Kinds Of Disinfectants Research Articles

Forensic stability evaluation of selected miRNA and circRNA markers in human bloodstained samples exposed to different environmental conditions

Recently, RNA markers have been used to identify tissue origins of different kinds of body fluids. Herein, circRNA and miRNA markers were carried out to examine the presence or absence of peripheral blood (PB) in bloodstained samples exposed to different external environmental conditions, which mimicked PB samples left at the crime scenes. PB samples were placed on sterile swabs and then exposed to different high temperatures (37°C, 55°C and 95°C) and ultraviolet light irradiation for 0 d, 0.5 d, 1 d, 3 d, and 7 d, ultra-low and low temperatures (-80°C, −20°C, and 4°C) for 30 d, 180 d and 365 d and different kinds of disinfectants. Total RNA was extracted from bloodstained samples under the above different conditions, and the expressions of target RNAs (including miR16–5p, miR451a, circ0000095, and two reference genes RNU6b and 18 S rRNA) were detected by the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method. Results showed that these selected RNA markers could be successfully measured at all observation points with their unique degradation rates, which exhibited relative stability in degraded bloodstained samples exposed to different environmental conditions. This study provides insights into the applications of these studied miRNA and circRNA markers in forensic science.

Comprehensive analysis of disinfectants on the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes

The propagation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is constantly paralyzing our healthcare systems. In addition to the pressure of antibiotic selection, the roles of non-antibiotic compounds in disseminating antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are a matter of great concerns. This study aimed to explore the impact of different disinfectants on the horizontal transfer of ARGs and their underlying mechanisms. First, the effects of different kinds of disinfectants on the conjugative transfer of RP4–7 plasmid were evaluated. Results showed that quaternary ammonium salt, organic halogen, alcohol and guanidine disinfectants significantly facilitated the conjugative transfer. Conversely, heavy-metals, peroxides and phenols otherwise displayed an inhibitory effect. Furthermore, we deciphered the mechanism by which guanidine disinfectants promoted conjugation, which includes increased cell membrane permeability, over-production of ROS, enhanced SOS response, and altered expression of conjugative transfer-related genes. More critically, we also revealed that guanidine disinfectants promoted bacterial energy metabolism by enhancing the activity of electron transport chain (ETC) and proton force motive (PMF), thus promoting ATP synthesis and flagellum motility. Overall, our findings reveal the promotive effects of disinfectants on the transmission of ARGs and highlight the potential risks caused by the massive use of guanidine disinfectants, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Disinfection Strategies for Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Healthcare Facility.

Disinfectant resistance is evolving into a serious problem due to the long-term and extensive use of disinfectants, which brings great challenges to hospital infection control. As a notorious multidrug-resistant bacterium, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) is one of the most common and difficult pathogens of nosocomial infection. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests of seven kinds of disinfectants (0.1% benzalkonium bromide, 4% aqueous chlorhexidine, 75% alcohol, entoiodine II, 2% glutaraldehyde, 2000 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectants, and 3% hydrogen peroxide) were detected by the broth dilution method. Three efflux pump genes (oqxA, oqxB, and qacE∆1-sul1) were detected by PCR. The mean MIC value of aqueous chlorhexidine from the intensive care unit (ICU) (0.0034%) was significantly higher than that from non-ICUs (0.0019%) (p < 0.05). The positive rates of three efflux pump genes oqxA, oqxB and qacE∆1-sul1 were 60.9% (39/64), 17.2% (11/64) and 71.9% (46/64) in the detected CRKP isolates, respectively. This study discovered that CRKP strains demonstrated extensive resistance to clinical disinfectants and suggest that it is necessary to perform corresponding increases in the concentration of aqueous chlorhexidine and chlorine-containing disinfectants on the basis of current standards in the healthcare industry.

