Kinds Of Categories Research Articles

Tools for Integrating Data by Complex, Dynamic Categories

ABSTRACTA key challenge in conducting comparative analyses across social units, such as religions, ethnicities, or cultures, is that data on these units is often encoded in distinct and incompatible formats across diverse datasets. This can involve simple differences in the variables and values used to encode these units (e.g., Roman Catholic is V130 = 1 vs. Q98A = 2 in two different datasets) or differences in the resolutions at which units are encoded (Maya vs. Kaqchikel Maya). These disparate encodings can create substantial challenges for the efficiency and transparency of data syntheses across diverse datasets. We introduce a user‐friendly set of tools to help users translate four kinds of categories (religion, ethnicity, language, and subdistrict) across multiple, external datasets. We outline the platform's key functions and current progress, as well as long‐range goals for the platform.

The Representation of the Space of the Parties by Mamluk Chancery Secretaries in Documents and Works Concerning Relations between the Sultanate and Christian Powers

Abstract For a long time, scholarship has illustrated the representation of territoriality in diplomatic relations between the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517) and Christian powers with the traditional paradigm “abode of Islam/abode of war.” The historiographical narrative of the diyār (abodes) has recently been reconsidered by scholars who have examined different kinds of sources but have barely investigated chancery documents. When we look at diplomatic sources and works written by secretaries of the Mamluk chancery, references to diyār on religious grounds are practically inexistent. The territories of the sultanate and the Christian powers are often defined by other kinds of categories. This paper examines how “space” and consequently the boundaries between the Mamluks and the Christian states were geographically and symbolically interpreted and described. This approach is aimed at understanding the criteria according to which the sultanate represented and legitimized its relations with non-Muslim powers.

Universal lifting properties of abelian semigroup actions

In this paper, we prove that every action of a commutative cancellative semigroup can be extended to an invertible action in some kinds of categories, and this extension has universal lifting property. And the universal extension functor preserves all limits in the categorical point of view, especially, it preserves inverse limits and products. Moreover, we give some applications in dynamical systems.

Stable, flexible, common, and distinct behaviors support rule-based and information-integration category learning

The ability to organize variable sensory signals into discrete categories is a fundamental process in human cognition thought to underlie many real-world learning problems. Decades of research suggests that two learning systems may support category learning and that categories with different distributional structures (rule-based, information-integration) optimally rely on different learning systems. However, it remains unclear how the same individual learns these different categories and whether the behaviors that support learning success are common or distinct across different categories. In two experiments, we investigate learning and develop a taxonomy of learning behaviors to investigate which behaviors are stable or flexible as the same individual learns rule-based and information-integration categories and which behaviors are common or distinct to learning success for these different types of categories. We found that some learning behaviors are stable in an individual across category learning tasks (learning success, strategy consistency), while others are flexibly task-modulated (learning speed, strategy, stability). Further, success in rule-based and information-integration category learning was supported by both common (faster learning speeds, higher working memory ability) and distinct factors (learning strategies, strategy consistency). Overall, these results demonstrate that even with highly similar categories and identical training tasks, individuals dynamically adjust some behaviors to fit the task and success in learning different kinds of categories is supported by both common and distinct factors. These results illustrate a need for theoretical perspectives of category learning to include nuances of behavior at the level of an individual learner.

Analisis Kinerja Sistem Penilaian Lomba Tari Bali Berbasis Mobile

Balinese dance is a type of dance originating from Bali that has existed for a long time and has been passed down from generation to generation by Balinese people. Balinese dance has 3 kinds of categories, namely Wali Dance (sacred), Bebali Dance and Balih-Balihan Dance (Profane). Balinese dances that are sacred are usually performed on certain days or during religious ceremonies, while profane dances are usually performed for entertainment. In Bali, many types of Balinese dances are contested, such as Barong Dance, Jauk Manis Dance, Jauk Keras Dance, Baris Dance and so on. In this study, the design and development of a Balinese dance competition assessment application was carried out which aims to facilitate the performance of the competition organizing committee and the judges during the assessment and recording of the participants' scores after the competition is held and can display the values transparently to the public. Tests show that when the application is run, it gets a value of 312.3999996185303 on the application and a value of 312.4 in the manual assessment process. The dance assessment application and manual assessment have almost the same value with a percentage accuracy of 99.9%.

