Kind Of Atmosphere Research Articles

Thermal Decomposition Process of Fireproof Sealant Measured with Thermogravimetric and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis and Estimated Using Shuffled Complex Evolution

Fireproof sealing technology is widely used in industrial, commercial, and other public buildings, so the performance of fireproof sealing materials in high temperatures or fire environments must be taken into account as an important factor. Fireproof sealant is considered to be a highly effective adhesive for sealing and fireproofing purposes. To explore its thermal decomposition mechanism and estimate its pyrolysis behaviors, a series of thermogravimetric experiments from 10 K/min to 60 K/min coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis technology were performed. The results indicated that the thermal decomposition of the fireproof sealant could be divided into three reactions: the degradation of ammonium polyphosphate, melamine, and acrylic acid. In addition, the pyrolysis behavior of the fireproof sealant was compared under two kinds of atmosphere (nitrogen and air). Furthermore, the initial kinetic parameters in the nitrogen atmosphere were calculated based on model-free methods including the Friedman, KAS, and Starink methods. The average activation energy of three reactions obtained by the three methods was 108.32 kJ/mol, 200.46 kJ/mol, and 177.10 kJ/mol, respectively, while these obtained parameters were hard to regenerate, the thermogravimetric curves were accurately based on the established pyrolysis reaction scheme, with the existence of clear deviations. Therefore, a global heuristic optimization algorithm, Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE), was selected to optimize 14 parameters (including activation energies and the pre-exponential factors) and the optimized pyrolysis results agreed well with the experimental data, even at the extra heating rate, with the correlation coefficient for the mass loss and mass loss rate being reaching up to 0.9943 and 0.9019, respectively. The study indicated that the SCE algorithm showed an appropriate potential to estimate the pyrolysis behavior of an unknown thermogravimetric experiment group.

Joule Heating of Carbon-Based Materials Obtained by Carbonization of Para-Aramid Fabrics

The Joule heating behavior of carbon-based materials obtained by the process of carbonization of industrial para-aramid fabric wastes are investigated in the present work. Carbonization involves a process of thermally decomposing organic material, thereby altering its physical and chemical properties to obtain carbon-rich materials that are electrically conductive and display Joule heating behavior. The principle of Joule heating is based on the intrinsic electrical resistance of the material across an applied voltage. Here, para-aramid woven fabric wastes are converted into activated carbon materials through straightforward, controlled, single-step thermal treatments by three different kinds of atmosphere, i.e., in the CO2 evolved from charcoal, a mixture of gases from ammonium bicarbonate salt (NH4HCO3), and Nitrogen gas (N2), respectively, inside a high-temperature furnace. The carbonization temperatures were varied from 800 to 1100 °C. The carbonization process variables were optimized to obtain carbon-rich materials with lower electrical resistivity. The results of electrical resistivity measurements show that for all three methods, the electrical resistivity decreases with increasing carbonization temperatures. An experimental setup consisting of an infrared (IR) camera, positioned over the surface of the fabric specimen to record the surface temperature of the material connected to a DC power supply, was employed. The kinetics of Joule heating and subsequent cooling were also analyzed at a fixed voltage of 5 V by recording the changes in surface temperature with respect to time. The heating–cooling cycle is described by a simple kinetic model of first order.

Experimental study of the characteristics of explosions generated by methane mixtures, as a function of the type of atmosphere and environmental conditions

The combination of methane – air can cause potentially explosive mixtures, which in contact with an energy source can ignite, resulting not only in the destruction of infrastructure but also in the death of people. This paper studies the ignition of different methane–air mixtures as a function of the type of mixture (methane–air, methane–nitrogen–oxygen), the kind of atmosphere (homogeneous, stratified) and the environmental conditions (initial temperature, pressure, and humidity). For this purpose, the Rock Dynamics research group of the University of Oviedo has designed and manufactured an explosive chamber, quasi-spherical in shape, instrumented with dynamic pressure sensors and accelerometers. With the results obtained after a laboratory-scale experimental campaign, pressure-concentration graphs were plotted, obtaining the explosion limits of the different mixtures. Higher oxygen concentrations (O2) have therefore been found to increase the upper explosive limit of mixtures. However, increasing methane (CH4) concentrations lead to different behaviours, depending on the type of mixture. The kind of atmosphere does not seem to affect the recorded pressures, as they are similar for homogeneous and stratified atmospheres. Finally, initial pressures above atmospheric lead to higher detonation pressures, while a high initial humidity content decreases the likelihood of explosion.

