartial justice in Islamic inheritance law of the balance between the rights of the estate obtained by the obligations or burdens that must be borne or fulfilled among the heirs. Therefore, the sense of justice in Islamic inheritance law is not measured by the similarity degree between the heirs, but is determined based on the large-small burden or responsibility entrusted to them, in terms of generality state/human life.

Nitric oxide emissions and temperature evolution during the char grate‐fired process

Understanding the char grate‐fired process is key to developing a low‐nitric oxide (NO) technology for industrial boilers. In this work, char combustion and NO emissions during a grate‐fired process were studied in a small‐scale one‐dimensional fixed‐bed system by adjusting the char/oxygen (O2) ratio. Evolution of the surface temperature of the char bed was measured using an infrared temperature measurement system. As the char/O2 ratio increased, a reaction layering of the char bed occurred. The char bed can be divided into oxygen‐absent and ‐present parts in time, and into reduction and oxidation layers in space. This kind of division was determined by the complete oxidation layer that could deplete all O2. The reduction layer could reduce NO emissions well. With the increase of the char/O2 ratio, the char mass proportion of the oxygen‐absent part increased, while that of the oxygen‐present decreased; and the NO emissions and conversion rate of char nitrogen decreased. When combustion began, char started to burn and released a large amount of heat, and the surface temperatures of both the oxidation and reduction layers increased, with a larger rise of the former of about 260 °C. As the reaction proceeded, the surface temperature of the oxidation layer gradually decreased, while that of the reduction layer increased until the char bed was burnt through.

Reality to Dream: Western Pop in Eastern Avant-Garde (Re-)Presentations of Socialism's End – the Case of Laibach

Reality to Dream: Western Pop in Eastern Avant-Garde (Re-)Presentations of Socialism's End – the Case of Laibach

Periodisation of the Neolithic and radiocarbon chronology of the Early Neolithic and the beginning of the Middle Neolithic in Finland

This paper discusses the basis of Neolithic periodization used in mainland Finland. It is suggested that the periodization should be revised: boundary between the Middle and Late Neolithic periods should be moved to correspond the appearance of Corded Ware (ca. 2800 calBC), and a term Final Neolithic introduced to cover the final centuries of the Neolithic. This kind of division would reflect changes in the cultural development better than the currently used one. In addition, the chronological frames for the pottery types dated between the late 6th and mid-4th millennium calBC, i.e. the Early Neolithic and the beginning of Middle Neolithic, are presented.

Periodisation of the Neolithic and radiocarbon chronology of the Early Neolithic and the beginning of the Middle Neolithic in Finland

This paper discusses the basis of Neolithic periodization used in mainland Finland. It is suggested that the periodization should be revised: boundary between the Middle and Late Neolithic periods should be moved to correspond the appearance of Corded Ware (ca. 2800 calBC), and a term Final Neolithic introduced to cover the final centuries of the Neolithic. This kind of division would reflect changes in the cultural development better than the currently used one. In addition, the chronological frames for the pottery types dated between the late 6th and mid-4th millennium calBC, i.e. the Early Neolithic and the beginning of Middle Neolithic, are presented.

Some Aspects of the Conceptualization of Temporal Relations in Uzbek

This article is written in the framework of cognitive linguistics, briefly outlined here. Cognitive linguistics rests on a number of theoretical assumptions concerning the nature of linguistic knowledge, the source of meaning, the role of metaphor, and the source of linguistic variation. Linguistic knowledge is not considered to be fundamentally different from other knowledge; rather it is an integral part of overall human cognition. Nor are there any autonomous modules within language; instead grammatical meaning forms a continuum. Temporal relations are represented in the language in different discourses by means of various language elements. Firstly they can be expressed by the help of the words with the temporal meaning. That is called a lexical way of expressing temporal relations. The second way is the grammatical way where temporal relations are expressed by different tense forms of verbs. The third way of expressing the temporal relation is syntactical way, which consists of two subtypes. 1) Expressing temporal relations by means of phrase structures. 2) Expressing temporal relations by means of the clauses in composite sentences. The author analyses the temporal relations in Uzbek'one of the Turkic languages used in Central Asia by the speakers living in a vast territories of former soviet republics. The author analyses two types of temporal meanings in Uzbek'Absolute tense meanings and Relative tense me anings. Such kind of division has become possible only when the linguists began using the concepts and methodologies of Cognitive'linguistics. Embodied perce ptual experience is the source of meaning. This means that the foundation of all knowledge, including linguistic knowledge, is perceptual input, itself determined by the interaction of our bodies with the world. In addition to direct experiences of our physical surroundings, we have other experiences, such as emotions, imagination, deductive reasoning, abstract thought, etc.

중학교 기하영역 등분할 개념에 대한 수학사적 분석 및 확장에 대한 연구

본 연구에서는 중학교 기하영역에서 다루어지는 등분할 개념을 조사하고, 이를 바탕으로 수학사적 분석을 통해 등분할 개념에 대한 확장 가능성을 탐구한 문헌연구이다. 중학교 기하영역에 대한 조사를 통해 선분의 등분할, 각의 등분할, 호의 등분할, 넓이의 등분할 개념이 다루어지고 있음을 발견하였다. 이들 네 개의 등분할 개념에 대한 수학사적 분석을 통해 역사적으로 등분할 개념이 다양한 측면에서 다루어졌음을 확인할 수 있었다. 최종적으로 선분의 등분할 개념과 각(호)의 등분할 개념은 방법적 측면에서의 확장에 대해 고찰하였고, 넓이의 등분할 개념은 개념적 측면에서의 확장에 대해 탐색하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 등분할에 대한 수학사적 분석 및 확장에 대한 분석 결과를 통해 중등학교에서 수학사의 효과적 활용에 대한 방향 설정이 기대된다. This is a literature study about the concept of 'Division into Equal Parts' in middle school geometry. First, we notice that the concept of the division into equal parts in middle school geometry is given in four themes, which are those of line segments, angles, arches and areas. Second, we investigate and analyse the historical backgrounds of these four kinds of divisions into equal parts. Third, the possibility of extension in terms of method and concept was researched. Through the result of this study, we suggest that it is desirable to use effective utility of history in mathematical teaching and learning in middle school.