Kinds Of Balls Research Articles

A delay analogue of the box and ball system arising from the ultra-discretization of the delay discrete Lotka–Volterra equation

A delay analogue of the box and ball system (BBS) is presented. This new soliton cellular automaton is constructed by the ultra-discretization of the delay discrete Lotka–Volterra equation, which is an integrable delay analogue of the discrete Lotka–Volterra equation. Soliton patterns generated by this delay BBS are classified into normal solitons and abnormal solitons. Normal solitons have a clear relationship to the solitons of the BBS with K kinds of balls. On the other hand, abnormal solitons show various types of novel soliton patterns, which have not been observed in almost all known BBSs. We obtain them by numerical experiments, and then construct τ-functions of them analytically in 1-soliton cases.

Optimal composition of poultry balls based on natural brown flax bran

The paper established that depending on the number of natural brown flax bran and squash the prefabricated poultry meat does not significantly change its indicators, but the most optimal is sample No. 2 – with the replacement of the wheat bread norm with 50% natural brown flax bran; with the replacement of the water norm with 50% squash – Kurazh. The content of amino acids in Kurazh balls was higher than in the control sample, which indicates their biological value and quality. The study of the content of such acute deficient amino acids as lysine, methionine and tryptophan showed that the Kurage balls exceed the control sample in amino acids: lysine – by 77.6%, methionine – by 125.5%, tryptophane – by 78.1, respectively. A new kind of balls with functional ingredients has a number of useful properties for the human body and may be recommended for gerodietetic nutrition.

Physiological and exertional responses of partner dance in elderly.

In order to verify if partner dance is an appropriate physical activity (PA) for elderly, to promote and maintain healthy fitness level, physiological and exertional responses during ballroom and smooth dance in elderly were examined. Twenty healthy amateur dancers (10 men and 10 women, age 72.0±5.9 years, BMI 25.5±4.2 kg/m2) with multiyear dancing experience performed 3 different kinds of ball (choosing between Mazurka, Viennese Waltz and Polka or Slow Waltz, Tango and Foxtrot), each lasting 3 minutes, with a 3-minute recovery between consecutive balls. Cardiorespiratory data were continuously recorded with a portable metabolimeter (K5, Cosmed Srl., Rome, Italy) in order to assess metabolic equivalent task (METs) of each ball. The Borg Category-Ratio anchored at the number 10 (CR10 Scale) was used to assess perceived effort (RPE) at the end of each ball. There were no gender differences in METs and RPE. Also, no differences in RPE were observed between balls. The mean METs for ballroom dance were: Tango 4.3±1.1, Slow Waltz 4.5±1.1 and Foxtrot 4.8±1.4 METs, respectively; the mean METs for smooth dance were: Mazurka 5.3±0.9, Viennese Waltz 5.8±0.8 and Polka 5.9±1 METs, respectively. Polka elicited significantly higher METs values than Tango (P<0.0007) and Slow Waltz (P<0.0017); Viennese Waltz elicited significantly higher METs values than Tango (P<0.0016), too. In general, ballroom and smooth dance demanded moderate to vigorous PA intensity levels (according to the specific classification for elderly). Therefore, all studied dance styles met the suggested intensity of the current guidelines for elderly and thus may serve as a legitimate form of PA for elderly.

Preparation of immobilized Lactobacillus plantarum agent for silage

Lactic acid bacteria and cellulose degrading bacteria play an important role in fermentation process of silage, because they can prevent the rancidity and increase the nutritive value of silage. But the propagation of lactic acid bacteria will inhibit the activity of cellulose degrading bacteria in the silage fermentation system. This problem can be solved by releasing lactic acid bacteria and cellulose degrading bacteria in different time. Therefore, we immobilized lactic acid bacteria as a microbial agent for sustained release. Firstly, the optimal balling concentration of the composite immobilized carrier and composite immobilized carrier were obtained by immobilization of blank balls and corncob adsorbed Lactobacillus plantarum S1 respectively. The best immobilization condition of L. plantarum S1 was obtained by comparing the immobilized rate and balling effect of two kinds of balls, which were embedded by sodium alginate (SA), CMC-Na and embedded-crosslinked by SA, CMC-Na, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The results showed that the best balling concentration was achieved by using 6% PVA+0.4% SA+0.3% CMC-Na for embedding-crosslinking and 1.2% SA+0.5% CMC-Na for direct embedding respectively. In addition, comparing with the mechanical strength and embedding rate of five kinds of immobilization process, the best immobilized process was obtained by adding of the mixture of immobilized carriers (1.2%SA+ 0.5%CMC-Na) and corncob adsorbed L. plantarum S1 slowly into 4% CaCl₂ for 24 hours. The corncob adsorption and SA embedding methodology can effectively increase the embedding efficiency of Lactobacillus plantarum S1.

