Kinds Of Texts Research Articles

Assessing the Translation of Direct Speech in “Wuthering Heights” into Arabic

The present study tackles the translation of direct speech forms in Bronte’s novel "Wuthering Heights" into Arabic. The significance of this study stems from the fact that English direct speech forms in literary texts might pose substantial challenges when translated into Arabic due to their semantic connotations and structural peculiarities. The study aims at assessing the translation of English direct speech forms in "Wuthering Heights" novel into Arabic. It also aims at investigating the problems that may arise during the translation of direct speech forms in this novel into Arabic. Wuthering Heights is Emily Bronte’s unique novel. It is a story of love and revenge, this exciting and vivid novel depicts a deep and devastating love between its two main characters, the stubborn, charming Catherine and the handsome, dark-skinned, impulsive Heathcliff, both of whom are as wild as the Yorkshire moors where the novel takes place The study hypothesizes that translating direct speech in literary texts poses serious difficulties for the translators. To test the validity of the hypothesis, the study includes a practical chapter which tackles the translation of (25) excerpts that have been chosen from Wuthering Heights novel along with four Arabic translation versions. The Arabic renderings are those of the Arabic Cultural Centre (2016), Rifaat Naseem (1975), Helmi Murad (2003) and Hanna Saeed (2021). The analysis is implemented according to the model proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) which tackles the different kinds of translation approaches and strategies available for the translator when handling the task of translating various kinds of texts. The study concludes that novice and unskilled translators might encounter serious difficulties and challenges in translating direct speech expressions due to the multiple meanings and connotations inherent in such expressions. It also concludes that context plays a vital role in defining the most appropriate rendering for the SL text.

Bridging the Gap in Learning: Differentiated Learning to Enhance the Students' Reading Comprehension of Explanatory Texts and Writing Skills

Text-based language learning in senior high school aims to introduce students to different kinds of text: fiction and non-fiction. The teaching of an explanation text as a non-fiction text aims to make students understand and be able to write it. Teachers can use various techniques to achieve the goals, such as differentiated instruction during the teaching process. This research scrutinizes how differentiated instruction helps students enhance their understanding and writing skills in explanation texts, particularly for students of junior high school level. Employing a pre-experimental One-Group Pretest-Posttest design, the data in this research were collected using observations, surveys, and tests. The data analysis compared the pre-test and post-test results with some criteria and percentages. The result shows an improvement in the student's understanding of explanatory texts, with an average score of 60,67 to 87,00 and a percentage of 60%. This study is expected to shed light on the teacher's use of differentiated instruction in teaching various kinds of text in formal and informal contexts.

AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL DENSITY ON READING MATERIALS IN ENGLISH INTERLANGUAGE TEXTBOOK FOR THE TENTH-GRADE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Reading is one of the important language skills students have to master. Some forms of reading materials are written in English, to mention some are books, articles, and textbooks. English Interlanguage Textbook for the Tenth-Grade Senior High School was one of the reading materials chosen as the focus of this research. In terms of the content of the textbook, the teacher should be able to decide whether it is informative or not. The objectives of this study were (1) to find out the lexical density of the reading materials in the English Interlanguage textbook, and (2) to describe the lexical density of the reading materials in the English Interlanguage Textbook. In this study, the researcher chose qualitative research as the methodology. The data collected from the textbook showed that there were 9 reading materials that were categorized into different kinds of text. Those were narrative text, recount text, descriptive text, and news item text. The lexical density of reading material in the English Interlanguage Textbook for the tenth-grade of Senior High School was around 40% - 60%. It infers that the lexical density was sufficient. Also, the reading materials were clear, understandable, and suitable for students.Keywords: Descriptive research, lexical density, textbook analysis

Late-Medieval Commonplace Culture, the Pastoral Compendium, and the Form of Richard Rolle’s The Form of Living