Rough uniformity of topological rough groups and L-fuzzy approximation groups

Starting with an approximation space as the underlying structure, we look at the rough uniformity of a topological rough group. Next, taking L as a complete residuated lattice, we consider L-subgroup and normal L-subgroup of a group to create the L-fuzzy upper rough subgroup, and the L-fuzzy lower rough subgroup within the framework of the L-fuzzy approximation spaces. Here we particularly focus on a category of L-fuzzy upper rough subgroups, and a special kind of category of L-closure groups that arises naturally. We introduce the notion of the L-fuzzy approximation group, and study some of its properties including the usual function space structure for the L-fuzzy approximation spaces. Furthermore, using the notion of an L-fuzzy upper approximation operator, we investigate some categorical connection between the L-fuzzy approximation groups, and the L-closure groups. In a similar fashion, using an L-fuzzy lower approximation operator, we investigate the categorical connection between the L-fuzzy approximation groups, and the L-interior groups.

GFO: The General Formal Ontology

The General Formal Ontology (GFO) is a top-level ontology that is being developed at the University of Leipzig since 1999. Besides introducing some of the basic principles of the ontology, we expound axiomatic fragments of its formalization and present ontological models of several use cases. GFO is a top-level ontology that integrates objects and processes into a unified framework, in a way that differs significantly from other ontologies. Another unique selling feature of GFO is its meta-ontological architecture, which includes set theory into ontology and which accounts for its specific role in common representation approaches. The second level of that architecture starts from the distinction of categories and individuals, which forms the backbone of the world’s structure. Furthermore, GFO comprises several kinds of categories, among them universals and concepts, and it considers several ontological regions and levels. In the context of this special issue paper, we study five pre-determined use cases from the perspective of GFO. The results of these analyses yield insights into how the ontology treats several important notions. Very abridged, this covers material objects and their composition; roles and social entities; properties with their relations to objects and processes, and their changing; changes of processes, including a functional perspective; and, eventually, the nature and changing of concepts as well as terminology. A final part summarizes application projects that use GFO in various contexts.

Filters and compactness on small categories and locales

In analogy with the classical theory of filters, for finitely complete or small categories, we provide the concepts of filter, \(\mathfrak{G}\)-neighborhood (short for "Grothendieck-neighborhood") and cover-neighborhood of points of such categories, to study convergence, cluster point, closure of sieves and compactness on objects of that kind of categories. Finally, we study all these concepts in the category \(\mathbf{Loc}\) of locales.

Problems with Oversimplified Categories in the Study of Collective Violence

This article critically examines oversimplified categories—especially binary categorization—in analyses of collective violence. Researchers often use categories to make sense of complex situations. While they are necessary, these categories can oversimplify people’s lived experiences and can even directly harm individuals and communities during or after collective violence. Thus, we suggest that researchers continually assess their use of categories, and especially binary or otherwise oversimplified categories framed as mutually exclusive. To illustrate this argument, we focus on two major kinds of categories that researchers and others assessing collective violence often use: person categories (e.g., victim/perpetrator, civilian/combatant) and event categories (e.g., war/genocide, terrorism/insurgency). After highlighting issues tied to person and event categories based on our collective fieldwork experience, we propose that researchers can mitigate some of these issues through critical data collection and assessment, the triangulation of narratives, and the careful communication of research findings. We hope that this will help research on collective violence produce a more comprehensive understanding of suffering and resilience worldwide.

Negative Campaigning (Election Campaigning Communication)

Negative Campaigning (Election Campaigning Communication)

(Re)producing Boundaries While Enforcing Borders in Immigration Detention

Immigration detention centres can be conceptualised as sites of bordering that separate the wanted from the unwanted and reify the boundary between citizens and non-citizens. Using boundary making as an analytical lens that allows getting insights into the work of borders, this paper addresses the relationship between staff and detainees in these ambiguous sites, asking how staff members engage in boundary work to distance themselves from the pains of detainees and to legitimise their work in an institution of exclusion. It considers boundary making based on three kinds of categories – race, ethnicity and culture; (il)legality and (un)deservingness; and unknownness and criminality – that are morally charged. Through the construction of detainees as culturally and morally different, illegal and undeserving, as well as potentially dangerous, prison staff contribute to the reinforcement of borders, legitimating their exclusionary dimension.