Another generalization of the box–ball system with many kinds of balls

A cellular automaton that is a generalization of the box-ball system with either many kinds of balls or finite carrier capacity is proposed and studied through two discrete integrable systems: nonautonomous discrete KP lattice and nonautonomous discrete two-dimensional Toda lattice. Applying reduction technique and ultradiscretization procedure to these discrete systems, we derive two types of time evolution equations of the proposed cellular automaton, and particular solutions to the ultradiscrete equations.

Nonautonomous ultradiscrete hungry Toda lattice and a generalized box-ball system

A nonautonomous version of the ultradiscrete hungry Toda lattice with a finite lattice boundary condition is derived by applying reduction and ultradiscretization to a nonautonomous two-dimensional discrete Toda lattice. It is shown that the derived ultradiscrete system has a direct connection to the box-ball system with many kinds of balls and finite carrier capacity. Particular solutions to the ultradiscrete system are constructed by using the theory of some sort of discrete biorthogonal polynomials.

Analytical model of variable characteristic of coefficient of restitution and its application to ball trajectory planning

In this article, we investigate the behavior of the coefficient of restitution (COR) which is an important parameter in many impact-related fields. In many cases, the COR is considered as a constant value, but it varies according to many variables. In this paper, we introduce an analytical variable COR model considering aerodynamics along with its verification through experiment. To introduce and analyze the variable characteristic of the COR model, the collision phenomenon between a pendulum and two kinds of ball is employed as an example and aerodynamics such as drag force is considered for analyzing the after-effect of the collision. Collision velocity of the pendulum, dynamic parameters of colliding bodies, contact time, drag coefficient, the air density, and the cross-sectional area of the ball are found as the typical variables of analytical COR model. This observation generalizes the result in previous researches. To verify new COR model, the travel distances for the curve-fitted constant COR model and the curve-fitted variable COR model are compared through simulation and experiment. Moreover, comparison between constant COR and variable COR is presented in several points of view. Finally, using the variable COR model, the travel distance of the ball for given collision velocity can be estimated.

Design and Fabrication of a Ball Projecting Machine

To make a ball projecting machine which pitches various kinds of balls either soft, leather, baseball or tennis ball at desired line and length as required. It can throw the ball at predetermined speed with required spin/swing effect. Problem with the existing machines is that they are very expensive and because of very low competition they ask for extremely huge price. The project began from the research phase with the identification of basic components used in the making of bowling machine. A thorough review of the theory and operations involved in a bowling machine were studied. A basic design was plotted and after review final design was made. Fabrication was done which involved operations on lathe, milling, grinding, welding machines etc. First 2 motors were coupled with the wheels, and then it was installed on a cylindrical bar which was installed on a base plate. A drive is used which is connected with the motors. The first worm and worm wheel set is installed on the rotating shaft on top of the base plate. Second similar set is installed at bottom. A power screw is welded at bottom which allows which fits inside a circular disc which carries corresponding threads. Its rotation about those threads would provide vertical lift and fall, also rotation in horizontal plane providing height adjustment and line change respectively. Finally three hollow cylindrical bars are welded at periphery of the circular plate holding power screw to form a tripod stand. The result is an efficient working bowling machine which is relatively much cheap in manufacturing. It could project the ball at various speeds with desired spin/swing effect. It also provides the facility to project various kinds of balls.