Bodies in place: the transformative atmospherics of lightscapes in Mahikari

Practice centers (dojos) in the Japanese new religion Mahikari are perceived to be spaces suffused with divine light. This article examines this understanding in terms of the enactment of a particular kind of atmosphere – a lightscape – which is deemed to be capable of automatically producing transformative effects. As a key ethnographic example of this idea of atmospheric effects, I consider the case of the primary training course, participation in which is the means of entry into Mahikari. Although the course itself appears to be didactic in design, I suggest that, as an event, a different dynamic is at work, in which the major aim is less about the transmission of information than it is about the elicitation of transformation, a change which is understood to be largely a consequence of the atmospheric conditions in the dojo.

On the lived truths of atmospheres: the qualities of existential contexts

Este artigo começa com uma afirmação de Dewey que retirada do contexto consiste no maior desastre que o pensamento filosófico pode incorrer. Ela explora o valor heurístico da noção de Dewey de um contexto não apenas para a filosofia, mas para o pensamento e a vida como um todo. Contextos possuem poder existencial profundo tanto que os temos encarnados em nós mesmos. Contextos funcionam como panos de fundo, conforme determinam embasamentos, influenciando de maneira ampla como ante-estruturas de nossas formas de sentimentos, nossos padrões de ação, e os idiomas nos quais nos descrevemos, bem como nossos mundos. Dewey também pensa em contextos como espécies de atmosferas ou brumas, conectando-os com as qualidades determinantes das situações problemáticas nas quais nós nos encontramos. Sustento o argumento de Dewey com ferramentas analíticas fornecidas pela análise da encarnação e da natureza tácita de premissas de Michael Polanyi, e pela exploração da noção de atmosferas e espaços harmonizados de Gernot Böhme. O reconhecimento dos diversos tipos de contextos, nos quais as pessoas vivem e a partir das quais elas falam, é essencial para chegarmos aos tipos de confiança que reduzem o apelo à força e possibilitam acordos em significados comuns enquanto reconhecem as raízes existenciais da diferença.

A Poet on the Verge of Death Between Home and Street: Ahmet Erhan

Kimlikteki adıyla Erhan Bozkurt, 8 Şubat 1958 yılında Ankara'da dünyaya gelir. Çok sevdiği babası Ahmet İzzet'in ölümü üzerine onun adını kullanmaya başlar. İlk gençlik yıllarını Mersin ve Adana'da geçiren Ahmet Erhan, Gazi Üniversitesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü mezunudur. Adana Demirspor'da profesyonel oyuncu olarak forma giyen Erhan, geçirdiği sakatlık sebebiyle en büyük tutkusu futbola, veda etmek zorunda kalır. Sakatlığın getirdiği uzaklaşma onu yeni bir tutkuya yöneltir. Bu tutku, bugün onu bu çalışmanın öznesi haline getiren şiirdir. İlk şiirlerini 1976 yılında Militan Dergisi'nde yayımlayan Erhan, ilk şiir kitabı olan Alacakaranlıktaki Ülke ile Behçet Necatigil Şiir Ödülü'ne layık görülür. 1980 Kuşağı şairleri arasında önemli bir yere sahip olur. Henüz yirmi iki yaşındayken bu başarıyı elde etmiş bir şair olarak sürekli ölümden bahsetmesi ilgi çekici bir durumdur. Ahmet Erhan’ın şiirlerini nasıl bir atmosferde yazdığını bilmek, şiirinin zeminini oluşturan ölüm teması için açıklayıcı olacaktır. Bu çalışma da şairin, ölüm kavramını şiirlerinde nasıl bir yapı içerisinde ele aldığını inceledik.

Molecular Dynamic Study of a Pyrolysis Process of a Coal Particle in Different Environments

Abstract The pyrolysis processes of a coal particle containing 19,638 atoms in different atmospheres are studied with a reactive force field molecular dynamics (ReaxFF MD) method. The detailed chemical reactions with the corresponding occurrence frequencies are obtained. The generation paths of the main products are disclosed, including CO, H2, H2O, and CH4. The nonuniform effect of temperature on the pyrolysis production is analyzed, among which the productions of CH4 and CO nonmonotonically vary with temperature, while the H2 production increases linearly with temperature. The kinds of atmospheres can significantly influence the coal pyrolysis. Hydrogen atmosphere can apparently improve the CH4 production, which results from the enhancement of the C–H bond generation.