Construction of difference and homogeneity: Teacher narratives about diversity in the Luxembourgish school system

AbstractThe school environment of the 21st century is shaped by rapidly changing social and societal conditions that teachers need to adapt to, increasing linguistic, cultural and ethnic diversity among other things. The development of attitudes to cope with these constant societal transformations is one of the main challenges of teacher professionalization today. In this chapter, we concentrate on the self-positioning and argumentation patterns of two Luxembourgish primary school teachers. We focus on the question how these teachers construct differences and homogeneity, what kind of categories and norms they rely on (e.g. performance, sociocultural background, and language) and in how far mechanisms of in- and exclusion become visible.With its trilingual tradition and school system (mainly Luxembourgish, French and German), and at the same time a highly diverse society with more than 170 nationalities, Luxembourg represents a particularly interesting case. As the recent PISA studies have repeatedly shown, the Luxembourgish school system (including its traditional trilingualism and strong orientation on language education) produces a high degree of inequality, and represents an important challenge especially for children of migration.With our study, which is based on in-depth interviews and which adopts an analytical approach combining elements of content and discourse analysis, we found a tendency towards a backward oriented idealized orientation of the past and a high degree of insecurity. We also show which ambivalences the teachers are confronted with and their efforts to deal with these ambivalences.We hope to contribute to a deeper understanding of how teachers position themselves vis a vis the existing diversity in schools, and which discourse and argumentation patterns they rely on. We see this study as part of research on teacher professionalization that will be useful for reflexive pre- and in-service teacher training.

Civic Participation and Citizen Ideals of High School Students from Transylvania

Citizenship and civic participation are spatially and temporally changing concepts, therefore, their research remains constantly relevant. The question of how 17–18-year-old pupils see their “place” in society and their role in political processes, is of high importance, as they are the future voters. The main objective of the paper is to find out the kinds of categories that can be distinguished in terms of civic participation among the youth on the threshold of adulthood and what are the specificities of these categories. Furthermore, I try to identify the dimensions along which young people interpret the concept of “citizen” and what are the qualities that they consider important to acknowledge someone as a “good citizen”. In this section, my aim is to highlight the influencing factors and their strengths. The results show that four types of pupils are distinguished in terms of participation: those who “accumulate” activities, the “traditionals”, the protesters, and the passive ones. At the same time, based on the responses, one can see that the characteristics of an ideal citizen are organized into three factors: orientation and activity, social, and responsibility. Their activities and ideas are greatly influenced by the environment and the behavioral patterns they encounter and follow. The study presents the results of a survey based on questionnaire, which is representative of the Hungarian 11th and 12th grade pupils of eight large cities in Transylvania. Keywords: civic participation, ideal citizen, youth

From Aristotle to Contemporary Biological Classification: What Kind of Category is “Sex”?

This paper examines the nature of the categories of ‘male’ and ‘female’ as classificatory groupings, via an examination of this question in Aristotle’s zoology and metaphysics. Tracing the use of Aristotle’s logical categories of ‘genus’ and ‘species’ in his zoological works and contrasting this with the use of the terms in contemporary taxonomy, the paper demonstrates that ‘male’ and ‘female’ are, in a significant sense, unclassifiable. Although Aristotle has no generic concept of ‘sex’ at his disposal, the paper shows how many English translations of his works introduce ‘sex’ as if in answer to the question of the nature of the categories of male and female. The paper then argues that the generic concept of sex covers over the problem of the classification of male and female in both Aristotle and contemporary biology (including botany, mycology and bacteriology), by introducing a classificatory genus (‘sex’) that does not in fact explain anything but rather (in its trans-species generality) needs explaining.

Analogies Without Commonalities? Evidence of Re-representation via Relational Category Activation.

Analogies between cases with matching sets of connected relational structure is well-explained by existing theory. Re-representation is posited as an important mechanism to increase the flexibility of analogical processing by allowing the alignment of non-identical predicates across compared cases. It has been proposed that certain kind of categories can be characterized in terms of the relational structure that its exemplars tend to satisfy. Such relational categories have the property that all members of the category are analogous to one another. We ask whether a process of re-representation can alter the construal of a case and bring two evidently non-analogous cases into analogical alignment if they are both seen as members of the same relational category. We examine analogies between pairs of cases where the base is a canonical example of a relational category and the target would not be considered a member of the category on its own – critically, the cases themselves share no evident relational identities or similarities. In Experiment 1, we ask whether presenting a target case as part of an analogical pairing alters its construal. In Experiment 2, the pairs are presented for judgment as potential analogies. In both studies, participants interpret the target cases differently (consistent with the relational category) as a result of processing the analogy. There are two main implications: (1) a form of re-representation is at work in which the activation of a relational category triggers an alternate construal of the target case; and (2) this suggests a path to analogical status for cases that lack relational identities or similarities if the cases can both be fit to the same relational category.

