Terms Of Kind Research Articles

How to tame a catoblepas

ABSTRACT Two recent experimental studies, by Shaun Nichols et al. and by Michael Devitt & Brian Porter claim to find evidence for the view that both causal-historical factors and descriptive factors play a role in determining the extensions of natural kind terms. Both studies use versions of a vignette featuring the fictional natural kind term “Catoblepas”. We conducted an experiment where we used vignettes and corresponding tasks that were otherwise fully analogous, but featured terms which are not natural kind terms. We found that such terms received the same patterns of response which Nichols et al. and Devitt & Porter took to justify their conclusions. We conclude that either the kind of view they arrive at applies more widely than just for natural kind terms or, as we think is more likely, the original results do not support such a two-factor view in the first place.

Temporal externalist descriptivism on natural kind terms: beyond the causal–historical analysis

Temporal externalist descriptivism on natural kind terms: beyond the causal–historical analysis

Relative lengths of Maltsev conditions

We solve some problems about relative lengths of Maltsev conditions, in particular, we provide an affirmative answer to a classical problem raised by A. Day more than 50 years ago. In detail, both congruence distributive and congruence modular varieties admit Maltsev characterizations by means of the existence of a finite but variable number of appropriate terms. A. Day showed that from Jónsson terms t0,…,tn\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$t_0,\\ldots , t_n$$\\end{document} witnessing congruence distributivity it is possible to construct terms u0,…,u2n-1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$u_0,\\ldots , u _{2n-1} $$\\end{document} witnessing congruence modularity. We show that Day’s result about the number of such terms is sharp when n is even. We also deal with other kinds of terms, such as alvin, Gumm, directed, as well as with possible variations we will call “specular” and “defective”. All the results hold when restricted to locally finite varieties.

Defending the pure causal-historical theory of reference fixing for natural kind terms

According to the causal-historical theory of reference, natural kind terms refer in virtue of complicated causal relations the speakers have to their environment. A common objection to the theory is that purely causal relations are insufficient to fix reference in a determinate fashion. The so-called hybrid view holds that what is also needed for successful fixing are true descriptions associated in the mind of the speaker with the referent. The main claim of this paper is that the objection fails: reference fixing of natural kind terms can be purely causal. The main argument draws inspiration from recent theoretical advances made in metaphysics of kinds by Marion Godman, Antonella Mallozzi, and David Papineau. The main claim is that their notion of super-explanatory properties may explain how reference of many kind terms can be fixed purely causally.

On Topological Structure of Total Paranormed Double Sequence Space (ℓ 2 ((X, ||.||), γ, ¯ w¯), G)

The aim of this paper is to introduce and study a new class ℓ2 ((X, ||.||), γ̅, ω̅ ) of double sequences with their terms in a normed space X as a generalization of the familiar sequence space ℓ. Besides the investigation of the condition pertaining to the containment relations of the class ℓ2 ((X, ||.||), γ̅, ω̅ ) of same kind in terms of γ̅ and ω̅, our primary interest is to explore some of the preliminary results that characterize the linear topological structures of ℓ2 ((X, ||.||), γ̅, ω̅ ) when topologized it with suitable natural paranorm.

Entanglement entropy along a massless renormalisation flow: the tricritical to critical Ising crossover

We study the Rényi entanglement entropies along the massless renormalisation group flow that connects the tricritical and critical Ising field theories. Similarly to the massive integrable field theories, we derive a set of bootstrap equations, from which we can analytically calculate the twist field form factors in a recursive way. Additionally, we also obtain them as a non-trivial ‘roaming limit’ of the sinh-Gordon theory. Then the Rényi entanglement entropies are obtained as expansions in terms of the form factors of these branch point twist fields. We find that the form factor expansion of the entanglement entropy along the flow organises in two different kind of terms. Those that couple particles with the same chirality, and reproduce the entropy of the infrared Ising theory, and those that couple particles with different chirality, which provide the ultraviolet contributions. The massless flow under study possesses a global ℤ2 spin-flip symmetry. We further consider the composite twist fields associated to this group, which enter in the study of the symmetry resolution of the entanglement. We derive analytical expressions for their form factors both from the bootstrap equations and from the roaming limit of the sinh-Gordon theory.