The liver X receptor agonist T0901317 reduces the inflammation of alveolar epithelial cells induced by polyhexamethylene guanidine through inhibition of the NFκB signaling pathway

BackgroundAs a kind of disinfectant, polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) can cause pulmonary inflammation. In addition to liver X receptors (LXRs) playing an important role in cholesterol and lipid metabolism, it has also been found to be involved in inflammation in recent years. This article explores the role of LXRs agonist T0901317 in the inflammation of alveolar epithelial cells induced by PHMG.MethodsThe A549 human alveolar basal epithelial cell line was exposed to PHMG, T0901317, or the nuclear factor (NF)κB inhibitor BAY11-7082. The cell survival rate was used to determine the cytotoxicity of PHMG and T0901317 to A549 cells. Western blot analysis was used to determine the expression of proteins related to the LXRs and the NFκB signaling pathway. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to examine the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-8 and interleukin (IL)-6.ResultsIncubation of A549 cells with PHMG decreased the expression of LXRs-related proteins, reduced the expression of cellular IκB, increased the expression of nuclear NFκB, and increased the levels of the inflammatory cytokineIL-8 and IL-6. However, pretreatment with the LXR agonist T0901317 partially reversed the effects of PHMG. The effects of T0901317on NFκB signaling pathway was similar to that observed with the NFκB inhibitor BAY11-7082.ConclusionsThe LXRs agonist T0901317 may reduce the inflammation of alveolar epithelial cells induced by PHMG by inhibiting the NFκB signaling pathway.

Disinfectants: Use of Different Types of Sanitization Techniques in 18th and 19th Centuries Britain and India

The article focuses on the use of different kinds of disinfectants used for sanitization and cleaning of public and private places for curbing the spread of diseases from one place to another. Multiple methods were employed for disinfection; some of which are easily accessible to the common people while others were particularly used in infirmaries and hospitals at the time of treatment. The article also shows that disinfectants were supplement to medicine and they target limiting of the contagion to a space whereas medicines were given for the treatment of patients. Historically, the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries witnessed unprecedented development in the field of chemistry which led to the discoveries of different types of antiseptic solutions and disinfectants apparently endorsed by the germ theory. Image Credit: Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images images@wellcome.ac.uk http://wellcomeimages.org

ENVISIONING OF RASASHASTRA IN PRESENT PANDEMIC

Rasashastra- A pharmaceutical science has following characteristic attributes i.e. instant effectiveness, re-quirement of very small doses and extensive therapeutic utility irrespective of statutory variation. Aims – To know the variety of formulation for SARS CoV-2 and also know the kind of disinfectant or sanitizer of Rasa medicine. Material and Method - Rasa medicine with its huge importance on treating chronic diseases also beneficiary in making disinfectant. Critical review of Rasashastra treatises give some beneficiary for-mulation that can be used in this pandemic. Result – List of herbo-mineral formulation from different Rasashastra treatises are compiled. This formulation plays very important role in treating communicable disease from stopping the spread of virus to treat the disease and also symptomatic treatment with particular medicine. Conclusion - In present time a big threat for human civilization is come in the form of corona ep-idemic and become pandemic. This is one of the challenges towards whole world that how to combat with the situation. Presently when no one knows the treatment, Ayurveda plays a very important role with its huge Ayurvedic formulations and unique strategy of treatment protocol. A Pharmaceutical science “Rasashastra” plays a very indispensable role because of wide range of Ayurvedic formulations described in Rasashastra treatises along with wide therapeutic utility.

Antimicrobial composites of nanoparticles generated by gamma irradiation supported in clinoptilolite-rich tuff

In developing countries, rates of hydric illness in children are high because of the consumption of non-potable water. Therefore, it is important to investigate new methodologies to diminish microorganisms’ concentration in the water that is used in rural areas for drinking. Microbicide agents with a base of natural zeolites can be an alternative to water disinfection instead of using other kinds of disinfectants that produce by-products. Hence, the synthesis and characterization of metallic or oxide-metallic nanoparticles-natural zeolite composites to evaluate the antimicrobial activity in front of Salmonella typhimurium and Candida albicans in this work were investigated. The natural zeolite was in contact with salt solutions of Ag, Cu, or Zn to obtain the modified natural zeolites, and they were then gamma irradiated to generate the nanoparticles. The samples were characterized by different techniques. The Salmonella typhimurium and Candida albicans were suspended in distilled water and put in contact with the composites at different times. The kinetic of the cellular decay was obtained using the Chick model. The chemical species of the nanoparticles obtained were Ag, Cu2O, and ZnO. The kinetic parameter of the cell decay of both Salmonella typhimurium and Candida albicans is the biggest for silver nanoparticles-natural zeolite composite (Z-NpsAgγ). Between two independent experiments of the cellular decay, differences in the k values were observed. The antimicrobial activity of these composites depends on the characteristics of each microorganism, the mass of the composite, the content of the metallic or oxido-metallic nanoparticles in the natural zeolites, their distribution on the zeolitic material surfaces, and the chemical species obtained during the gamma irradiation. The Z-NpsAgγ could be an alternative for water potabilization.