Cross-disciplinary Notes for a Study of Rhythm

AbstractThis context brings together three disciplines: Adaptation Studies, Translation Studies, and Semiotics. The question to be considered is the extent to which these disciplines are really ‘saying almost the same thing’. The present paper examines this question from three angles. First, I summarize some ideas concerning the nature of categories in general, and the function of categorization, from which I infer that we can regard a discipline as a kind of category. Second, I outline some examples of research which overlaps the boundaries between our three fields and thus questions the usefulness of holding such boundaries as permanent and universal. And third, I report a small investigation into rhythm, and in particular, the rhythm of a painting and its title, an investigation which merges such categorial boundaries. I present it in illustration of the view that conceptual categories and their boundaries are only tools, to be used or not, as the purpose requires.

Data Algorithms and Privacy in Surveillance: On Stages, Numbers and the Human Factor

Humans can process only small amounts of data, computers can process almost infinitely. But also computers need to act smart or intelligent, because otherwise even they get swamped and/or might produce useless information. Algorithms help in structuring and analyzing vast amounts of data. With the growth of data we have to rely increasingly on algorithms. These algorithms may perform better than alternative approaches we used to rely on. However, algorithms can be opaque, and the danger is that we get obscured by algorithms. Intelligence agencies use algorithms to distinguish between persons of interest and others. Law enforcement uses analytics and data mining to identify suspects and to support investigations. Businesses profile users in all kind of categories. Surveillance is omnipresent. The impact on privacy is not necessarily depending on who does the surveillance. It depends not only on the actors, but on various factors. Sometimes what businesses do impacts severely on the privacy of consumers, sometimes the work of police or intelligence agencies does not. In this paper we focus on surveillance by the US National Security Agency (NSA) and other intelligence agencies. Our aim is to dissect data analytics by intelligence agencies, and to suggest what privacy related law should focus on more than it does today. With an understanding of how big data algorithms usually work we discuss in this chapter the use of algorithms from a privacy and data protection angle. First, we briefly introduce the central concepts of data protection and privacy against the background of the General Data Protection Regulation introduced by the European Union in 2012, published in 2016 and effective as of 25 May 2018. The core of the chapter consists of elaborating upon three issues: 1. The stages of data processing while using of algorithms, how it affects privacy and what safeguards the law should provide; 2. The role of the human factor: how and when should humans be involved in evaluating outcomes, and also under what circumstances human interference is better abstained from; 3. The relevance of scale and scope: in the light of privacy, numbers matter. However, so far in law a discussion on the relevance of numbers (or scale) is largely absent.

Various Kinds of Freeness in the Categories of Krasner Hypermodules

The purpose of this paper is to study the concept of freeness in the categories of Krasner hypermodules over a Krasner hyperring. In this regards first we construct various kinds of categories of hypermodules based on various kinds of homomorphisms of hypermodules, such as homomorphisms, good homomorphisms, multivalued homomorphisms and etc. Then we investigate the notion of free hypermodule in these categories. This leads us to introduce different types of free, week free, ∗-free and fundamental free hypermodules and obtain the relationship among them.

Potoses: Categorical Paraconsistent Universum for Paraconsistent Logic and Mathematics

It is well-known that the concept of da Costa algebra [3] reects most of the logical properties of paraconsistent propositional calculi $C_{n},1\leq n\leq \omega $ introduced by $N.C.A.$ da Costa. In [10] the construction of topos of functors from a small category to the category of sets was proposed which allows to yield the categorical semantics for da Costa's paraconsistent logic. Another categorical semantics for $C_{n}$ would be obtained by introducing the concept of $\textit{potos}$ { the categorical counterpart of da Costa algebra (the name "potos" is borrowed from W.Carnielli's story of the idea of such kind of categories) DOI: 10.21146/2074-1472-2017-23-2-76-95

Analyzing Cultural Issues in High School English Textbooks in Japan

<p>It cannot be denied that intercultural understanding is crucial in the process of learning English at elementary school, junior high school, high school, and so on. This paper analyzes the high school English textbooks approved by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (henceforth, MEXT) in Japan from the perspective of intercultural understanding. It elucidates the types of the articles, the countries treated in the articles, and the purposes of the materials for cultural understanding. Then it discusses the characteristics of the cultural materials presented in the high school English textbooks. The result of the research shows the materials contain various kinds of categories, many materials concerning English-speaking countries. However, an important fact is that there is still too much focus on Japan and America. Finally, the paper suggests the future direction of the materials in the textbooks in order to facilitate the better intercultural understanding in the global world.</p>