Identifying and Meeting the Counselling Needs of Distance Learners as Shapers of Students’ Academic Success: The Case of University of Cape Coast, Ghana

The purpose of the study was to identify and meet the counselling needs of distance students, focusing on College of Distance Education (CoDE), University of Cape Coast (UCC) diploma students, in order to help shape students’ academic success. The moderating roles of organisational culture and effective counselling service delivery were also considered. The descriptive survey design was used. The sample size of the study was 1110. Purposive sampling technique was used to select three regional capitals (Greater-Accra, Ashanti and Northern Regions) while stratified random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.895 was the instrument used. Out of the 1110 questionnaires administered, the researcher was able to collect 1075 completed and accurate questionnaires, representing 96.8 percent response rate. The independent samples t-test and hierarchical linear multiple regression analysis were used to analyse the data. The findings of the study revealed that diploma students of CoDE had four broad priority counselling needs. Furthermore, the counselling needs of distance students were not adequately met by the College. The study concludes that whenever the organisational culture of the college supports the activities of the counselling unit, and also when the service delivery of the unit is perceived to be effective, the unit is able to meet students’ identified priority needs which will in turn lead to students’ academic success. However, to enhance academic success, students’ personal characteristics such as gender, age and level of study should be considered when identifying and meeting the counselling needs of students. It is recommended to the College to nurture the kind of atmosphere that will support counselling activities in order to help boost students’ academic success.

중·고등학교 기계체조 선수들이 지각하는 통제적 코칭행동이 동기분위기 및 중도탈락의도에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to analyze the connection between withdrawal and the leader’s coaching behaviors and motivational atmosphere. The frequency analysis, Cronbach’s α reliability coefficient, and descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS WIN version 22.0. Then, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed to confirm the relationship between the specific variables. Results of analysis has shown below. First, the controlled coaching behavior of the leader has a static influence on the competitive atmosphere, which is a subfactor of the motivational atmosphere, and has a negative influence on the trained atmosphere. Therefore, controlled coaching behaviors has actual influenced atmosphere. Second, the competitive atmosphere, which is a subfactor of the perceived motivational atmosphere, has a static influence on the dropout intention and the trained atmosphere has a negative influence on the dropout. Therefore, these kinds of atmosphere were main causes for dropout. Third, language control and privacy control, which are subordinate factors of the leader ’s coaching behavior, have a significant effect on withdrawal. The motivational atmosphere is formed according to the controlled coaching behavior perceived by the middle and high school gymnastic athletes. The provision of the trained atmosphere is effective in reducing the dropout intention.It was confirmed that motivational atmosphere was an significant factor. Therefore, leaders should provide a more efficient and democratic training atmosphere for student athletes, and give opportunities to improve their athletic abilities and provides positive teaching method.

Thermal analysis of olive tree pruning and the by-products obtained by its gasification and pyrolysis: The effect of some heavy metals on their devolatilization behavior

Abstract In this work, the effect of the presence of nickel and lead in thermal decomposition of olive tree pruning (OTP), OTP-char and OTP-ashes was studied by thermogravimetry. Experiments were conducted in two kinds of atmosphere (nitrogen atmosphere and oxidizing atmosphere with 20% of O2) at a heating rate of 10 °C/min. This investigation describes the chemical, physical and fuel properties of the OTP, which shows a similar composition to other lignocellulosic materials such as hazelnut husk and wood sawdust. In addition, SEM analysis indicated that OTP-char surface is higher than OTP surface with plenty of holes and channels. It makes the char an ideal support for metal retention specially for Pb metal (OTP retained 8.55 mg/g whereas OTP char retained 11.57 mg/g). On the other hand, metal retention occurred by adsorption or ion exchange, according to the IR spectrum of the samples. The results of thermogravimetric tests proved that the presence of lead did not have a strong effect on the decomposition of the samples, since TG and DTG curves were very similar. However, nickel increased the mass loss rate, accelerating the decomposition process, showing higher peaks in DTG curves. Additionally, for temperatures higher than 360 °C, the volatilization of the samples was improved in the nickel-polluted sample, achieving a higher mass loss, getting more energy from the biomass and reducing the quantity of residues left after the process.