Effect of two kinds of disinfectants on sterilizing effect and dimensional stability of polysilicone rubber stamp

Objective To evaluate the effects of Cavicide kava and lanso-disinfecting tablets on the sterilization effect and dimensional stability of the silicone rubber stamp. Methods A total of 72 silicone rubber stamps were prepared and contaminated with laboratory-contaminated bacterial suspensions.They were randomly divided into 6 groups of 12, each of which was immersed in Cavicide Kava and Lanso-disinfecting tablets with different time points.Let the distilled water be immersed as a positive control, and determine the instantaneous, 30 seconds, 300 seconds, 450 seconds, 600 seconds as the sterilization time according to the preliminary experiment, observe and count the number of bacteria on the test piece after disinfection under the microscope, and calculate the killing rate, and compare the sterilization effects of the two disinfectants.Four standard points were selected on the standard model, and 30 polysilicone rubber stamps were prepared after marking the standard points.They were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10, each of which was disinfected with Cavicide Kava and Lanso-disinfecting tablets.The other group of non-sterilized impressions was used as a negative control.After perfusing the model, the fixed distance of each group of impressions was measured, and the data difference was compared to judge the dimensional stability of the impression. Results Cavicide kava completely killed against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus sanguis in 30 seconds.The Lanso disinfection tablets could kill in 30 seconds for Streptococcus sanguis, and completely kill in 600 seconds for Staphylococcus aureus. Cavicide kava and Lanso disinfection tablets had no significant effect on the dimensional stability of DMG silicone rubber stamps. Conclusions Using Cavicide kava for 30 seconds, it can completely kill Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus sanguis, and has good dimensional stability.It is an effective dental impression disinfectant. Key words: Polysilicone rubber stamp; Sterilization effect; Dimensional stability; Golden yellow grape ball; Streptococcus sanguis

Potentiation of Disinfectant Efficiency of Different Dilutions of Ethanol, Bleach and Phenolics against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Staphylococcus Aureus

Ethanol, Bleach and Phenolics are three kinds of disinfectants which have been widely used in common laboratories. In this study, a compared experiment on these three disinfectants efficiency was conducted against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using agar hole diffusion method. Different concentrations of bleach (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) were used on both organisms. Also (50%, 60%, 70%, 85% and 95%) of ethanol as well as (5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) Phenolics were used. Differences in concentrations tested was because, the original concentrations of the disinfectants differs. After 24 hours of incubation at 37 0 C, the results showed that all the disinfectants inhibited the growth of the test organism in their concentrated forms. The diameter of zone of inhibitions were measured around each well by using a ruler in millimeters, using different concentrations, their efficacies varied. The results showed that 30% Phenolics had the best efficiency against both test organisms and 5% bleach had a better effect on Staphylococcus aureus than Pseudomonas aeruginosa , while ethanol showed least sensitivity. 70% concentration gave the highest effect on Staphylococcus aureus as compared with Pseudomonas aeruginosa .

THE EFFECT OF SEVERAL DESINFECTANTS ON THE SPORULATION OF THE ERIMERIA TENELLA OOCYST

A research has been conducted to evaluate the effect of certain desinfectants on the speculation of the Eimerla tenclla oocysts.In this research in vitro methode has been used. This research used oocysts Eimeria tenella which have not yet Sporulated. 6 kinds of disinfectants and water as control. These desinfectants were used in the research namely : Lysol, Creolin. Kalium Jodida (KJ). Formalin, Bromoquod and Ca (OH)2.The oocysts which have not yet sporulation were imerted in these desinfectants. The duration of liners ion at each treatment was succescively 10 minutes. 20 minutes and 30 minutes. The desinfectants concentration used is of three degree of strength, in the following proportion = 1:2:4.The data colected was the percentage of oocystys which have sporulated 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours, after treatment. The data was analyzed with the Split Plot method (Gill. 1978).The result of research showed that each desinfectant had a different effect on the percentage of the oocyst sporulation (P &lt; 0,01) . Bromoquod was found to be the best desinfectant, and the others were in this following order = Creolin. KJ, Water, Lysol. CafQHJn and formalin. The Concen­tration was also found significantly effective (P &lt; 0,6) in suppressing the sporulation of the oocysts. Creolin concen­tration of the 4tri strength was found to be the best desin­fectant and the others were in this following order : water. KJ. Bromoquod, Lysol, Ca(OH)£ and formalin. The duration of imersion had no significant influence