Primordial Gravitational Wave- and Curvature Perturbation-Induced Energy Density Perturbations

We study the second-order scalar and density perturbations generated by Gaussian curvature perturbations and primordial gravitational waves in the radiation-dominated era. After presenting all the possible second-order source terms, we obtain the explicit expressions of the kernel functions and the power spectra of the second-order scalar perturbations. We show that the primordial gravitational waves might affect second-order energy density perturbation δ(2)=δρ(2)/ρ(0) significantly. The effects of primordial gravitational waves are studied in terms of different kinds of primordial power spectra.

A Proof of ζ(2)=π 2/6 Involving a Fourier–Legendre Expansion

We give a new proof of Euler’s famous formula using a 1954 result by M. O. González which expands the complete elliptic integral of the first kind in terms of Legendre polynomials.

Being human is a kaleidoscopic affair

This paper spells out the ways in which we need to be pluralists about ?human nature?. It discusses a conceptual pluralism about the concept of ?human nature?, stemming from post-essentialist ontology and the semantic complexity of the term ?nature?; a descriptive pluralism about the ?descriptive nature? of human beings, which is a pluralism regarding our self-understanding as human beings that stems from the long list of typical features of, and relations between, human beings; a natural kind term pluralism, which is a pluralism that concerns the choices we have in deciding how to apply the kind term ?human?; and an explanatory pluralism that results from the causal complexity of life. Because of the complexity of being human, which gives rise to these pluralisms, being human is, the paper claims, a kaleidoscopic affair, and one far from concerning the life sciences only.

Virtualizacija performativne umjetnosti u doba socijalnog distanciranja / Virtualisation of Performative Arts During the Times of Social Distancing

The times of social distancing and movement restrictions caused by Covid-19 have been marked by significant changes in all aspects of life. Due to preventive pandemic measures direct access of audiences to cultural institutions was unabled and performative arts moved to an online, virtual environment physicaly distancing performers from the audience. In this paper, we discuss adaptations that took place in the domain of culture and arts offering a virtual, technologically mediated experience, deprived from some dimensions of senses, emotional engagement, interaction and communication in vivo. Our research, therefore aims to inform on audiances’ aesthetic experience which was on the one hand devoided of bodily, situated performances, or on the other hand taking place with reduced number of spectators in an open space sites during the social distancing times. Key issues we focus on are transformations of performing arts in terms of audience participation and similar kinds of modifications that were not merely an answer to a current crisis, but a shift towards the new hybrid models of digital culture overcoming classic conceptual oppositions such as real-virtual, individual-collective and mass-elite. Our insights on performative arts and new media spheres hybridisation process as well as audiences’ altered position during social distancing times are based on literature in the field of sociology of culture and arts, esthetics and mediology.

Connecting Unconventional Cognition to Humans Unification and Generativity

The idea of applying cognitive kind terms and concepts to ‘unconventional’ systems has gained steam. Perhaps unsurprisingly, this idea also has been met with skepticism. There is an implicit worry amongst skeptics that the idea of applying cognitive kind terms and concepts to non-humans, or at least to non-humans that are anatomically quite unlike humans, amounts to a Mere Honorific Conclusion: to say that a system is cognitive is to say it is merely worthy of investigation. In this paper, I use this conclusion as a framing device for exploring how we ought to approach the idea of cognition in unconventional systems, and I explore two avenues for blocking it: unification and generativity.