Quantitative analysis of plasma action on gas flow in a He plasma jet

The presented article introduces a novel approach to the study of plasma–flow interaction in atmospheric pressure plasma jets. A sensitive manometer is constructed and applied for the measurement of the gas flow change induced by the discharge. The presented device can be used for the study of various types of plasma jets operating in all kinds of atmospheres. The proposed method is further used for the study of the influence of the applied voltage and initial gas flow rate on the effect of plasma on flow variation in a kHz helium plasma jet. It is found that the plasma–flow interaction is the most prominent for lower gas flows and that initial flow can be doubled. Also, the results show that the gas flow increase is linearly dependent on the applied voltage and that the slopes of these dependencies decrease as the initial flow rises.

Colour resistance of Zn–Ti coatings to corrosive environments

Adding titanium to a hot-dip galvanising bath, a coloured oxide film due to interference effect was obtained on iron samples; different colours were achieved varying the bath temperature in the range of 520–600°C. In this paper, the resistance of three colours (yellow, purple and light blue) to four corrosive environments (urban, marine, industrial and rural) has been investigated by means of an experimental approach: two specimens of each colour with titanium percentage of 0.2% were exposed for 1 year in each environment and colour measurements in CIE Lab coordinates have been recorded at fixed time intervals. Modification of colours on samples due to corrosion effects of different chemical agents was evaluated calculating CIE colour difference. Results demonstrated that the colour of the coatings have a good resistance to all kinds of atmospheres tested; so the performance of this galvanising bath resulted adequate for architectural application.

Effect of thermal treatment on TiO2 varistor properties in different atmospheres

TiO2 is a typical nonstoichiometric compound and defects such as oxygen vacancies in TiO2 grains and at TiO2 grain boundaries are very sensitive to the oxygen partial pressure in the environment. In this paper, commercial TiO2 doped with Nb2O5 and Bi2O3 was used as the raw material to prepare TiO2 varistors. The samples were thermally treated in three kinds of atmospheres: H2, vacuum, and O2 at 600°C. In the two low oxygen partial pressure atmospheres of vacuum and H2, due to the volatilization of lattice oxygen in TiO2, the oxygen vacancy concentration and the number of semiconducting grains increase, while the height and width of the potential barrier and the varistor voltage decrease. After the oxygen atmosphere thermal treatment, the acceptor state density and the height and width of the potential barriers increase, the conductivity decreases, and the varistor voltage improves significantly as a result of oxygen accumulation at grain boundaries.

The oxidation behavior of MoSi2-CrSi2-Si/SiC coating for C/C composites in H2O-O2-Ar atmosphere: Experiment and first-principle investigation

Abstract The MoSi 2 -CrSi 2 -Si/SiC multi-component coating was prepared by two-step pack cementation on carbon/carbon composites. To investigate the effect of water vapor on the anti-oxidation of the coated samples, two kinds of atmosphere (50%H 2 O-50%O 2 , 50%O 2 -50%Ar) were designed for comparison with a total pressure of 1 atm at 1773 K. The results showed that, after being tested for 10 h, the weight loss of the coated samples in O 2 +Ar and H 2 O+O 2 were 0.243% and 0.436% respectively. The reasons for different weight losses can be attributed to the water vapor, which could degrade the protective ability of the glass layer formed by SiO 2 and Cr 2 O 3 and thereby accelerate the oxidation of MoSi 2 and CrSi 2 . Based on the Mulliken analysis calculated by the first principle, the corresponding water vapor corrosion resistance of the prepared coating was in the following order: SiC>MoSi 2 >CrSi 2 , which was consistent with the experimental phenomenon.

Measurement of Soot Temperature and Volume Fraction of Axisymmetric Ethylene Laminar Flames Using Hyperspectral Tomography

Three kinds of atmospheres, namely, air, oxygen-enriched air, and oxygen/carbon dioxide atmospheres, and a total of ten axisymmetric coflow ethylene laminar flames are experimentally studied using a hyperspectral imaging device. 2-D distributions of the local emission source term in the visible and near-infrared ranges are reconstructed using the least-squares method. Then the distributions of temperature and absorption coefficient are calculated using the Newton-type iterative method, while the wavelength dependence of the absorption coefficient is fitted by polynomials. For the nonoptically thin flame, an iterative algorithm is adopted by substituting the absorption coefficients back into the reconstruction. The experimental results show that there exists a local temperature peak near the flame edge and the flame root. Additionally, for an oxygen-enriched atmosphere, there also exists another local temperature peak in upper center part of the flame in an air/oxygen atmosphere or in the upper edge part in an oxygen/carbon dioxide atmosphere. The results also reveal that the reduction in the flow of ethylene will result in the decrease in the highest soot volume fraction, and a higher oxygen content will generate a higher temperature peak and a lower soot volume fraction peak in an oxygen-enriched air atmosphere, but a higher soot volume fraction peak in an oxygen-enriched oxygen/carbon dioxide atmosphere. In addition, in an air atmosphere or an atmosphere with a large quantity of carbon dioxide, there will be another local peak of the soot volume fraction in the upper center part of the flame, which may be aggravated by the reduction in the amount of ethylene.