Microbial responses to membrane cleaning using sodium hypochlorite in membrane bioreactors: Cell integrity, key enzymes and intracellular reactive oxygen species

Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is a commonly used reagent for membrane cleaning in membrane bioreactors (MBRs), while it, being a kind of disinfectant (oxidant), may impair viability of microbes or even totally inactivate them upon its diffusion into mixed liquor during membrane cleaning. In this study, we systematically examine the effects of NaClO on microorganisms in terms of microbial cell integrity, metabolism behaviours (key enzymes), and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) under various NaClO concentrations. Different proportions of microbial cells in activated sludge were damaged within several minutes dependent on NaClO dosages (5–50 mg/g-SS), and correspondingly organic matters were released to bulk solution. Inhibition of key enzymes involved in organic matter biodegradation, nitrification and denitrification was observed in the presence of NaClO above 1 mg/g-SS, and thus organic matter and nitrogen removal efficiencies were decreased. It was also demonstrated that intracellular ROS production was increased with the NaClO dosage higher than 1 mg/g-SS, which likely induced further damage to microbial cells.

Effect of Disinfectants on Bacterial Quorum Sensing in Drinking-Water Distribution System

Several kinds of disinfectants were investigated in this paper for their ability to inhibit quorum sensing activities in water in distribution system. Among these disinfectants, free chlorine is the strongest inhibitor for QS activities and all disinfectants have inhibiting effect on QS activities in water. The results offered a novel approach for preventing formation of biofilm in distribution system.

Inactivation of Infectious Bronchitis Virus with Various Kinds of Disinfectants

Inactivation of Infectious Bronchitis Virus with Various Kinds of Disinfectants

Femoral Venous Catheterization Is a Major Risk Factor for Central Venous Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection

Background: Bloodstream infection is a major complication associated with central venous catheters (CVCs). However, there have been few studies of the risk factors for catheter-related bloodstream infection in patients who undergo colorectal surgery (CRS). Purpose: To disclose the risk factors for catheter-related bloodstream infection in CRS. Methods: Catheter-related bloodstream infection was evaluated retrospectively from a database of patients who had undergone CRS. Results: Three hundred-fifty patients received 423 CVCs for a total of 7,760 catheter days. Thirty-nine cases of catheter-related bloodstream infection (5.03 per 1,000 catheter days) were diagnosed. There were no significant differences in background between patients with or without catheter-related bloodstream infection, with the exception of the term of catheter insertion (24.6 ± 7.0 days vs.17.7 ± 0.6 days, P =. 0151). However, univariate analysis using factors of sex, age, insertion difficulty, length of the inserted catheter, term of catheter insertion, administration of chemotherapy, administration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN), kind of disinfectant, degree of surgical insult, and type of catheter revealed that use of a femoral venous catheter was an independent risk factor for catheter-related bloodstream infection (odds ratio [OR] = 3.175; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.103–9.139; P =. 0322). Conclusions: Use of femoral venous catheters is a major risk factor for catheter-related bloodstream infection in CRS.

Virucidal Effect of Disinfectants on Spring Viremia of Carp Virus

The virucidal effect of disinfectants against spring viremia of carp virus was assessed using EPC cells. Five kinds of disinfectants, i. e. benzalkonium chloride (BZC), alkyltoluene (AKT), chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), cresol and ethanol, were examined at graduated concentrations of the disinfectants for different reaction periods, 30 s and 20 min. The minimum concentration of each disinfectant demonstrating >99.99% inactivation of the virus was 100 ppm (20 min) for BZC, 500 ppm (30 s) and 350 ppm (20 min) for AKT, 175 ppm (30 s) and 100 ppm (20 min) for CHG, 0.25% (30 s) and 200 ppm (20 min) for cresol and 50% (30 s) and 40% (20 min) for ethanol.