Writing and Speaking Difficulties of Students in One Chinese Middle School

Writing and speaking difficulties are prevalent among middle school students, posing significant challenges to their academic success and overall communication abilities. This study aimed to evaluate the writing and speaking difficulties of selected middle school students in China. This descriptive study was participated by middle school students. It made use of an adopted questionnaire as its primary data gathering instrument. This study aimed to determine the relationship between writing and speaking difficulties of students in a selected middle school in China. Specifically, the study sought to: describe the profile of the respondents in terms of sex, level, and kind of community; determine the respondents’ writing difficulties in terms of organization of ideas, content and focus, style, and mechanics; assess the speaking difficulties of the respondents with regards to organization of ideas, content and focus, diction, and spontaneity; test the significant difference of the responses when grouped according to their profile; test the significant relationship between writing difficulties and speaking difficulties; and propose a Language Proficiency Program for Middle Schools. The study found that majority of the respondents were male, under the junior middle school, and are living at the urban community. Middle school students rarely encountered writing difficulties and speaking difficulties Male, senior middle school students, and are living in the rural areas experienced greater writing and speaking difficulties. Writing difficulties and speaking difficulties are highly related with each other which implies that the more students experience difficulty in writing, the more they experience difficulty in speaking. A proposed Language Proficiency Program was devised for Middle Schools for an enhanced English program in their curricula. Future researchers may further explore on the cognitive, linguistic, and social factors that contribute to writing and speaking difficulties.

The consignment note and the community license – confirmative tools for the execution of the contract for the international carriage of goods by road on the territory of the European Union

The present clause covers the characteristics and ways of functioning of the relationship between the consignment note and the community license in the context of carrying out international road transport operations besides the territory of the European Union. Given that the community license can be identified as an analogue of the C.E.M.T. authorization, issued exclusively on the territory of the European Union, the description of its content, particularities, as well as of the way of its obtain, establishes an aspects of interest for an research of the European Union’s legislati-on in the field of international transport of goods by road. In respect that, in its spareness the community license can not produce legal effects on the territory of the community space, the necessity of examining the nominated kind in terms of the existing multilateral framework and the legislation of the European Union which settles the operations of road transport of goods is attested in this regard.

Mathematical Modality: An Investigation in Higher-order Logic

An increasing amount of contemporary philosophy of mathematics posits, and theorizes in terms of special kinds of mathematical modality. The goal of this paper is to bring recent work on higher-order metaphysics to bear on the investigation of these modalities. The main focus of the paper will be views that posit mathematical contingency or indeterminacy about statements that concern the ‘width’ of the set theoretic universe, such as Cantor’s continuum hypothesis. Within a higher-order framework I show that contingency about the width of the set-theoretic universe refutes two orthodoxies concerning the structure of modal reality: the view that the broadest necessity has a logic of S5, and the ‘Leibniz biconditionals’ stating that what is possible, in the broadest sense of possible, is what is true in some possible world. Nonetheless, I suggest that the underlying picture of modal set-theory is coherent and has attractions.

Promiscuous Kinds and Individual Minds

Promiscuous realism is the thesis that there are many equally legitimate ways of classifying the world’s entities. Advocates of promiscuous realism are typically taken to hold the further the- sis, often undistinguished, that kind terms usefully deployed in scientific generalisations are no more natural than those deployed for any other purposes. Call this further thesis promiscuous nat- uralism. I here defend a version of promiscuous realism which denies promiscuous naturalism. To do so, I introduce the notion of a promiscuous kind: a kind that is maximally usefully referenced in predictive and explanatory generalisations, none of which are scientific generalisations. I first defend the claim that pain is a promiscuous kind before extending these considerations to everyday mental kinds more generally. I draw on further reflections from both everyday life and contem- porary psychology to make credible the novel suggestion that our everyday theory of our minds is for the explanation and prediction of individuals. Combined with the complex idiosyncrasy of individual minds, this suggested aim of everyday theory gives us reason to think that promiscuity is prevalent among everyday mental kinds.

The Role of Richard Hakluyt’s The Principall Nauigations (1589) in the Introduction and Dissemination of Spanish Loanwords in the English Language

Richard Hakluyt’s Principall Nauigations (1589) was a landmark in the history of English travel literature which compiled and glorified the naval deeds and expeditions undertaken by the English throughout the world. This article focuses on the third volume of Hakluyt’s compilation devoted to America which gathers first-hand accounts describing the way of life and the natural environment of the new territories conquered and populated by the Spaniards. The incorporation in these texts of almost 100 borrowings from Spanish to designate elements related to sea voyages and experiences in the Spanish colonies has raised the following research questions: What kind of terms were most likely to be introduced? And, given that these Spanish terms were unfamiliar to English readers, did the authors resort to any kind of strategy to explain the meaning of the new words? This article will address these questions by setting the following objectives. (i) to compile an inventory of the Spanish terms that have been incorporated into the English texts; (ii) to classify these terms according to the lexical fields they refer to; (iii) to analyse how the meaning of these new words is explained to English readers.