Abstract This article examines the disjointed textual form of Richard Rolle’s The Form of Living, one of the most widely circulated English texts of the Middle Ages. It argues that The Form reflects the traditions of the pastoral miscellany and compendium, which were new kinds of texts that emerged following pastoral reforms in late-medieval Europe. Expanding book ownership among parish priests led to the development of a clerical ‘commonplace culture’ in which priests excerpted useful passages from larger reference works to fill blank spaces in their books, or transformed them into streamlined compendia for devotional reading. This article argues that an important facet of Rolle’s process of composing The Form of Living involved his excerpting and reshaping larger pastoral reference works and whatever else he had to hand. This challenges the way that past scholarship has often understood the work in terms of Rolle’s individuality and personal touch: instead, this article seeks to locate Rolle’s creativity in his unlikely transformation of rote pastoral fare into ambitious devotional literature. Contextualizing The Form in this way offers a richer understanding of its form, giving insights into why Rolle chose this format and why it was valued by medieval readers. It also suggests that developing new models for late-medieval compilatio can offer new ways to think about textual organization and authorial composition more broadly.

Sibhekinkosi Anna Nkomo

Foundation Phase teachers need a wide, updated knowledge of children’s literature and other texts to ignite learners’ love for reading. Research shows that not much is being done to expand teachers’ knowledge and expose them to a variety of children’s literature. Thus, guided by a social semiotic theory, four popular fairy tales were selected for analysis. The qualitative content analysis focused on how mothers are portrayed in fairy tales, as mothers are considered the child’s primary caregivers in many contexts. The findings of the study show that there is a dichotomous representation of mothers, where on the one hand, they can be seen as nurturing and loving and on the other hand, they can be seen as wicked and cruel. The implications of the findings suggest that it is important for teachers to be aware of what learners are reading so that they can advise and recommend relevant books. It is recommended that parents and teachers make thoughtful decisions about the kinds of texts they offer to young children. Children’s literature authors need to be mindful of the messages they convey through texts and visuals as research suggests that repetitive stereotypical messages nurture lasting impressions on children.

Cultural Policy of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)

Culture, cultural heritage is a kind of text allowing us to “read” about the identity and genetic code of a nation, or, in other words, providing a key to understanding the “personality” and mindset of the nation and, at the same time, creating a path to the future. Therefore, protecting and developing culture to ensure cultural continuity is an essential prerequisite for ensuring the existence and progress of each nation and country – this is the firmly held axiom on which the cultural policy of states is based. This becomes all the more relevant for Georgia, which, due to its unique location and geopolitical, cultural and strategic importance, already in the distant past embraced the cultural achievements of the eastern and western civilisations and succeeded in creating its uniquely distinct and diverse national culture, thus putting itself firmly on the map of world culture. Of utmost importance in this process is the brief transitional period of existence of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921), during which the country actively set about defining and implementing state cultural policy and establishing a national administration system in this sphere. The article argues that the state vision of culture or, in modern terms, cultural policy corresponding to the political system then in place, existed within the aforesaid time frame long before the world, including modern Georgia, saw the need to develop a cultural policy. Considering the country’s legislative framework, the institutional administration system of the cultural sphere, the dynamics of cultural life and its peculiarities, and internationally recognised concepts and models, we tentatively define the cultural policy model of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in the last part of the article. We liken it, to a certain extent, to the Architect State model as developed by Harry Hillman Chartrand and Claire McCaughey. The bureaucratic-educational concept model offered by Milena Dragićević-Šešić and Branimir Stoykovich also proved to be of interest. The international models put forward by the aforesaid scholars undoubtedly differ from the historically existing ktitoric/protective model of Georgian culture, as well as from the protective model established by the Democratic Republic of Georgia. There are, however, some common features between them: centralised patronage/support of culture by the state, non-intervention in the content of art; considering culture and art as one of the precursors to the social wellbeing of society; highlighting the priority importance of the educational function of culture and art. With due regard for the foregoing, we have tentatively designated the cultural policy model applied by the Democratic Republic of Georgia as the educational model of the Architect State.

Translating Musical Instruments in Fifteenth-Century Valencia

Religious texts present abundant opportunities for exploration as regards musical terminology, as well as the actual use of instruments. Research has previously focused, mainly, on the presence within these texts of lists bearing witness to the degree of a given set of instruments’ dissemination, though lists represent only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the wealth of musical information brought together in this kind of text. This article analyses a number of quotations referring to musical instruments as found in Catalan vernacular translations of the Bible, and focuses on their presence within two interconnected works, namely, Isabel de Villena’s Vita Christi and Joan Roís de Corella’s Lo cartoixà, the latter being the translation of one of the former’s principal sources. It thus becomes possible to see how different translators and different authors treat the Holy Scripture and how the instruments’ terminology is adapted to different ends.