MgO–TiO2–ZnO–CaO ceramics: effect of milling process on dielectric properties

The effect of grain size on the dielectric properties of MgO–TiO2–ZnO–CaO ceramics is investigated. Attrition milling is chosen to obtain nanometre particle size from micrometre particle size powders. Additionally, the present study is focused on the effect of the nature of milling balls on er, tanδ, and the temperature coefficient of capacitance (abbreviated as TCC). For that, three kinds of balls are tested: Ф1, Ф2 or Ф5 mm stabilised zirconia balls. For the samples milled by Ф2 mm balls for 10 h, the ceramics sintered at 1,270 °C showed favorable dielectric properties with er = 22.6, tanδ = 1.3 × 10−5, and TCC = 19.1 ppm/°C.

Vacuum tribological performance of DLC-based solid–liquid lubricating coatings: Influence of sliding mating materials

The friction and wear behaviors of DLC-based solid–liquid lubricating coatings for three liquid lubricants sliding against different counterface materials were examined under high vacuum conditions. Seven kinds of balls with the diameter of 3mm were chosen as counterparts, which were GCr15, bronze, ZrO2, Al2O3, SiC, WC, and Si3N4. Under high vacuum condition, the friction coefficient (COF) and wear rate of carbon-based solid–liquid lubricating coatings sliding against different counterparts were diverse, due to different liquid lubrications and counterface materials. In analyzing the friction and wear mechanism, the contact radius and the contact pressure were introduced. The COF showed the inverse varied trend with Hertzian contact radius for the three liquid lubricants. COF decreased with the increase of contact radius, which was different from the dry sliding of DLC film. The possible reason was that the synergetic lubrication between the DLC films and the liquid lubricants formed a new solid–liquid synergistic system (DLC-oil-DLC), which improved the ability of plasticity-resistant deformation, reduced the real contact area and friction coefficient. The contact pressure was consistent with the wear rate varied trend for the three liquid lubricants, and this varied trend was in good agreement with each other for MACs lubricant.

Ultrafine Grinding of Oxide Powders with a Controlled Viscosity of Slurries

AbstractThis study shows the importance of controlling the rheological behavior of slurries during attrition milling in aqueous media. Indeed, during grinding, the creation of new surfaces that react with the aqueous dispersing medium leads to modification of the slurry's properties, in particular pH and rheological behavior. The slurry can then flocculate and its viscosity increases. Thus, grinding efficiency can very quickly become null and a “setting” of the slurry in the grinder is sometimes noted. Our approach of the problem is in two steps. First, we determine the optimum dispersion conditions to obtain deflocculated slurries. This is possible by control of the solid load or pH, or by the addition of dispersant in order to enhance electrostatic and/or steric repulsion between particles. The characterization of the dispersion state is also possible with tools such as zetametry and rheology. The second step is to preserve this deflocculated state of dispersion throughout the milling process. This is possible, for example, by maintaining relatively constant the optimal pH value for the slurry. We apply this concept for the grinding of classically used powder oxides TiO2 and Al2O3. To this end, we implement a horizontal attrition mill (dyno‐mill), using different kind of balls: zircon or stabilized yttrium–zirconia with diameters ranging from 0.4 to 1.6 mm. We have observed the grinding efficiency by powder BET specific area measurements, and by DRX and TEM observations. So the grinding is very efficient, starting powders areas of about 10 m2 · g−1 have reached 40 m2 · g−1 after grinding, that is to say, average grains diameter lower than 50 nm.

Experimental Study of Rolling Contact Fatigue Life of Zirconia Ceramic Ball

A newly developed pure rolling fatigue test rig with three contact points for bearing balls was used to perform rolling contact fatigue (RCF) tests and the fatigue properties of two kinds of zirconia ceramic balls produced with different materials composition and identical technologies were compared. Ball surfaces were examined after failure with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It was identified by tests that the failure mode of zirconia ceramic balls was surface spall. Life tests data, summarized in accordance with the Weibull theory, showed that the life of two kinds of zirconia balls was close, and no remarkable difference in the divergence between the tested two kinds of balls was found

The Foaming Process and the Damping Capacity and Sound Insulation of Bell Structures

The forming process and the characteristics of bell structures produced using batch-type foaming with a supercritical-fluid blowing agent were examined. Various forming methods were tried for the production of bell structures. Impact and acoustic tests of the structures were conducted, followed by an evaluation of shock absorption and sound insulation. Bell structures, including various kinds of ball, were successfully produced by means of batch foaming. It was verified that these bell structures exhibit the required shock absorption and sound insulation performance.