Developing children’s humanity: the unique and interactive role of parents’ and peers’ humanity

The present study investigated the unique and interactive role of parents’ and peers’ humanity virtue (i.e. kindness, love, and social intelligence) in association with children’s humanity. The participants were 761 fourth- to ninth-graders (M age = 12.62; 45.2% boys) and their biological parents. The humanity subscale of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Adults (VIA-IS) and Youth (VIA-Youth) was used to measure the humanity of each party. The results showed that mothers’ and fathers’ kindness were associated with children’s kindness, mothers’ love and fathers’ social intelligence were associated with children’s love and social intelligence, respectively. All three dimensions of the humanity of peers were positively related to that of children. Two-way interactions were found between mother and peer systems and displayed distinct interaction patterns in terms of kindness and love. Possible explanations and directions for future research are discussed.

SaaSC: Toward Pay-as-You-Go Mode for Software Service Transactions Based on Blockchain's Smart Legal Contracts

Usage-based pricing or Pay-as-You-Go is a relatively new SaaS business model that may provide customers the option to pay for only what they use. Yet, it is more challenging to implement than traditional Pay-before-Use subscriptions considering that it need not only realize financial payment on consumption-based behaviors, but also regulate the rights and obligations among the providers, consumers, and platforms in a legal form. To address these challenges, in this paper Smart Legal Contract (SLC) is integrated into a service computing platform by introducing a new architecture, called Service as a Smart Contract (SaaSC). On the aspect of service legalization, through combining SaaS and SaaSC, we establish three kinds of terms in SLC-based software subscription contract to support service's registration, discovery and customization, so that a complete transaction procedure can be regulated in terms of service states, transaction process, and interactions among contracting parties. On the aspect of service financialization, we propose a new scheme of service interface declaration in the SLC-based SPESC contract. By automatically executing smart contracts and checking the terms, the pay-as-you-go billing form can be made fine-grained payment after using service interface calls. Moreover, we take weather forecast service as a case to implement and analyze the acquisition, delivery, and contractual payment of software service on Blockchain smart contract. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed SaaS+SaaSC architecture so that it provides a practicable approach for contractual software service.

Are Natural Kind Terms Ambiguous?

Recent experimental studies have claimed to find evidence for the view that natural kind terms such as "water" are ambiguous: that they have two extensions, one determined by superficial properties, the other by underlying essence. In an online experiment, we presented to 600 participants scenarios describing discoveries of novel samples that differ in deep structure from samples of a familiar kind but are superficially identical, such as a water-like substance that is not composed of H2 O. We used three different types of question sets to probe whether the participants considered the sample as a member of the kind or not. Our results did not confirm the predictions of the ambiguity view. They were, rather, consistent with views that take underlying essences to be the sole criterion for membership in a natural kind.

Improved Transformer-Based Target Matching of Terahertz Broadband Reflective Metamaterials With Monolayer Graphene

On-demand metamaterial designs aided by artificial intelligence have hitherto received tremendous attention recently. However, the traditional deep neural networks (DNNs) still show the limited generalization ability in the inverse design of tunable graphene-based terahertz (THz) metamaterial. In this article, we propose two kinds of DNNs based on the self-attention mechanism to implement the inverse design of tunable broadband reflectors working in the THz band. Moreover, the proposed networks have been improved, so that they could adapt to different types of input vector or matrix in terms of different kinds of on-demand design requirements. Besides, adaptive batch normalization (BN) layers are introduced in our improved networks to accelerate the converging speed with low computational consumption. It could be shown in experiments that the proposed networks exhibit higher accuracy and faster convergence speed than the traditional neural networks, such as multilayer perceptron (MLP) and convolutional neural network (CNN). Finally, this work may provide a key guide for developing THz metamaterials with 2-D materials employing DNNs based on self-attention mechanism.