Critical literacy in the PISA 2018 reading literacy assessment

This study examined which aspects of critical literacy are focused on in the reading literacy assessment for the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018 and what kinds of texts are related to the critical literacy items in the test. Based on theory-oriented qualitative content analysis, critical literacy items in PISA represented, for example, determining the purpose of a text or separating fact and opinion. Most of the items were related to genre approaches to critical literacy, yet they ignored social justice aspects. Furthermore, the test consisted mostly of informational texts and only a few fictional texts. The findings indicate a need to develop a more comprehensive critical literacy assessment tool.

THE ANALYSIS OF CONTENT TEXTS IN THE TEXTBOOK: COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH IN CONTEXT PUBLISHED BY GRAFINDO

Since the analysis of textbook is highly important and beneficial for teaching and learning process and also as a reflective syllabus and curriculum, the present study aims to overview the content texts in the English textbook: Communicative English in Context for ninth graders published by Grafindo. It involves kinds of texts, how they were presented in this English textbook and their compatibility with syllabus and 2013 curriculum. It belongs to descriptive qualitative study which used document analysis to proceed the data in this study which kinds of texts become the main data. The findings show that kinds of texts which also embedded grammar points in this textbook are in the form of dialogues and informative texts such as descriptive, procedural, report and narrative texts which have fulfilled social function, generic structure and linguistic feature. Furthermore, these texts which become the materials for teaching and learning process are simply designed and compatible with syllabus and 2013 curriculum since they are relevant with students’ competencies.

Comparing neural sentence encoders for topic segmentation across domains: not your typical text similarity task

Neural sentence encoders (NSE) are effective in many NLP tasks, including topic segmentation. However, no systematic comparison of their performance in topic segmentation has been performed. Here, we present such a comparison, using supervised and unsupervised segmentation models based on NSEs. We first compare results with baselines, showing that the use of NSEs does often provide improvements, except for specific domains such as news shows. We then compare over three different datasets a range of existing NSEs and a new NSE based on ad hoc pre-training strategy. We show that existing literature documenting general performance gains of NSEs does not always conform to the results obtained by the same NSEs in topic segmentation. If Transformers-based encoders do improve over previous approaches, fine-tuning in sentence similarity tasks or even on the same topic segmentation task we aim to solve does not always equate to better performance, as results vary across method being used and domains of application. We aim to explain this phenomenon and the relative poor performance of NSEs in news shows by considering how well different NSEs encode the underlying lexical cohesion of same-topic segments; to do so, we introduce a new metric, ARP. The results from this study suggest that good topic segmentation results do not always rely on good cohesion modelling on behalf of the segmenter and that is dependent upon what kind of text we are trying to segment. Also, it appears evident that traditional sentence encoders fail to create topically cohesive clusters of segments when used on conversational data. Overall, this work advances our understanding of the use of NSEs in topic segmentation and of the general factors determining the success (or failure) of a topic segmentation system. The new proposed metric can quantify the lexical cohesion of a multi-topic document under different sentence encoders and, as such, might have many different uses in future research, some of which we suggest in our conclusions.

THE INFLUENCE OF USING CODI ON STUDENT’S MOTIVATION IN READING

Students' reading motivation is likely low due to internal and external factors. The internal factors, for example, are intelligence, age, gender, reading ability, attitudes, and psychological needs. The external factors include the theme, level of reading difficulty, and the type of reading. This research was conducted to know whether the use of Content Differentiated Instructions (CoDI) in teaching could affect students' motivation in reading, especially descriptive text. This kind of text was chosen because it is the simplest text among five other kinds of text that are given to beginner-level students, in this case, students of junior high school. The researcher tried to find out whether the implementation of CoDI could affect the students’ motivation in reading. In this study, the researcher used a qualitative method. The data used were in the form of answers or student responses in the form of questionnaires. The result was that using CoDI affects the students’ motivation in reading descriptive text.