Solutions of the generalized periodic discrete Toda equation

A box-ball system with more than one kind of ball is obtained by the generalized periodic discrete Toda equation (pd Toda equation). We present an algebraic geometric study of the periodic Toda equation. The time evolution of the pd Toda equation is linearized on the Picard group of an algebraic variety, and theta function solutions are obtained.

Conserved quantities of generalized periodic box–ball systems constructed from the ndKP equation

We investigate periodic box–ball systems (PBBSs) with several kinds of balls and box capacity greater than or equal to one. Conserved quantities of the PBBSs are constructed from those of the nonautonomous discrete KP (ndKP) equation using the Lax representation of the ndKP equation.

BST ceramics: Effect of attrition milling on dielectric properties

The effect of grain size on the dielectric properties of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST) ceramics is investigated. Attrition milling is chosen to obtain nanometre particle size from micrometre particle size powders. Fine grained ceramics are obtained by hot uniaxial pressing (HUP). Additionally, the present study is focused on the effect of the nature of milling balls on loss tangent and permittivity. For that, three kinds of balls are tested: calcia, yttria or ceria stabilised zirconia balls. The properties of these samples are evaluated in the range of MHz. The balls induce an involuntary doping of powders which modifies the dielectric properties, especially the Curie temperature and loss tangent.

Box and ball system as a realization of ultradiscrete nonautonomous KP equation

Cellular automata, which are realized by dynamics of several kinds of balls in an infinite array of boxes, are investigated. They show soliton patterns even in the case when each box has arbitrary capacity. The analytical expression for the soliton patterns are obtained using ultradiscretization of the nonautonomous discrete KP equation.

Assembling of Mono-Sized Particles for the Percolation Control of Composition Graded Multi-Phase Packing Arrangements

A particle assembling apparatus was devised, in which individual single particles are positioned at the allotted sites on an ordered lattice according to a given configuration pattem. The apparatus consists of particle conveying arm with a suction tip for holding a single particle, three stock pallets for three kinds of particles, and a configuration pallet. The software that drives mechanical motions of the conveying arm and the suction tip was so designed that the movement of the individual parts follows without delay to the electronic signal guided by the computer program. The particles stocked in the stock pallets are picked up one by one with a suction tip and conveyed to the configuration pallet to be laid on the pre-designed sites. The arranged two dimensional particle array is then stacked layer by layer in a packing bucket to form a three dimensional cubical arrangement. Three stock pallets for three different kinds of particles, and ten thousands of configuration sites are available. One arrangement cycle needs several seconds, depending on the manipulating speed of the mechanical parts. Packing arrangements of three kinds of balls with a diameter of I mm were well fabricated by the present apparatus, and various types of percolation and graded structures have been realized.

THE SPECTRUM OF SPORTS-RELATED INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT INJURIES

Sports participation places the fingers at risk for injury, especially from end-on contact with many kinds of balls and other objects. Certain sports are likely to produce specific injuries. Joint sprains and dislocations are especially common, whether or not accompanied by articular fractures. Tendon ruptures in the digit may not be recognized until many days or weeks later. The athlete must be aware of the need for early, accurate diagnosis, precise treatment, and complete rehabilitation for these often apparently innocuous injuries.

破壊力学 セラミックスの異物衝突損傷における静的初期応力の影響

Ball impact tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of static initial stress field on the foreign object damage of ceramics. Two kinds of balls, steel and Si3N4, the size of which was 3mm in diameter were used as the projectiles, and five kinds of SiC and Si3N4 ceramics were used as the target specimens of 7.5×10×85mm size. After the impact tests, three point bending tests were carried out to evaluate the residual strength of the specimens, and the difference in failure with ball contact was discussed taking the results of numerical analyses into consideration.The results obtained are summarized as follows;(1) From the impact tests, the critical condition to produce the effect of initial stress on foreign object damage became clear.(2) From the numerical impact fracture analyses, it was found that the effect of residual tensile stress was caused by an increase in compressive permanent deformation in the target at impact due to the initially applied static load.(3) The mechanical property of the target material subjected to compressive load is an important parameter to evaluate the foreign object damage of Si3N4 ceramics.