Induction of heat-shock proteins in the presence of thiuram in Saccharomyces cerevisiae—For evaluating the potential toxic risks in pollutants

Thiuram (Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamoyl) disulfide), a kind of disinfectant, affected growth and induced lethality as a chemical stressor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Examining the protein profiles by SDS-PAGE and western blotting analysis, yeast cells which were incubated with thiuram for 90 min at 30°C induced a number of proteins including hsp104, hsp90 and hsp70 according to the concentrations. Using the Δhsp104 and its parent strain, thermotolerance with the prior 10 mg/l thiuram treatment in the parent strain was greater than that in the control at 20 min, but that in the Δhsp104 strain was almost the same as the control over the long term. Trehalose was not accumulated by thiuram. Thus, it follows that hsp104, which is typically induced by moderate heat-shock treatment, is mostly induced in the presence of thiuram also.

Induction of Heat-Shock Proteins and Accumulation of Trehalose by TPN in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

TPN [Tetrachloroisophthalonitrile], a kind of disinfectant, affected growth in Saccharomyces cervisiae. Exposed to TPN under no lethal conditions, 70-, 90-kDa protein and hsp104 were induced. Each of them was not uniformly induced; namely, the 70-kDa protein was more sensitive to TPN among other proteins. Trehalose was also accumulated depending on the concentration. The degree of thermotolerance in yeast cells pretreated with 1.0 mg/l TPN was about 100-fold greater than that in the control. Under this condition, TPN-inducible proteins were synthesized but trehalose was not accumulated. Although TPN-inducible proteins and trehalose were definitely synthesized with 10.0 or 100.0mg/l TPN treatment, thermotolerance was not acquired.

各種消毒薬の殺真菌効果

Fungicidal activities of six kinds of disinfectants, such as chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), alkylpolyaminoethylglycine (APE), formalin (FON), cresol soap (CRS) and povidone iodine (PVI) were investigated against 8 clinical isolated fungi, which included 1 Aspergillus niger, 1 Aspergillus terreus, 2 Candida albicans, 2 Candida tropicalis, 1 Candida parapsilosis, 1 Cryptococcus neoformans, 1 Trichophyton rubrum and 1 Rhodotorula glutinis strains. Concentrations of fungal suspensions were adjusted to approximately 107CFU/ ml for A.niger, A.terreus and T.rubrum and 108-9CFU/ml for C.albicans (A), (B), C.tropicalis (A), (B), C.parapsilosis, C.neoformans and R.glutinis strains, respectivelyThe fungal suspensions with the various concentration of disinfectant were incubated at 25°C, for 15, 30, 60min.and 24 hrs, respectively.An aliquot (0.1ml) was inoculated onto the Sabouraud-glucose agar plates, and the growth was observed after 7 days of incubation at 25°C. Among the 5 strains tested, A.niger was the most resistant one to all disinfectants examined, and 0.4% concentration of CHX, APE or CRS was found to be effective against A. niger strain for lhr.It was considered that BAC, FON or PVI was more effective against the fungi tested than CHX, APE or CRS in short time.

電気殺菌法の研究-X

In the present paper we have studied how does the death rate of bacterial spores be affected by the variation of concentration of each tested disinfectants when the spores of Bacillus mesentericus are heat sterilized in the presence of these disinfectants. In all tests with disinfectants, the steep germicidal effect appeared after some times which was entirely similar to our previous papers, and in a certain case the death rate before or after the refraction point of death rate curve was accerelated, or in other case the lag period was reduced in time. But the concentration effect was found to be varied with the kind of disinfectant. The correlation between the relative mortality time, TR at each concentrations when the mortality time of the control be taken 100, and the relative concentration, CR of disinfectants when the concentratration 4.17mg./100ml. be taken 10 is expressed by the JORDAN and JAOOBS equation(6). logTR=-nlogCR+logA, where, n and A being some constants. The value of n calculated from this equation is relatively, small in Furaskin and pentachlor phenol, i.e., the rate changed with the concentration is relatively small. On the contrary, the n value is larger in vitamin K3, and the promotion of germicidal effect with increasing concentration is more extreme.