OCR Using Python and Its Application

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) of papers has tremendous practical value given the prevalence of handwritten documents in human exchanges. A discipline known as optical character recognition makes it possible to convert many kinds of texts or photos into editable, searchable, and analysable data. In the past ten years, academics have developed systems that automatically evaluate printed and handwritten documents to convert them to electronic format. In the modern era, as demand for computer systems arose, the demand to convert paper text and computer vision also erose. To interact the computer with capability to read text from images, videos and images have been arose rapidly and many software companies came in role to fulfil this need. One of the active and difficult study areas in the world of pattern recognition and image processing has been handwriting recognition. Among its many uses are bank checks, reading assistance for the blind, and the conversion of any handwritten document into structural text. The main aim of this paper is to create a searchable pdf from the image and bring the application to easy use and deployable on premises and cloud.

Game or Supernovel? Playing and Reading Massive Game Novels

For half a century, digital machines have lent their computational power to mediate text-based, diegetic worlds, in the shape of software that we call games, video games, or sometimes interactive fiction. Perhaps the first such was Gregory Yob’s simple labyrinth-monster game Hunt the Wumpus (1973), but ever since then the games (if that is what they should be called) have become larger and far more complex, and, in recent decades, a single such work can contain more text than, say, Shakespeare’s collected plays. Given this massive textual content, as well as the often experimental and innovative nature of these works, they can also be considered a new form of novel; a kind of text that has much more in common with literature than with other digital games such as Candy Crush Saga, Age of Empires or Counterstrike. In these ‘games’, we find complex characters, difficult ethical choices (left to the player), imaginative landscapes and mythologies, and thousands if not millions of lines of carefully crafted prose. Teams of writers work collectively to stich these textual universes together, under production conditions that might remind us of multi-season TV series, but which are structured and consumed very differently – in fact, more like literature than TV. The claim made in this article is that the perspective of the novel (or supernovel) is a productive one for understanding the nature of these artistic works of ludic software. Should they be considered Literature? Through a discussion of the notions of literature, novel, and fiction and through a close ludic reading of Fallout: New Vegas (2010) I will argue that these textual games are in fact Literature, a new kind of novelistic genre, and discuss the wider cultural implications of this assessment.

On (Not) Reading Inscribed Objects in Latin Comedy

Abstract: This paper examines the performance dynamics of onstage texts in Plautus’ comedies and, in the process, argues that an audience-level viewpoint is essential to understanding Latin stage comedy. Examples of rare epigraphic texts are compared with the more common motif of in-play “perishable texts.” The perishable type were performed by actors as though verbatim and transmit novel information to the audience. In contrast, epigraphic texts are paraphrased and so require specific knowledge. Each kind of text thus does different dramatic work, and the difference originates in the different material “entanglements” of each medium in the lives of ancient Italians. As such, Plautus’ audiences understood comic theater through its extra-textual elements as much as through “the text” as we have it. To understand Roman comedy, scholars must also account for how ancient objects were entangled in Roman culture.

Introduction: Reconsidering Paratext as a Received Concept.

It is now 40 years since Gérard Genette's work introduced the term paratexts into literary studies, giving a unifying name to the many kinds of texts that serve as thresholds to other texts. The term and concept have migrated into the study of several other media forms, including video game studies, thanks principally to Mia Consalvo in Cheating: Gaining Advantage in Video Games (2007) and Steven Jones in The Meaning of Video Games: Gaming and Textual Strategies (2008). The term's meaning expanded in the process, which has been the subject of much debate since then. Over a decade later, the timing seems apt to take stock of the concept of paratextuality and consider new ways of adapting it. This introduction to a special issue titled "Video Games and Paratextuality" reconsiders Genette's reception in video game studies, and introduces a set of articles that together look beyond Genette.