Violencia escolar: derechos y deberes para la convivencia / SCHOOL VIOLENCE: RIGHTS AND DUTIES FOR COEXISTENCE

Experts speak of violence as a psychosocial disease generated in violent environments habituation caused by a lack of democratic consciousness. In this regard, violence is broached in this paper considering it as some kind of atmosphere, especially when it is spread in school. Our contribution includes this perspective and concludes, after analysing the broad outlines of some programs and anti-harassment guidelines, the solution relates to promote social harmony and it goes through a basic premise: both aggressors and assaulted must be aware of their duties and basic rights.

Gas Evolution Rates of Graphite Protective Coatings in Dependence on the Applied Solvent and Kind of Atmosphere

Abstract The results concerning emission of gases from two commercial graphite protective coatings for moulds and cores (water and alcoholic) are given in the hereby paper. Investigations were performed in two systems. One of the systems was corresponding to conditions occurring inside the mould cavity immediately after its pouring with liquid metal (Method 1), while the second was simulating conditions deep inside the mould at a certain distance from the casting (Method 2). Investigations were carried out in the CO2 atmosphere and in the air. The water protective coating generated 1.5 to 3 times larger volume of gases than the alcoholic coating (in dependence on the measuring method and atmosphere). The smallest differences occurred in the air atmosphere, while the largest in the CO2 atmosphere.

Globalisations utopia? On airport atmospherics

The article argues that the highly managed atmosphere of airport terminals is particularly characteristic of the ‘global’ era. Acknowledging that the thesis of airports as ‘non-places’ has been a useful provocation, the article contends that airports are in fact distinct spaces with particular kinds of atmosphere (of emotions, affects, passionate intensities). Moreover, these atmospheres are moving out into many other places that appear to be more and more similar to airports. Mapping connections between the transformation of airport terminals and globalization, the paper draws upon research based on ethnographic observation and interviews conducted at European airports to situate airport atmospherics in terms of extensive sequencing, information, consumer culture and ever-increasing technological intervention.

Physical and chemical structure changes of Huolinhe lignite during thermal treatment and its effect on moisture re-adsorption

A lignite from Huolinhe mine in China was dewatered in a fixed-bed reactor at different temperature of 80-160°C under nitrogen and argon respectively. Then different drying levels dewatered samples were undergone the moisture re-adsorption in constant temperature and humidity chamber. The physical and chemical structures of all samples were characterised by nitrogen adsorption instrument and diffuse reflectance in-situ FTIR spectrometer. The dehydration rate of lignite under nitrogen is higher and the moisture re-adsorption capacity of dewatered coal is lower than that of sample received from argon. It is also found that the amount of re-adsorbed moisture reduces dramatically when the dewatered coal is held for another 60 min among nitrogen at room temperature. The physical and chemical structure changes of samples before and after drying are the main factors influencing the moisture re-adsorption capacity of dewatered samples. Both specific surface area and pore volume of lignite decrease during drying under two kinds of atmosphere but more obviously under nitrogen. The changes of contents of hydrophilic oxygen-containing functional groups in lignite, especially COO- and COOH, is directly related to the re-adsorbing moisture capacity of de-watered sample. [Received: December 5, 2013; Accepted: October 28, 2014]

On the (anticipated) diversity of terrestrial planet atmospheres

On our way toward the characterization of smaller and more temperate planets, missions dedicated to the spectroscopic observation of exoplanets will teach us about the wide diversity of classes of planetary atmospheres, many of them probably having no equivalent in the Solar System. But what kind of atmospheres can we expect? To start answering this question, many theoretical studies have tried to understand and model the various processes controlling the formation and evolution of planetary atmospheres, with some success in the Solar System. Here, we shortly review these processes and we try to give an idea of the various type of atmospheres that these processes can create. As will be made clear, current atmosphere evolution models have many shortcomings yet, and need heavy calibrations. With that in mind, we will thus discuss how observations with a mission similar to EChO would help us unravel the link between a planet’s environment and its atmosphere.