글로벌 금융시대 한국 주식시장의 애널리스트 허딩 행태에 따른 텍스트 정보력 연구

Recently, the investment information is spreading in near real-time due to the global integration of the international financial market. At this point, it is essential to resolve the information asymmetry in the capital market to vitalize domestic and foreign investment. Analysts improve market efficiency, by performing information intermediary role between the capital market and investors. However, the herding behavior among analysts in the market can weaken the information quality and lead to inefficiency in the financial market. In this study, the relationship between analyst herding behavior and the text of the report is analyzed. In addition, the effect of the text of the report body on the information power according to the analyst's herding behavior was verified. To this end, the positive and negative emotions shown in the body of the analyst report were extracted as words of up to 2-gram units and merged with the list of positive and negative words of Loughran and McDonald(2011), a sentiment dictionary widely used in the financial field. As a result of the analysis, when an analyst presents a 'bold' opinion that deviates from the consensus, the sentiment of the report body is more extreme than that of an ‘herd’ opinion. In addition, it was confirmed that positive emotion weakens the report information power according to the analyst's herding behavior. This study is expected to alleviate information asymmetry between investors and the financial market. Furthermore, the text mining methodology used in this study can be readily applied to any other kind of text, including News, Social Network Services, or IR reports.

Oculomotor Referents of Reading Activity in Children with Dyslexia Aged 9–11

The problem of printed text processing impairments in dyslexics is of current interest but not well developed. The integration of the activity approach and eye-tracking methods provides us the opportunity to manage the system structural and functional analysis the reading as an complex activity. The purpose of the present study was to examine the oculomotor behavior as referent of mental actions performed in the process of reading a written text by children with dyslexia. The study of the oculomotor behavior during a text reading in 9–11year children with dyslexia was carried out. An eye movements during the text reading were recorded by means of eye-tracker. All participants were presented two kinds of texts: two expository texts and two narrative texts. The fixation’s number and duration and regressive saccade number and duration was registered; the distribution of regressive saccade with different amplitudes (very short, short, medium and long) were analyzed. Statistical analysis of data revealed the significant between group distinctions in all gaze movements measures. These data proved that children with dyslexia have reading activity disfunction both on the lexical and propositional and semantic levels.

An Evasive Aesthetics: Appropriation, Witnessing and War in Shadi Angelina Bazeghi’s Flowmatic

ABSTRACT In this article, I investigate how Shadi Angelina Bazeghi writes about the Iran-Iraq War in her poetry collection Flowmatic (2020). Bazeghi assembles several different kinds of texts in Flowmatic, and one of these texts is a testimony by an Iranian soldier-engineer who worked as a programmer setting up at system to identify the bodies and body parts of fallen Iranian soldiers. Both the words of the soldier’s testimony and the act of programming and data processing have found their way into the poem; as appropriated text and as the poem’s overarching aesthetic mode. Using the soldier’s witness account as a prism, I will look at three aspects of the poetry collection: 1) how the testimony is appropriated, 2) how Bazeghi is witnessing though appropriation, and 3) how she writes about war from a feminine point of view. I argue that Bazeghi through the evasive aesthetics and the heightened appropriation in Flowmatic challenges how women can witness and write about war.

A Study on Chinese-English Translation of the 2023 New Year Address of Chinese President Xi Jinping from the Perspective of Catford’s Translation Shifts Theory

The New Year Address of 2023 delivered by Chinese president Xi Jinping can be an important and representative way for the international community to know about today’s China. As a text containing many long complex sentences with political connotations, the New Year’s address can be a challenge for translators. In this passage, a study on the Chinese-English translation of the New Year’s address under the guidance of Translation Shifts Theory of Catford was made, so as to see how this theory was applied in this kind of text, as well as to provide ways for translators to make shifts on some certain compositions in the sentences when doing Chinese-English translation, deliver proper and faithful translation, and show the Chinese spirits to the world.

The transformable canon

Studies of the reasons fans transform texts for the most part leave unanswered the question of why particular kinds of texts are transformed by fans more frequently than others. All texts are technically available for fan transformation. However, not all texts are equally transformed. It is an objective fact that some TV shows attract more transformative fan engagement than others. In this article, I argue that formal properties of texts make them more likely to be subject to transformative fan works, i.e. more transformable. Shows that (1) posit a plastic universe that more easily accommodates ‘play’ than realism, (2) involve stories that follow some of the narrative conventions of melodrama and (3) display main characters with ‘ship’ – especially homoerotic ‘slash’ – potential have transformable canons. To prove this thesis, I examine two of the shows – and their respective fanfiction – that have the most fanfiction on FanFiction.net and ArchiveOfOurOwn.org: Supernatural and Sherlock.